골관절염은 통증을 동반한 만성질환으로 염증성 cytokines, 금속단백분해효소, 단백질가수분해효소 등이 복합적으로 관여한다. 골관절염의 주요 치료 목표는 관절 운동유지 및 통증감소이며 치료 약물로는 주로 비스테로이드성 항염제를 처방하고 있으나, 이러한 약물은 장기 복용 시 부작용이 따른다는 보고가 있어 장기간 복용이 가능한 건강기능식품 개발이 활발히 일어나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 관절염에 효능이 알려진 우슬, 두충, 당귀를 소재로 선정하였고 그중 우슬을 Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효시켰으며, 이를 복합물로 사용하여 연골세포의 항염증 효능을 확인하고자 연구를 진행하였다. Primary 한 연골 세포에 발효우슬, 두충, 당귀 복합물을 처리한 후 NF-κB와 COX-2 유전자 발현, 염증성 cytokine의 활성 및 유전자 발현, MMPs 유전자 발현, 연골 형성 인자의 유전자 발현 등을 측정하였다. 그 결과 발효우슬, 두충, 당귀 복합물 처리 시 MMP 발현(MMP-3, MMP-13)을 감소시키고 aggrecan 및 collagen type Ⅱ의 발현은 증가시켜 연골 보호 효과에 대한 활성을 확인하였으며, 염증 반응에 관하여 NF-κB 활성 및 염증성 cytokines 의 발현을 억제시켜 항염증 효과에도 영향을 미친 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 발효우슬, 두충, 당귀 추출 복합물이 연골세포에서 항염증 효과를 가진 천연 기능성 식품의 개발에 있어 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

We demonstrated the effect of a mixture containing fermentedAchyranthes japonicaNakai (FS) in the context of a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis animal model. The mineralization, anabolic and catabolic factors, and the amount of cytokines within the articular cartilage of rats were measured after administration of MIA. We found that dietary supplementation with methylsulfonylmethane (positive control) and FS (FS 100 mg/kg body weight [b.w.] and FS 300 mg/kg b.w.) effectively suppressed pathological changes in the knee joint and inhibited changes in the architectural and mineralization parameters. In addition, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and proinflammatory cytokines in the serum and catabolic factors, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-7 in articular cartilage, were decreased by dietary supplementation with FS in MIA-induced osteoarthritis. Based on these findings, we suggest that FS can be used for the development of potential therapies for osteoarthritis.

Background: The non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng has been reported to have many biological activities. However, the effect of this fraction on anti-diabetic activity has not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we investigated the effects of KGC05P0, a non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng, on anti-diabetic activity in vitro and in vivo. Methods: We measured the inhibition of commercially obtained alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activities in vitro and measured the glucose uptake and transport rate in Caco-2 cells. C57BL/6J mice and C57BLKS/J(db/db) (diabetic) mice were fed diets with or without KGC05P0 for eight weeks. To perform the experiments, the groups were divided as follows: normal control (C57BL/6J mice), db/db control (C57BLKS/J(db)(/)(db) mice), positive control (inulin 400 mg/kg b.w.), low (KGC05P0 100 mg/kg b.w.), medium (KGC05P0 200 mg/kg b.w.), and high (KGC05P0 400 mg/kg b.w.). Results: KGC05P0 inhibited alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activities in vitro, and decreased glucose uptake and transport rate in Caco-2 cells. In addition, KGC05P0 regulated fasting glucose level, glucose tolerance, insulin, HbA1c, carbonyl contents, and proinflammatory cytokines in blood from diabetic mice and significantly reduced urinary glucose excretion levels. Moreover, we found that KGCO5P0 regulated glucose production by down-regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which inhibited gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: Our study thereby demonstrated that KGC05P0 exerted anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of glucose absorption and the PI3K/AKT pathway in in vitro and in vivo models of diabetes. Our results suggest that KGC05P0 could be developed as a complementary food to help prevent T2DM and its complications. (C) 2020 The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.

