Additive manufacturing (AM) methods enable complex, customized, and on-demand production of many products from different material types across various industries. The growing demand for flexible and more sustainable manufacturing solutions places AM in the mix of processes considered for non-commodities. However, AM processes also present unintentional environmental releases in end-of-life (EoL) material management, compromising overall sustainability. Data availability to assess the sustainability of individual EoL material management from individual AM processes is limited. Even so, EoL materials generated across AM practices frequently overlap, supporting high-level assessment as an alternative approach. Therefore, a holistic AM EoL material management sustainability analysis was completed using a customized list of efficiency, environmental, energy, and economic indicators from the Gauging Reaction Effectiveness for the Environmental Sustainability of Chemistries with a multi-Objective Process Evaluator (GREENSCOPE) methodology. Subsequently, this assessment identified low material recycling rates and high energy costs in some EoL material management processes, such as incineration and recovery. Subsequently, a trade-off analysis was performed to determine process modification opportunities, including implementing recycling to reduce the amount of hazardous waste at the expense of additional energy and cost investment. The AM EoL-specific sustainability analysis serves as a resource to offer insights and empower policymakers and stakeholders to enhance pollution prevention strategies and optimize the existing EoL material management processes.

. . . in what is presumably an effort to explain how meditation has been shown to influence emotion regulation, correlated with alterations in amygdala activity (e.g., Goldin & Gross, 2010), [Hanson] has stated, “In terms of amygdala activity, people seem to belong to one of three groups . . . the ones with a joyful amygdala—are more focused on promoting the good than on preventing the bad” (Hanson, 2013, pp. 43–44). As a result of such oversimplifications, meditative benefits may be exaggerated and undue societal urgency to undertake mindfulness practices may be encouraged (e.g., Farias & Wikholm, 2015).

Results are reported from a response-priming procedure designed to investigate how partial information is accumulated by rapid mental processes during the performance of reaction-time tasks. When a delay occurs between a priming stimulus and a subsequent test stimulus, the results reveal that subjects typically use the prime to prepare for the response required by the test stimulus, producing faster reaction times. Depending on the amount of delay, observed reaction-time distributions are mixtures of a few underlying component distributions. Such an outcome, which complements some of our other findings (Meyer & Irwin, 1982), provides further tests for continuous (e.g., cascade and random-walk) models versus discrete (e.g., stage) models of information processing and response preparation. It suggests that response preparation involves only a small number of discrete states. This is consistent with stage models of preparatory processes and casts doubt on cascade models.

In response to our article, Davidson and Dahl offer commentary and advice regarding additional topics crucial to a comprehensive prescriptive agenda for future research on mindfulness and meditation. Their commentary raises further challenges and provides an important complement to our article. More consideration of these issues is especially welcome because limited space precluded us from addressing all relevant topics. While we agree with many of Davidson and Dahl’s suggestions, the present reply (a) highlights reasons why the concerns we expressed are still especially germane to mindfulness and meditation research (even though those concerns may not be entirely unique) and (b) gives more context to other issues posed by them. We discuss special characteristics of individuals who participate in mindfulness and meditation research and focus on the vulnerability of this field inherent in its relative youthfulness compared to other more mature scientific disciplines. Moreover, our reply highlights the serious consequences of adverse experiences suffered by a significant subset of individuals during mindfulness and other contemplative practices. We also scrutinize common contemporary applications of mindfulness and meditation to illness, and some caveats are introduced regarding mobile technologies for guidance of contemplative practices.

While some studies suggest cultural differences in visual processing, others do not, possibly because the complexity of their tasks draws upon high-level factors that could obscure such effects. To control for this, we examined cultural differences in visual search for geometric figures, a relatively simple task for which the underlying mechanisms are reasonably well known. We replicated earlier results showing that North Americans had a reliable search asymmetry for line length: Search for long among short lines was faster than vice versa. In contrast, Japanese participants showed no asymmetry. This difference did not appear to be affected by stimulus density. Other kinds of stimuli resulted in other patterns of asymmetry differences, suggesting that these are not due to factors such as analytic/holistic processing but are based instead on the target-detection process. In particular, our results indicate that at least some cultural differences reflect different ways of processing early-level features, possibly in response to environmental factors.

