Event Abstract Back to Event Postural Training using Augmented Visual Feedback and Vestibular Activation in Healthy Adults Kwadwo O. Appiah-Kubi1* and W. G. Wright1 1 Temple University, Physical Therapy, United States Background: Postural stability depends on the integration of the somatosensory, visual and vestibular inputs to produce motor outputs. When visual and somatosensory input is available and reliable, this reduces reliance on the vestibular system. Despite this, vestibular loss can still cause severe postural dysfunction. Training one or more of the three sensory systems using a visual feedback and headshaking activities can alter sensory weighting and change postural behavior via vestibular adaptation and habituation. The purpose of this study was to assess sensory re-weighting of postural control processing after combined augmented visual feedback during voluntary weight-shift training (WST) using a specialized training module from the NeuroCom SMART Balance Master, and rhythmic vestibular activation in healthy adults. We hypothesized that the effect of this training protocol would significantly alter the pattern of sensory weighting by changing the ratio of visual, somatosensory, and vestibular dependence needed to maintain postural stability. Methods: Thirty-three healthy individuals (18 males; 24.5+4.4 years [18-35 years]; 1.7+0.2 meters) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) No training (CTL), (2) augmented visual feedback WST coupled with an active horizontal headshake (HS) activity, or (3) the same WST without HS (No-HS). The rhythmic headshake activity at 30° in each direction to the midline was performed in synchronization with a metronome at 80 or 100 beats/minute. The WST included 15 one-minute limit of stability (LOS) exercises on a flat force-plate platform, rocker board or foam at three different levels (Fig. 1). The exercises entailed participants leaning towards a particular direction to reach a target that lights up randomly on the screen every 4 seconds. In nine of the exercises, the HS group was asked to perform the horizontal headshake activities concurrently. Training was performed 2x/day, every other day, 3x/week. Pre- and post-assessments on the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) were performed. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze the SOT equilibrium scores, composite scores, sensory ratios and transformed center of pressure (COP) sway variables by comparing baseline to post-training. Results: There were significant training effects (p=0.028) observed in the COP medio-lateral standard deviation (ML Std) sway across the groups especially in condition 6, with HS exhibiting better stability (Fig. 2, A-C). COP multiscale entropy (MSE) velocity also showed significant training effects (p=0.012) across groups and in conditions, with HS performing better in stability, particularly in conditions 5 and 6 (Fig. 2, D-F). Conditions 5 and 6 heavily rely on vestibular and visual-vestibular weighting, respectively. SOT equilibrium and composite scores were not significant, although mean differences may depict slight improvement in HS group and little or no change in No-HS and CTL groups. The training effect was related to the visual conditions as it relates to vestibular weighting. Conclusion: Postural training can alter sensory organization after a visual feedback-vestibular activation training protocol. The benefits cannot be explained by a practice effect since the CTL and No-HS groups showed minimal or no improvement. The study suggests a possible sensory reweighting through adaptation and habituation, induced by the visual feedback-vestibular training. Translating these findings into a vestibular-impaired population can stimulate the design of an augmented visual-vestibular feedback rehabilitation protocol. Figure 1 Figure 2 References Arora, R. D. (2012). Vestibular rehabilitation: An overview. Otorhinolaryngol. Clin. Int. J., 4, 54-69. Jung, K., Kim, Y., Chung, Y., & Hwang, S. (2014). Weight-Shift Training Improves Trunk Control, Proprioception, and Balance in Patients with Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 232(3), 195-199. Lee, Y. J., Shin, J. E., Park, M. S., Kim, J. M., Na, B. R., Kim, C. H., & Park, H. J. (2012). Comprehensive analysis of head-shaking nystagmus in patients with vestibular neuritis. Audiology and Neurotology, 17(4), 228-234. Mitsutake, T., Sakamoto, M., Ueta, K., Oka, S., & Horikawa, E. (2017). Effects of vestibular rehabilitation on gait performance in poststroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 40(3), 240-245. Shumway-Cook, A., & Horak, F. B. (1986). Assessing the influence of sensory interaction on balance suggestion from the field. Physical Therapy, 66 (10), 1548-1550. Keywords: Vestibular Rehabilitation, visual feedback (VF), weight-shift training, Sensory weighting, headshake movements, Sensory organization test (SOT), Vestibular adaptation and compensation, vestibular habituation Conference: 2nd International Neuroergonomics Conference, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 27 Jun - 29 Jun, 2018. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Neuroergonomics Citation: Appiah-Kubi KO and Wright WG (2019). Postural Training using Augmented Visual Feedback and Vestibular Activation in Healthy Adults. Conference Abstract: 2nd International Neuroergonomics Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2018.227.00046 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 02 Apr 2018; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Mr. Kwadwo O Appiah-Kubi, Temple University, Physical Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States, appiah@temple.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Kwadwo O Appiah-Kubi W. G Wright Google Kwadwo O Appiah-Kubi W. G Wright Google Scholar Kwadwo O Appiah-Kubi W. G Wright PubMed Kwadwo O Appiah-Kubi W. G Wright Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Effects of Head-Mounted Display on kinematics of the Timed Up and GO (TUG) test: does the addition of a visual stimulus matter? Rania Almajid1*, Emily A. Keshner1, W. G. Wright1, Erin Vasudevan1, 2 and Carole A. Tucker1 1 Temple University, Physical Therapy, United States 2 Stony Brook University, Physical Therapy, United States The use of virtual reality in clinic settings is becoming more common given the availability of portable, easy to use head-mounted displays (HMDs). HMDs support virtual reality environments that are variable, motivating, yet safe to include in clinical assessment and interventions in different populations (Adamovich, Fluet, Tunik, & Merians, 2009; Saposnik et al., 2010). However, some concerns have been reported about the effect of HMDs on vision and posture that include, but are not limited to, subjective discomfort of the users (Peli, 1998) and modified neck and trunk postures (Knight & Baber, 2007), which may occur due to the added weight on the head, restriction of the field of view, or unfamiliarity with the device (Patterson, Winterbottom, & Pierce, 2006). We aim to determine the influence of wearing an HMD with and without presentation of an augmented visual stimulus during the sub-components of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in