We develop a theory that predicts the equilibrium states of a fluid contained in a capillary that has corners. Each section of the tube can take three states: completely wet state where the tube section is completely occupied by the fluid, partially wet state where only the corners are occupied by the fluid known as corner film or finger, and completely dry state. We calculate the phase diagram of these states for a square tube with rounded corners. It is shown that the partially wet state can exist only in a certain region in the parameter space spanned by the equilibrium contact angle and the corner curvature.

The bottom-up design of chemical structure affords 0D nanocrystals (NCs) with tunable band structures and unexpected optical properties. Herein, an example of alloyed quantum shell (QS) is demonstrated by tailoring the chemical compositions in its core/shell structure. In the CdZnSe/ZnSeS/CdSeS/CdS (C/S1/S2/S3, in which C is the CdZnSe core and S represents the shells) structure, there is an intriguing metamorphosis from quantum dot (QD) to QS (that is, C and C/S1 belong to QDs, meanwhile C/S1/S2 and C/S1/S2/S3 are in the QS regime). Due to uniform morphology, perfect nanostructure, negligible defects, and unique energy level alignment, the C/S1/S2/S3 QS exhibits a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 90.9%, an ultra-long fluorescence lifetime of 215.2 ns, and a slow radiative transition rate. It enables QS-based light-emitting diodes (QS-LEDs) with the state-of-the-art performance, such as high external quantum efficiency (EQE of 22.16%) and excellent stability. Meanwhile, the investigation of charge carrier dynamics reveals the difference between the QD- and QS-LEDs, showing that the charge carriers inside the QS-LEDs need more time to recombine with each other. Based on these findings, this study believes that the emerging QSs can be attractive and efficient light-emitting materials used in lighting and displays.

The combination of tensile strength and ductility of equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) is a critical issue in achieving intended mechanical properties for cryogenic applications. Here laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology is used to prepare TiB2 particle reinforced CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy composite, which exhibits similar to 1350 MPa ultra-high tensile strength (UTS) and similar to 19 % fractured elongation at cryogenic temperature, almost twice that of room temperature. The underlying mechanisms were unraveled, in which the formation of stacking faults (SFs), deformation twins (DTs) in the matrix and hard sigma phase particles, TiB2 particles, and their generated dislocation networks were found to synergistically promote the substantial improvement of strength and elongation during cryogenic temperature deformation.

We study the dynamics of capillary filling in tubes of regular polygon cross section. Using the Onsager variational principle, we derive a coupled ordinary differential equation and a partial differential equation, which respectively describe time evolution of the bulk flow and the saturation profile of the finger flow. We obtain both numerical solution and self-similar solution to the coupled equations, and the results indicate that the bulk flow and the finger flow both follow the t1/2 time scaling. We show that due to the coupling effect of the finger flow, the prefactor for the bulk flow is smaller than that of the Lucas-Washburn prediction. The reduction effect is more pronounced when the side number n of the regular-polygon is small, while as n increases, the prefactor approaches Lucas-Washburn prediction.

High-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) show exceptional properties and great potential as a new generation of functional materials, yet a universal and facile synthetic strategy in air toward nonoxidized and precisely controlled composition remains a huge challenge. Here we provide a laser scribing method to prepare single-phase solid solution HEA-NPs libraries in air with tunable composition at the atomic level, taking advantage of the laser-induced metastable thermodynamics and substrate-assisted confinement effect. The three-dimensional porous graphene substrate functions as a microreactor during the fast heating/cooling process, which is conductive to the generation of the pure alloy phase by effectively blocking the binding of oxygen and metals, but is also beneficial for realizing accurate composition control via microstructure confinement-endowed favorable vapor pressure. Furthermore, by combining an active learning approach based on an adaptive design strategy, we discover an optimal composition of quinary HEA-NP catalysts with an ultralow overpotential for Li-CO2 batteries. This method provides a simple, fast, and universal in-air route toward the controllable synthesis of HEA-NPs, potentially integrated with machine learning to accelerate the research on HEAs.