The Modern Digital Information Age arguably dawned with the construction of moveable-type printing presses by Johannes Guttenberg and others in Western Europe around 1440 CE.* As a result, there was a rapid replacement of hand-written script books by an exponentially increasing number of widely available, relatively inexpensive, mechanically produced volumes. Since then, this progression has been punctuated periodically with further noteworthy harbingers and technical advances—some momentous in their own breadth and depth—that have brought us to our present time. For example, included prominently among them are: ( i ) the 1832 unveiling of Charles Babbage’s so-called “Difference Engine,” which anticipated his subsequent “Analytical Engine,” a mechanical computing machine with several of the same basic features as modern electronic digital computers; ( ii ) the 1838 public demonstration of a nascent long-distance electrical telegraph designed by Samuel Morse, Leonard Gale, and Alfred Vail; ( iii ) Morse and Vail’s creation of American Morse Code, whereby the portentous message “What hath God wrought” was first transmitted as a sequence of acoustic dots and dashes in May 1844; ( iv ) incorporation of the Western Union Company in 1851; ( v ) David Hilbert’s challenge for participants at the 1900 International Congress of Mathematicians to formulate a finite, complete, consistent set of axioms for arithmetic of the natural numbers; ( vi ) Kurt Godel’s proof, published in 1931, that there can be no such set of axioms; ( vii ) publication of Alan Turing’s visionary 1936 article on computable numbers, announcing his ideas for the “Universal Turing Machine,” which was named subsequently in his honor; ( viii ) invention of the electronic point-contact transistor at the ATT ( ix ) publication of Claude Shannon’s 1948 journal article on mathematical information theory; and ( x ) introduction of the IBM 704 mainframe during 1954, heralding the first mass-produced computer with floating-point arithmetic hardware, which by 1964 came to … [↵][1]1Email: demeyer{at}umich.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Despite dozens of empirical studies and a growing body of meta-analytic work, there is little consensus regarding the efficacy of cognitive training. In this review, we examine why this substantial corpus has failed to answer the often-asked question, "Does cognitive training work?" We first define cognitive training and discuss the general principles underlying training interventions. Next, we review historical interventions and discuss how findings from this early work remain highly relevant for current cognitive-training research. We highlight a variety of issues preventing real progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of training, including the lack of a coherent theoretical framework to guide training research and methodological issues across studies and meta-analyses. Finally, suggestions for correcting these issues are offered in the hope that we might make greater progress in the next 100 y of cognitive-training research.

During the past two decades, mindfulness meditation has gone from being a fringe topic of scientific investigation to being an occasional replacement for psychotherapy, tool of corporate well-being, widely implemented educational practice, and “key to building more resilient soldiers.” Yet the mindfulness movement and empirical evidence supporting it have not gone without criticism. Misinformation and poor methodology associated with past studies of mindfulness may lead public consumers to be harmed, misled, and disappointed. Addressing such concerns, the present article discusses the difficulties of defining mindfulness, delineates the proper scope of research into mindfulness practices, and explicates crucial methodological issues for interpreting results from investigations of mindfulness. For doing so, the authors draw on their diverse areas of expertise to review the present state of mindfulness research, comprehensively summarizing what we do and do not know, while providing a prescriptive agenda for contemplative science, with a particular focus on assessment, mindfulness training, possible adverse effects, and intersection with brain imaging. Our goals are to inform interested scientists, the news media, and the public, to minimize harm, curb poor research practices, and staunch the flow of misinformation about the benefits, costs, and future prospects of mindfulness meditation.

In this paper we expand on previous results, studying the extent to which one can detect fusion in certain finite groups $\Gamma$, from information about the universal deformation rings of absolutely irreducible $\mathbb{F}_p\Gamma$-modules. We consider groups which are extensions of finite irreducible subgroups of $Gl_2({\mathbb{C}})$ by elementary abelian $p$-groups of rank $2$.

While accompanied by considerable satisfaction, writing this chapter has also caused some noteworthy reservation, embarrassment, and trepidation in me. Specifically, the basis for this book is Diener, Oishi, and Park's "incomplete list of 200 eminent modern psychologists." In my opinion, though, certain enormously distinguished scientists fall much lower down the list than their true eminence merits. For example, there's R. Duncan Luce, who revolutionized research on psychological measurement theory, individual choice behavior, and much else of Mathematical Psychology. In 2003, he received the National Medal of Science, the United States' highest scientific honor. His seminal contributions have inspired multiple individuals in the nominal top twenty-five "eminent modern psychologists." Yet Luce ranks only 170th on Diener et al.'s list. Several other extremely eminent psychological scientists aren't even on the list. I feel embarrassed to get ranked above them, and I'm also embarrassed that our scholarly field would have profound contributors such as Luce ranked much lower than they deserve.