younger and older adults. The TUG sub-components include sit-to-stand, walk, turn, and stand-to-sit activities. The three questions we wished to address are 1) does the HMD have a biomechanical effect, 2) does augmented visual stimulus affect TUG performance, 3) is there an age interaction. Using the HMD (Oculus Rift Development Kit 2™) a visual scene displaying bright dots (i.e. “snowflakes”) that rotate in pitch-up or pitch-down directions was overlaid on top of the veridical scene, i.e. augmented reality (Fig1). Twelve younger adults (6 males, age 25.9 ± 3.9) and sixteen older adults (8 males, age 69.0 ± 4.4) completed the following four conditions: (1) TUG, (2) TUG with HMD with no augmented visual scene (TUGHMD), (3) TUG with HMD with pitch up rotated visual scene (TUGPU), and (4) TUG with HMD with pitch down rotated visual scene (TUGPD). Motor performance was evaluated using six Trigno™ wireless motion sensors (Delsys Inc.) that were placed on the sternum, lumbar, both wrists and shanks. The dependent variables included turning cadence (step/min), gait speed (m/sec), and peak trunk velocity (PTV) (°/sec) in the TUG sub-components around the anteroposterior (AP), vertical, and mediolateral (ML) axes. There were decrements in performance when wearing the HMD, regardless of the addition of a visual stimulus, compared to viewing the normal view of the room in the standard TUG test. While viewing a rotated visual scene in a pitch up or pitch down direction, adults significantly decreased their PTV around the ML axis in walking and their AP acceleration range in sit-to-stand compared to standard TUG conditions (all ps<0.01). Adults showed a lower vertical acceleration range in sit-to-stand as well while viewing a pitch up rotating visual scene only (p=0.002) compared to TUG. Compared to younger adults, older adults showed a decline in PTV around the AP axis in turning (17.3% in TUG, 12.8% in TUGHMD, 11.9% in TUGPU, 17.6% in TUGPD) (p=0.03). Our results support the conclusion that: 1) wearing an HMD can present biomechanical, perceptual, and unfamiliarity challenges that should be accounted for in clinical research and 2) assessment of spatiotemporal measures in turning could be of a great interest to assess the risk of fall in the elderly. The results from this work can help clinicians to discriminate between the effects of wearing an HMD without a virtual scene versus HMD plus virtual scene. This information may be critical as the use of HMDs in clinics becomes more common. Fig1. The Oculus Rift development kit 2 (™) (on the right side) and the presented visual scene through it with the virtual snowflakes (on the left side). Figure 1 Acknowledgements This research was supported by Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education and the First Summer Research Initiative award by Temple University References Adamovich, S. V., Fluet, G. G., Tunik, E., & Merians, A. S. (2009). Sensorimotor training in virtual reality: A review. NeuroRehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-2009-0497 Knight, J. F., & Baber, C. (2007). Effect of Head-Mounted Displays on Posture. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 49(5), 797–807. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872007X230172 Patel, P., Lamar, M., & Bhatt, T. (2014). Effect of type of cognitive task and walking speed on cognitive-motor interference during dual-task walking. Neuroscience, 260, 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.016 Patterson, R., Winterbottom, M. D., & Pierce, B. J. (2006). Perceptual issues in the use of head-mounted visual displays. Human Factors, 48(February), 555–573. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872006778606877 Peli, E. (1998). The visual effects of head-mounted display (HMD) are not distinguishable from those of desk-top computer display. Vision Research, 38(13), 2053–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00397-0 Saposnik, G., Teasell, R., Mamdani, M., Hall, J., McIlroy, W., Cheung, D., … Bayley, M. (2010). Effectiveness of virtual reality using wii gaming technology in stroke rehabilitation: A pilot randomized clinical trial and proof of principle. Stroke, 41(7), 1477–1484. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.584979 Keywords: Aging, virtual reality, dynamic balance, Sensorimotor control, Postural control Conference: 2nd International Neuroergonomics Conference, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 27 Jun - 29 Jun, 2018. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Neuroergonomics Citation: Almajid R, Keshner EA, Wright WG, Vasudevan E and Tucker CA (2019). Effects of Head-Mounted Display on kinematics of the Timed Up and GO (TUG) test: does the addition of a visual stimulus matter?. Conference Abstract: 2nd International Neuroergonomics Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2018.227.00019 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 02 Apr 2018; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Miss. Rania Almajid, Temple University, Physical Therapy, Philadelphia, United States, ralmajid@westcoastuniversity.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Rania Almajid Emily A Keshner W. G Wright Erin Vasudevan Carole A Tucker Google Rania Almajid Emily A Keshner W. G Wright Erin Vasudevan Carole A Tucker Google Scholar Rania Almajid Emily A Keshner W. G Wright Erin Vasudevan Carole A Tucker PubMed Rania Almajid Emily A Keshner W. G Wright Erin Vasudevan Carole A Tucker Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Understanding the relationship between fish abundance and stream habitat variables is critical to designing and implementing effective freshwater habitat restoration projects for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and other anadromous salmonids. In this study, we investigated the relationship between summer coho salmon and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) parr abundance and physical stream habitat variables in Caspar and Pudding creeks in Mendocino County, California. Relationships between summer habitat and juvenile abundance were investigated using a stratified random experimental design. Our hypothesis was that one or more of the habitat unit types and variables examined would be associated with salmonid abundance. Habitat differences were examined between the two streams, and we tested our hypotheses regarding habitat variables and salmon id abundance using a variety of statistical tools that included two-way ANOVA, factor analysis, and negative binomial regression modeling. The results indicated that juvenile coho salmon abundance was positively (proportionally) associated with slow water, water volume, and dry large-wood abundance, and negatively associated with fast-water habitat variables. Young-of-the-year steelhead trout were positively associated with water volume and dry large-wood and negatively (or inversely) associated with overhead vegetation and fast water habitats. Older age steelhead abundance was positively associated with slow water, water volume; cover habitat formed by wet and dry wood, and undercut banks. We discuss our findings relative to the use of large wood in anadromous salmonid habitat recovery programs in California coastal watersheds.