본 연구에서는 아토피 피부염 개선 소재 개발을 위해 황칠나무 잎 열수 추출물의 섭취가 DNCB로 아토피 피부염을 유발한 NC/Nga mice에서 면역 조절에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 아토피 피부염에서 나타나는 건조, 짓무름, 발진 등의 증상과 경표피 수분 손실을 비교한 결과, 황칠나무 잎 열수추출물의 섭취로 개선되었다. 또한 아토피 유발로 감소한 T 세포의 증식능이 황칠나무 잎 열수 추출물 섭취군에서 증가하였고, B 세포의 증식능 역시 유의적으로 감소하였다. 아토피 피부염 유발로 인해 Th1/Th2 cytokine의 불균형을 알아보기 위하여 IL-2, IFN-γ(Th1) 및 IL-4, IL-10(Th2)을 측정한 결과, 황칠나무 잎 열수 추출물 섭취군에서 Th1 cytokine 분비가 유의적으로 증가하였고, Th2 cytokine의 분비는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 이로 인해 IgE와 히스타민 생산 역시 감소하였다. 따라서 황칠나무 열수 추출물이 Th1/Th2의 분비를 정상화함으로써 면역글로불린 및 히스타민의 분비를 억제하여 아토피 피부염의 면역조절에 도움이 될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The immune response is stimulated to protect the body from external antigens and is controlled by several types of immune cells. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effects of Curcuma longa L., purple sweet potato, and mixtures of the two (CPM) were investigated in C57BL/6 mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus (MuLV). Mice were divided into seven groups as follows: normal control, infected control (LP-BM5 MuLV infection), positive control (LP-BM5 MuLV infection+dietary supplement of red ginseng 300mg/kg body weight), the original powder of C. longa L. (C; LP-BM5 MuLV infection+dietary supplement of C 189mg/kg body weight), the original powder of purple sweet potato (P; LP-BM5 MuLV infection+dietary supplement of P 1811mg/kg body weight), CPM Low (CPL; LP-BM5 MuLV infection+CPM 2g/kg body weight), and CPM High (CPH; LP-BM5 MuLV infection+CPM 5g/kg body weight). Dietary supplementation lasted for 12 weeks. Dietary supplementation of CPM inhibited LP-BM5 MuLV-induced lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly and inhibited reduction of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II. Moreover, CPM reduced the decrease in T- and B cell proliferation, reduced the population of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells, and remedied the unbalanced production of T helper-1 (Th1)/T helper-2 (Th2) cytokines in LP-BM5 MuLV-infected mice. In addition, CPM inhibited reduction of phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages and decreased serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and immunoglobulin G (IgG). These results suggest that CPM had a positive effect on immunomodulation in C57BL/6 mice induced by LP-BM5 leukemia retrovirus infection.

본 연구에서는 새싹보리 열수 추출물의 혈행 개선 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 혈행 개선 관련 biomarker인 세로토닌분비, 트롬복산 A₂(TxA₂) 생성, 혈소판 응집, 활성화 프로트롬보플라스틴 시간(aPTT) 및 프로트롬빈 시간(PT)을 측정한 결과, 새싹보리 열수 추출물의 100, 200 μg/mL의 농도로 처리 시에는 세로토닌 분비, TxA2 생성, 혈소판 응집 억제, aPTT 및 PT에 효과가 없는 것을 확인하였다. 새싹보리 열수 추출물의 400 μg/mL의 농도로 처리 시에는 세로토닌 분비 및 TxA₂ 생성, 혈소판 응집을 억제시키고 aPTT를 유의적으로 지연시키는 것을 확인하였고, 이러한 결과가 혈행을 개선하는 기능성이 있는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 새싹보리 추출물이 혈행 개선 효과를 가진 천연 기능성 식품의 개발에 있어 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