Amidst the recent furor over failures to replicate some empirical results on behavior priming by social psychologists (“Fresh misconduct charges hit Dutch social psychology,” F. v. Kolfschooten, News & Analysis, 9 May, p. [566][1]; “Replication effort provokes praise—and ‘bullying’

A growing number of studies in human cognition attribute the basis of cultural differences to attentional mechanisms, but few have directly investigated how it might be affected. Moreover, different kinds of conceptual distinctions such as analytic versus holistic and absolute versus relative style of processing have not been clearly distinguished. The analytic/holistic distinction is based on the structural aspect of perceptual representation, whereas the absolute/relative distinction involves evaluative aspect of perception. Furthermore, findings of cultural comparison studies using basic attentional tasks including visual search and eye movement have been equivocal, and those with visual search used culturally biased stimuli such as Chinese characters. In the current study, we provide evidence for a significant cultural difference between North American and Japanese participants in visual search with culturally neutral items, and investigated whether the difference is mediated by structural or evaluative aspect of perception. North American and Japanese participants searched for either a long line among short lines, or a short line among long lines. North American participants had a reliable search asymmetry: search for long lines among short lines was faster than vice versa. In contrast, Japanese participants had no such asymmetry —search for long lines among short lines was just as quick as short among long. If this difference reflects the structural aspect, namely analytic/holistic distinction, the search behavior should be sensitive to the item density. To test this hypothesis, the second experiment manipulated the density of stimulus items, and revealed that the difference in search asymmetry between cultures was not reliably affected by the density, indicating little difference in holistic processing between the two groups. Instead, our results suggest that—at least in visual search—differences exist in the style of stimulus evaluation, with Japanese relying more on relative than absolute stimulus values. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2013

The significance of jets and accretion disks in Astrophysics may be growing far beyond any single example of recent finds in the scientific journals. This brief review will summarize recent, significant manifestations of accretion disk powered jets in the universe. We then introduce supplemental contemporary finds in physics and astrophysics which might bear tangential or direct implications for astrophysics toward rethinking the universe with a major role of relativistic jets powered by accretion disks. We conclude with the direction our research will take in order to establish a new perspective on the universe.

Positive emotions are often treated as relatively similar in their cognitive-behavioral effects, and as having unambiguously beneficial consequences. For example, Valdesolo and DeSteno (2006) reported that a humorous video made people more prone to choose a utilitarian solution to a moral dilemma. They attributed this finding to increased positive affect. To determine whether such results actually stem in general from positive affect or from other more specific properties of humor, we conducted an experiment with moral dilemmas presented during an interleaved emotion-induction procedure involving mirth and another positive emotion, elevation. Mirth increased permissiveness for deontological violations, whereas elevation had the opposite effect. Furthermore, affective valence had no apparent independent influence on these judgments. Our results suggest that mirth and elevation have distinct cognitive consequences whose properties reflect their respective social functions, not their shared positive valence.

The present study compared what prosecutors and defence attorneys know about eyewitness testimony, what they believe jurors know about eyewitness testimony, and what legal safeguards they think are necessary to educate jurors about eyewitness factors. A total of 73 prosecutors and 1184 defence attorneys completed a survey about eyewitness testimony. Both groups of attorneys had extensive experience practicing law and trying criminal cases. Prosecutors were significantly less knowledgeable than the defence attorneys on almost every issue including the weak relationship between eyewitness confidence and accuracy at trial, jurors' inability to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses and the benefits of sequential lineups. The prosecutors were less willing than the defence attorneys to permit eyewitness expert testimony and were less sceptical of jurors' knowledge of eyewitness testimony. We highlight issues from the survey that are relevant to the training of prosecutors and defence attorneys about eyewitness testimony. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVTech ReportAn Interactive Computer Program To Help Students Learn Molecular Symmetry Elements and OperationsDavid E. Meyer and Andrew L. SargentView Author Information Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 9, 1551Publication Date (Web):September 1, 2007Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 September 2007Published inissue 1 September 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ed084p1551https://doi.org/10.1021/ed084p1551product-reviewACS Publications. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views1148Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (218 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (57)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Elements,Group theory,Molecular symmetry,Molecules,Students Get e-Alerts

Three experiments were conducted to study motor programs used by expert singers to produce short tonal melodies. Each experiment involved a response-priming procedure in which singers prepared to sing a primary melody but on 50% of trials had to switch and sing a different (secondary) melody instead. In Experiment 1, secondary melodies in the same key as the primary melody were easier to produce than secondary melodies in a different key. Experiment 2 showed that it was the initial note rather than key per se that affected production of secondary melodies. In Experiment 3, secondary melodies involving exact transpositions were easier to sing than secondary melodies with a different contour than the primary melody. Also, switches between the keys of C and G were easier than those between C and E. Taken together, these results suggest that the initial note of a melody may be the most important element in the motor program, that key is represented in a hierarchical form, and that melodic contour is represented as a series of exact semitone offsets.