Like many rivers and streams in forests of the Pacific Northwest, California north coast rivers and streams have been depleted of downed wood through timber harvest and direct wood removal. Due to the important role of wood in creating and maintaining salmonid habitat, wood augmentation has become a common element of stream restoration. Restoration efforts in North America often focus on building anchored, engineered wood structures at the site scale; however, these projects can fail to meet restoration goals at the watershed scale, do not closely mimic natural wood loading processes or dynamics, and can be expensive to implement. For critically imperiled populations of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in California, there is a strong impetus to achieve as much habitat restoration as possible in priority watersheds in the shortest time and with limited resources, so cost-efficient techniques are necessary. In this multi-site project, we investigated unanchored techniques for wood loading to evaluate cost and contribution to salmonid habitat in Mendocino County, California. Over a period of 6 years, 72.4 km of stream were treated with 1,973 pieces of strategically placed wood. We found that unanchored wood loading techniques were much less costly than commonly used anchored techniques, reliably improved habitat, and retained wood at high rates (mean = 92%) in small-to moderate-sized streams, at least over the short term (<6 years). The average cost of design and construction for the unanchored projects was US$259 per log, equivalent to 22% of the cost associated with the anchored wood augmentation methods examined here. Our results suggest that this unanchored wood loading approach has the potential to increase the pace and scale at which wood augmentation projects are implemented in the Pacific Northwest and beyond.