This study was to investigate the effects of herbal mixture extract complex (S1, S2) on the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)‐induced osteoarthritis in rats. Arthritis was induced by injection of MIA (6 mg/m L) into knee joints of rats. Arthritic rats were divided into control and treated (S1L, S1H, S2L and S2H) group. Control group was taken AIN93G diet and treated group was taken samples (S1L, S1H, S2L and S2H) by orally for 21 days. Body weights were measured at 0, 7, 14, 21 days after MIA injection. At the end of experiment (21day after MIA injection), gross and histopathological examination on the articular structures of knee joints were performed. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) contents in serum were measured by ELISA method. TNF‐α, IL‐1β, COX2 and, NF‐kB contents in chondrocyte were measured by Real‐time PCR method. And also, proteoglycan aggregate (Aggrecan), collagen type 1,2,10, TIMP‐1, MMP‐3 and MMP‐7 content in chondrocyte were measured by Real‐time PCR method.PGE2 contents in serum level of the treated group were decreased compared with control group. TNF‐α, COX2 and IL‐1β contents in chondrocyte of the treated group were significantly decreased compared with control group. NF‐kB contents in chondrocyte of the S2H treated group were significantly decreased compared with control group. Collagen type 1 and 2 contents in chondrocyte of the treated group were significantly increased compared with control group. MMP‐3 and MMP‐7 contents in chondrocyte of the S2H treated group were significantly decreased compared with control group. The results of the histopathology showed that the severity of the arthritis was slightly reduced compared to the control group.On the basis of these results, we concluded that S1 and S2 treatment had anti‐arthritic effects on the monosodium iodoacetate‐induced osteoarthritis in rats.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Skin is important organ to protect against dangerous external factors including bacteria, chemicals, and UV irradiation. UVB is directly induced destruction in skin epidermis barrier by damaging DNA. Expose to UVB can lead to low skin hydration, winkle formation and melanogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of FSH‐SP to protect skin barrier in HRM‐2 hairless mice induced UVB irradiation 150 mJ/cm2 three times a week for 6 weeks. The groups divided PL (FSH‐SP 100 mg/kg b.w.) and PH (FSH‐SP 200 mg/kg b.w.). We examined histopathological experiment about skin damage including changes in skin thickness, melanin pigmentation and winkle formation. Also, we experimented SOD, catalase in plasma and expression of mRNA about procollagens, HAS2 (hyaluronan synthesis 2), MMPs (matrix metalloproteinase) and MITF. The serum SOD and catalase activity were significantly increased PH. The result of procollagen, HAS2 and elastin expression was significantly increased in PH. The gene expression of MMPs (1 and 9) and MITF which is a key factor to synthesis melanin were significantly reduced in PH. The skin hydration exposed to back skin was increased in PH. The winkles, skin thickness and melanin pigment looked like decreased in PL and PH. In conclusion, FSH‐SP decreased the expression of MMPs and MITF increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby protecting the skin moisturizing factors and inhibiting melanogenesis. It is believed that effect of the FSH‐SP was reduced to suppress the wrinkle formation, whitening effect and moisturizing.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