: The research in hypernuclear physics provides crucial information for uncovering the characteristics of baryon­baryon interactions in the nuclear medium and understanding the internal structure of atomic nuclei and neutron stars. Based on the density­dependent relativistic Hartree­Fock (RHF) theory, the 𝛬𝑁 effective interac­ tion in the model is obtained by fitting experimental data of hyperon separation energies for single­ 𝛬 hypernuclei. The inclusion of the Fock term alters the dynamic equilibrium of the effective nuclear force in the hyperon channel, resulting in a meson­hyperon coupling strength that differs from the relativistic mean­field model and influences the description of hyperon spin­orbit splitting. Considering the uncertainty in the values of the effective nuclear force within the model, further research is conducted to explore the dependence of hypernuclear bulk and single­ particle properties on the hyperon coupling strength, aiming to identify possible ways to constrain its range of values. Taking the 16𝛬 O hypernucleus as an example, the effects of the nuclear medium and Fock terms are sys­ tematically analyzed by adjusting the hyperon coupling strength in the isoscalar channel within the hypernuclear energy functional. The results suggest a possible linear relationship between the ratio of hyperon coupling strength and quantities such as hyperon spin­orbit splitting, Dirac effective mass, and hypernuclear characteristic radius. Therefore, by constraining these quantities through experimental or theoretical means, it is possible to impose stronger limitations on the effective nuclear force associated with hyperons in the nuclear medium.

The CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy and TiB2(p)/CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy composite (HEC) were manufactured by Selective laser melting. For the CoCrFeNiMn, a coarse epitaxial columnar microstructure with strong crystallographic textures was generated. While in the TiB2(p)/CoCrFeNiMn, TiB2 particles are distributed in the significantly refined dendrites and nearly equiaxial grains, and phase transformation occurs to form sigma phase. TiB2 and sigma phase construct a strong interface relationship with the matrix. TiB2(p)/CoCrFeNiMn HEC has extremely high microhardness (329 +/- 2 HV) and excellent wear resistance (coefficients of friction 0.31 +/- 0.02). The wear mechanism of the HEC was studied refer to the microstructure, composition and hardness.

TiB2 nano-particle reinforced CoCrFeNiMn composite has been additively manufactured by using selective laser melting (SLM) technique. In comparison with matrix CoCrFeNiMn sample, the average grain size of the TiB2 doped CoCrFeNiMn (CoCrFeNiMn+TiB2) sample reduces from 26.27 μm to 7.51 μm, appearing a morphological transformation from columnar grains to fine equiaxed grains and fine dendritic grains. Correspondingly, the compressive yield strength (σy) sharply increases from 484.41 ± 57.81 MPa of CrFeMnNi HEA to 952.62 ± 38.15 MPa of CoCrFeNiMn+TiB2, revealing a substantial enhancement of mechanical properties. Structural analysis unveils that the CoCrFeMnNi+TiB2 sample formed tetragonal σ phase beside FCC matrix and TiB2 phases compared with the single FCC phase of CoCrFeMnNi HEA. Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy discloses that the TiB2 nanoparticles expitaxially grow onto the FCC matrix phase with [01-10]TiB2 // [011]FCC orientation relationship. Theoretical calculations indicate that the enhancement mechanism of the CoCrFeMnNi+TiB2 sample should originate from a synergistic strengthening effect which is induced by grain refinement, TiB2 particles, σ phases and dislocations. Our work should provide a new view to utilize the rapid solidification process of SLM and ceramic nano-particle reinforcement for the enhanced mechanical properties of HEAs with great potential.

TiB2 nano-particle reinforced CoCrFeMnNi composite has been additively manufactured by using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique. In comparison with the matrix CoCr-FeMnNi sample, the average grain size of the TiB2 doped CoCrFeMnNi (CoCrFeMnNi + TiB2) sample reduces from 26.27 mm to 7.51 mm, appearing a morphological transformation from columnar grains to fine equiaxed grains and fine dendritic grains. Correspondingly, the compressive yield strength (sy) sharply increases from 484.41 & PLUSMN; 57.81 MPa of CoCrFeMnNi HEA to 952.62 & PLUSMN; 38.15 MPa of CoCrFeMnNi + TiB2, and the tensile yield strength increases from 480.27 & PLUSMN; 1.25 MPa to 834.21 & PLUSMN; 15.93 MPa, revealing a substantial enhancement of mechanical properties. The structural analysis unveils that the CoCrFeMnNi + TiB2 sample formed a tetragonal s phase beside the FCC matrix and TiB2 phases compared with the single FCC phase of CoCrFeMnNi HEA. Especially, atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy discloses that the TiB2 nanoparticles epitaxially grow onto the FCC matrix phase with [01-10]TiB2//[011]FCC orientation relationship. Theoretical calculations indicate that the enhancement mechanism of the CoCrFeMnNi + TiB2 sample should originate from a synergistic strengthening effect which is induced by grain refinement, TiB2 particles, s phases and dislocations. Our work should provide a new view to utilize the rapid solidification process of LPBF and ceramic nano-particle reinforcement for the enhanced mechanical properties of HEAs with great potential. & COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