PURPOSE:Individuals experiencing myocardial infarction (MI) report anxiety, depression, diminished quality of life (QOL), and reduced sexual activity.DESIGN AND METHODS:We examined return to sexual activity post-MI, and pilot tested a comprehensive sexual counseling intervention based on social-cognitive theory. The intervention in this pretest/posttest preexperimental study used an informational video, newsletters, and telephone counseling, with cardiac patients (N = 10) and partners (N = 3). Measures included QOL; knowledge; sexual anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and satisfaction.FINDINGS:At 8 weeks, only 60% had returned to sexual activity, with low QOL and sexual satisfaction for patients and partners.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:Supportive interventions by nurses are needed to assist MI patients and partners return to sexual activity.

After an acute cardiac event, such as a myocardial infarction, patients often experience anxiety and fear associated with resuming normal activities, including sexual relationships and sexual functioning. However, patients’ needs for psychosocial support and sexual health counseling are often not adequately addressed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine nurses’ perceptions of providing sexual health education and counseling for patients experiencing a myocardial infarction. Findings from this study serve as a basis for deriving implications to improve clinical practices by nurses.

Consumers not only consume. They are increasingly being used by retail and service organizations to perform work-like tasks in the manner of quasi-employees. To explore this role of consumers in the labor process, we use the term consumptive labor and focus on one prevalent form of consumptive labor: self-service. Business organizations obviously benefit from self-service, primarily through increasing the amount of labor during the workday, without incurring additional labor costs. However, it is less apparent why consumers so willingly participate in self-service given that, unlike employees, they are not bound by a contractual agreement or compensated with a wage. What is the perceived benefit of self-service to consumers? We propose a theory of the labor process that synthesizes the works of Michael Burawoy and George Ritzer and suggests that organizations manufacture consent of consumers to self-service by appealing to their desires for a “McDonaldization” of consumer experience. From this theory, we derive and test hypotheses using data from a survey of 519 college students. Results lend support to this theory. The majority of the sample preferred to use self-service when it was available. Moreover, the stronger their belief that self-service enables them to put into practice the principles of McDonaldization, the stronger respondents’ preference to use self-service and the greater their actual use of self-service. We conclude by critically analyzing issues relating to self-service, illuminating problems and issues associated with the essence of the social relations of self-service but which consumers do not easily recognize in its ostensibly favorable appearance.

In 2009, a disease survey was conducted in 97 commercial canola (Brassica napus L.) fields in Western Australia by the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA). In about 20% of the fields from the northern agricultural region of Western Australia, small patches were observed where canola plants showed symptoms of stunting and wilting. These plants were collected and roots of affected plants were washed thoroughly and examined for the presence of root disease. Small galls and clublike structures were observed on the secondary roots and sometimes on the main root of the affected plants. Examination of thin free hand sections from the root galls revealed that several cortical cells were enlarged and full of resting spores. The diameter of resting spores ranged between 2.5 and 3.0 μm. Plasmodia and zoosporangia were also observed in the root hairs. The identity of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin was confirmed by PCR using a modified method of Cao et al. 2007 (1). DNA from spores and slices of the galls of 14 different samples were extracted using DNeasy plant mini kit (QIAGEN Australia) as per manufacturer's instructions. Samples were disrupted by placing them into MPBIO tube A and placed in the Fast Prep machine at speed of 6 ms-1 for 40 s. This was repeated twice. The species-specific primers TC1F (5'-GTGGTCGAACTTCATTAAATTTGGGCTCTT-3')/TC1R (5'-TTCACCTACGGAACGTATATGTGCATGTGA-3') and TC2F (5'-AAACAACGAGTCAGCTTGAATGCTAGTGTG-3')/TC2R (5'-CTTTAGTTGTGTTTCGGCTAGGATGGTTCG-3') were used (1). The primers TC1F and TC1R failed to produce a PCR product of 548-bp size but using the primers TC2F and TC2R the PCR reaction resulted in a 519- bp fragment. Seven out of 14 samples gave positive results for P. brassicae with primers TC2F and TC2R. This indicates that the P. brassicae pathotype from Western Australia may be different than the one found in Alberta, Canada. However, pathotypes of P. brassicae from brassica vegetables from Australia have been found similar to the populations of P. brassicae present in the United States (2). Pathogenicity of P. brassicae was tested by dipping roots of five 10-day-old canola plants var. Cobbler in a spore suspension (1 × 106 resting spores/ml). Roots of five control plants were dipped in sterile water. Five weeks after inoculation, small galls were observed on the roots of three inoculated plants and the control plants remained symptomless. Resting spores were recovered from the galls developed on the roots of affected plants. Presence of P. brassicae in the affected roots was further confirmed by PCR using the method described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of club root of canola in Australia. Club root is reported from vegetable brassicas and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) in Australia. Club root has become a serious disease of canola in Canada since its detection in Alberta in 2006 (3). The resting spores of the fungus can survive for several years in soil, and therefore, this disease could pose a significant threat to canola production in Western Australia. References: (1) Cao et al. Plant Dis. 91:80, 2007. (2) Donald et al. Ann. App. Biol. 148:239, 2006. (3) S. Streklov et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 28:467, 2006.