본 연구에서는 피부 건강을 위한 기능성 소재 개발을 위하여 양태반이 피부각질형성세포와 흑색종양세포에 미치는 보호효과를 관찰하였다. 피부각질형성세포에서 자외선 처리에 의한 세포 손상 및 자외선 조사에 의해 증가된 염증성 사이토카인인 TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 결과 공통적으로 200 μg/mL에서 자외선 조사군에 비해 유의적으로 보호 효과를 확인하였다. 히알루론산을 합성하는 데 주효소인 hyaluronic acid synthase의 발현량을 확인한 결과 양태반 100, 200μg/mL에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한, 양태반이 멜라닌 합성의 주효소인 tyrosinase 활성 억제를 통해 흑색종양세포에서 멜라닌 생성을 유의적으로 억제하였음을 확인하여 미백 기능성을 기대할 수 있다. 이러한 기능성 입증으로 피부 건강을 위한 원료로 양태반을 기초자료로 사용함으로써 활용 가능성을 기대할 수 있다.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease that involves inflammation and pain due to damage or degenerative changes in the cartilage that protects the joints. OA has a high incidence in the elderly. Treatment methods include relieving symptoms and preventing cartilage damage. Drugs used to treat osteoarthritis have side effects and it is important to reduce them. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis using natural substances. The purpose of this experiment was the anti‐inflammation effect of natural substances on osteoarthritis in primary cultured rat cartilage chondrocytes. Aggrecan, collagen type I, □, □, MMP‐3, 7, NK‐kB and COX‐2 expression were measured by real‐time PCR. TNF‐α and IL‐1β secretion was measured by ELISA kit. H2O2 and LPS‐induced chondrocytes were used to measure concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 (μg/ml). As a result, S400 significantly increased the gene expression level of aggrecan, collagen type I, II, III and decreased gene expression of pro‐inflammatory factors NF‐kB, COX‐2 and MMPs (3 and 7). The cytokine productions of TNF‐α and IL‐1β also decreased in S400. Therefore, S400 had an anti‐inflammatory effect and alleviated the inflammation occurs in OA.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

We investigated the potential effects of Costaria costata (CC) on atopic dermatitis (AD) development in chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-treated NC/Nga mice. CC is a brown alga distributed across the seas of Korea, China, and Japan. A total of 40 mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 8 mice per group: untreated Balb/c mice, AD control (0.1% w/v DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice), positive control (i.e., DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of 66.6 mg/kg of body weight [b.w.] of CJLP133), DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of 100 mg/kg b.w. of CCE10 (CCE10 100), and DNCB-treated mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg b.w. of CCE10 (CCE10 300) groups. The CCE10 100 and CCE10 300 treatment groups suppressed AD development including clinical and histopathological changes and a reduction in skin hydration induced by DNCB. In addition, Th2 cytokine production in primary splenocytes, serum IgE and histamine production, and mast cell infiltration into the skin were suppressed in the CCE10 300 mice compared to the CCE10 100 mice. Our finding demonstrated an inhibitory effect of CCE10 in AD development by means of improving the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and anti-inflammatory effect in an in vivo model.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a pruritic chronical inflammatory skin disease is associated with a personal or family history of atopy such as asthma of respiratory diseases and or allergic rhinitis. The prevalence rate is increasing recently. This study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects performance by respectively of DM extracts (DME) from the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐induced inflammatory response in human keratinocytes. (HaCaT cells). HaCaT cells were each treated with 250 μg/mL respectively of DME water extract, 20% ethanol extract, and 50% ethanol extract. Also, investigated the effects of DME on the production of histamine in A23187 and PMA‐stimulated Mast cells. (MC/9 cells). We found that treatments with DME decreased the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in TNF‐α, IFN‐γ‐stimulated HaCaT cells, and the decrease in histamine release in the A23187 and PMA‐simulated Mast cells.

Barley sprout ( Hordeum rulgare L .) is believed to have effect of antioxidant, metabolism of lipid, anti‐cancer and depression of formation fatty liver. However, the benefits of the barley sprout to blood flow improvement have not been studied yet. The purpose of this study was to investigated the effect of barley sprout water extract efficacy of blood flow improvement in vitro of serotonin secretion, Thromboxane A2 secretion, platelet aggregation, activited partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, shear stress induced platelet aggreagation, and sgear stress induced micorvesicle generation. Serotonin secretion was significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Thromboxane A2 secretion from phospholipid membrane was significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Platelet aggreation was significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Activatied partial thromboplastin time in plasma was significantly increased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Prothrombin time in plasma was non significantly. Shear stress induced platelet aggregation was significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Shear stress induced microvesicle generation in human erythrocytes were significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. In conclusion, these result suggest that Barley sprout water extracts 400 μg/mL administration ha ameliorated the blood flow.

Abnormal fat accumulation on the body causes chronic disease as obesity that is serious problem in present day society. We investigated the effect of TC and PE mixtures on 3T3‐L1 cell differentiation and expected that synergistic effect of both substance. We experimented 3T3‐L1 cell differentiation for 9 to 15 days. The last day of differentiation experiment, we measured adipogenesis factor, lipolysis factor and TG level through RT‐PCR, western blot and ELISA. The intracellular lipid droplets were dyed through the Oil red O staining. Glycerol release was measured during the experiment of 3T3‐L1 cell differentiation. These result suggest that TC and PE mixtures suppressed lipid accumulatioin and expression of adipogenic transcription factors. Also, TC and PE mixtures regulated lipolitic factors and increased the amount of glycerol release. In conclusion, TC and PE mixtures have regulatory ability of lipolysis on 3T3‐L1 cell differentiation and further studies in mouse models are required. Support or Funding Information lipolysis

본 연구에서는 C57BL/6J 마우스에 고지방 식이를 통한 비만을 유도시키며 동시에 잣송이 초임계 추출물을 식이에 첨가하여 8주간 식이 투여하여 항비만 식품 소재로서의 기능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 잣송이 초임계 추출물 20 mg/kg b.w.(HFD+PC low), 잣송이 초임계 추출물 100 mg/kg b.w. (HFD+PC high) 섭취군의 체중증가량은 고지방식이 유도비만 대조군(HFD)에 비해 각각 유의적으로 감소하였고, 간, 백색 지방, 총 지방 무게의 변화량 역시 잣송이 초임계 추출물 섭취군이 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 실험동물의 혈청 지질 함량은 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, LDL/VLDL 콜레스테롤, HDL 콜레스테롤이 HFD군에 비해 잣송이 초임계 추출물 섭취군에서 유의적으로 감소하였으나, HDL/LDL 비율을 계산한 결과에서는 잣송이 초임계 추출물 섭취군이 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였음을 확인하였다. 실험동물군의 지방 조직에서 adipogenic transcription factor (PPAR-γ, SREBP, C/EBP)의 발현을 측정한 결과, 잣송이 초임계 추출물 섭취군이 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 또한, adipogenic enzyme(FAS, LPL)의 발현을 측정한 결과, 잣송이 초임계 추출물 섭취군이 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 이러한 결과로부터 잣송이 초임계 추출물이 항비만 효과를 가진 천연 기능성 식품의 개발에 있어 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 고순도 β-1.3/1.6-glucan이 선천면역계에 중요한 역할을 하는 대식세포와 자연살해세포의 활성화와 적응면역계에서 중요한 역할을 하는 T 세포 면역계에 대한 면역조절 효과를 살펴보고자 대식세포의 활성능, 자연살해세포의 활성능, 그리고 T 세포 면역계에 조절작용을 하는 사이토카인, CD4+/CD8+ T 세포에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 마우스 복강에서 불리한 대식세포를 이용하여 세포독성을 확인한 결과 고순도 β-1.3/1.6-glucan 10~200 μg/mL의 농도에서 독성이 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 고순도 β-1.3/1.6-glucan은 대식세포의 활성능, 자연살해세포의 활성능에 도움을 주어 활성능을 증가시켜 외부로부터 침입한 미생물, 감염된 세포나 종양세포 등을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있을 것이라 예상할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 T 세포 면역계에 조절작용을 하는 사이토카인과 CD4+/CD8+를 확인한 결과 고순도 β-1.3/1.6-glucan이 사이토카인들의 분비량 및 CD4+/CD8+를 증가시켜 T 세포 면역계에 조절뿐아니라 B 세포 면역계의 조절에 도움을 줄 것이라 예상할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 고순도 β-1.3/1.6-glucan은 선천면역뿐 아니라 적응면역에서 영향을 미칠 것이라 생각하며 면역조절에 긍정적인 변화를 보였으므로 추후 면역 조절제로서 기능성 식품의 상업화에 기초 자료가 되어 국내 기능성소재로서의 개발 가능성을 기대할 수 있다.