Globalization, technological advances, and increasingly flexible social norms have contributed to more widespread intercultural relationships, particularly in multicultural societies such as the United States. In this paper, the authors use Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems framework (i.e., the macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, chronosystem) to review the factors involved with entry and adjustment in intercultural relationships. Relationship entry is discussed in terms of how people of different cultural backgrounds meet, interact, and intimately relate. Factors that impact the likelihood of entering an intercultural relationship are outlined. Adjustment refers to the manner in which partners cope with the dyadic tensions that impact their relationship satisfaction and functioning. Compared to intracultural couples, intercultural couples are at a higher risk of experiencing adjustment problems over the course of the relationship. Therefore, suggestions are provided to help these couples minimize conflict and optimize satisfaction. Factors relating to relationship identity and cultural negotiation also are discussed. A summary of the most important clinical ideas to emerge from the literature on intercultural couples in the United States, as well as clinical suggestions for therapists working with these couples, are provided at the end of the paper.

The literature examining dual relationships in rural communities is limited, and existing ethical guidelines lack guidelines about how to navigate these complex relationships. This study uses grounded theory to explore rural therapists' perceptions of dual relationship issues, the perceived impact of minority and/or religious affiliation on the likelihood of dual relationships, and the ways rural therapists handle inevitable dual relationship situations. All of the therapists who participated in the study practiced in small communities and encountered dual relationship situations with regularity. The overarching theme that emerged from the data was that of using professional judgment in engaging in the relationship, despite the fact that impairment of professional judgment is the main objection to dual relationships. This overall theme contained three areas where participants felt they most needed to use their judgment: the level of benefit or detriment to the client, the context, and the nature of the dual relationship. Surprisingly, supervision and/or consultation were not mentioned by the participants as strategies for handling dual relationships. The results of this study are compared with established ethical decision-making models, and implications for the ethical guidelines and appropriate ethical training are suggested.

Over time, perceptions of marriage in the United States have shifted from a social obligation to a decision based on personal fulfillment. This shift has been most pronounced for women who no longer rely upon marriage for financial security. Marriages based on personal fulfillment are more fragile so when love declines and constraints do not exist, infidelity and divorce are considered viable options. This study investigated newlywed women's marital expectations along with their experiences of infidelity and expectations of divorce. Newlywed women (N = 197) married 2 years or less completed an online survey. As expected, these women primarily conceptualized marriage in terms of love and personal fulfillment. They reported a variety of extramarital thoughts and behaviors, and 74% indicated some expectation of divorce.

We evaluated an eleven-year (2000 to 2011) coho salmon adult, parr, and smolt abundance data stream from three census watersheds in coastal Mendocino County, California to determine how this information can provide a scientific basis for directing life-stage specific stream restoration activities. The three census watersheds: Caspar Creek, Pudding Creek, and the South Fork Noyo River called Life Cycle Monitoring Streams (LCMS), are part of the California Coastal Salmonid Monitoring Plan. These LCMS are places where we estimate adult, parr, and smolt abundance; make connections between life stage abundance and abiotic factors; and serve as focal points to foster additional watershed and salmon research. Adult and smolt abundance was estimated using capture-recapture methods where fish were marked with either batch marks or individual identifiers and we estimated parr abundance with depletion sampling. Since 2006, we have applied Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags to parr and smolts >70 mm and used this information to estimate abundance and survival. We used these data to calculate marine and freshwater survival, estimate carrying capacity of the three streams, and investigate the relationship between survival and abiotic factors (stream flow, turbidity, and temperature). We present the findings of this analysis and our results in relation to habitat census evaluations conducted during summer 2011. Finally, we discuss the application of our findings to restoration using large wood, and provide recommendations for future work to increase coho salmon production.