We studied the dynamics of a fluid rising in a capillary tube with corners. In the cornered tube, unlike the circular tube, fluid rises with two parts, the bulk part where the entire cross-section is occupied by the fluid and the finger part where the cross-section is only partially filled. Using the Onsager principle, we derive coupled time-evolution equations for the two parts. We show the following: (a) At the early stage of rising, the dynamics is dominated by the bulk part and the fluid height h0(t) shows the same behavior as that in the circular tube. (b) At the late stage, the bulk part stops rising but the finger part continues, following the scaling law h1(t) ∼ t1/3. We also show that, due to the coupling between the two parts, the equilibrium bulk height is smaller than the Jurin's height, which ignores the effect of the finger part.

The Xi'an Proton Application Facility (XiPAF) is dedicated to simulations of environments containing space radiation. The facility consists of a 7 MeV linac injector followed by a compact 200 MeV synchrotron. The project was officially launched in 2014. After six years of construction, the commissioning of the synchrotron began in early 2020. Several rounds of beam commissioning have yielded an extracted beam energy from 10 to 200 MeV, with the number of protons exceeding 5 x 10(10) in each cycle at different energies. This study presents the latest results from beam commissioning at XiPAF.

The ring-shaped superconducting permanent magnet, with its great advantages in flexible sizing and trapped field, has become a potential candidate for portable medical applications. However, due to the complex geometry involved, it is difficult to predict its electromagnetic performance by traditional numerical methods. This paper presents a field-circuit coupling method to study the entire magnetization process of the ring-shaped magnet. Firstly, the principle of the numerical method is introduced and it is proved to be sufficient for a ring-shaped magnet with a large turn number. Then, the numerical model is used to discuss the relationship between pulse waveform and magnitude of trapped field. Next, the accumulation effect under multi-pulse magnetization is theoretically analyzed and proved by both experiments and simulation. Finally, based on the numerical model, a study on the decay process of ring-shaped magnets is also presented. Conclusions from this paper will be helpful for obtaining the optimization strategy of magnetization of ring-shaped magnets for practical medical applications.

The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of 3 wt% TiB2p reinforced 2024Al (TiB2p/2024Al) composite stimulated by T6 heat treatment are reported in this work. Morphological results showed that the initial TiB2p/2024Al composite fabricated by laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) consists of fine equiaxed grains with well dispersed TiB2 particles, in which nanoscale Al2Cu(Mg) precipitates are dispersed in the Al matrix. After the T6 heat treatment, ultrafine Al2CuMg precipitates and few AlCuMnFe (T) dispersoids were observed in the matrix and grain boundaries. The sample which was solution treated at 495 C temperature showed a higher compression yield strength of about 371.3 MPa and hardness of about 145HV, whilst the sample treated at 505 C solution temperature (ST) had a relatively low compression yield strength of 289.8 MPa and hardness of about 128 HV. The reason is deduced to originate from the existence of negative factors such as the formation of microvoids. Quantitative analysis unveiled that grain refinement and Orowan strengthening should contribute to the high strength of the annealed TiB2p/2024Al composite.

When a capillary channel with corners is wetted by a fluid, there are regions where the fluid fills the whole cross-section and regions where only the corners are filled by the fluid. The fluid fraction of the partially-filled region, s^*, is an important quantity related to the capillary pressure. We calculate the value of s^* for channels with a cross-section slightly deviated from a rectangle: the height is larger in the center than those on the two short sides. We find that a small change in the cross-section geometry leads to a huge change of s^*. This result is consistent with experimental observations.

We analyze the dynamics of liquid filling in a thin, slightly inflated rectangular channel driven by capillary forces. We show that although the amount of liquid m in the channel increases in time following the classical Lucas-Washburn law, m ∝ t1/2, the prefactor is very sensitive to the deformation of the channel because the filling takes place by the growth of two parts, the bulk part (where the cross section is completely filled by the liquid), and the finger part (where the cross section is partially filled). We calculate the time dependence of m accounting for the coupling between the two parts and show that the prefactor for the filling can be reduced significantly by a slight deformation of the rectangular channel, e.g., the prefactor is reduced 50% for a strain of 0.1%. This offers an explanation for the large deviation on the value of the prefactor reported previously.

Chemical residues in the environment are considered to be important factors that cause obesity. Bifenthrin is one of the pyrethroid pesticides and is widely used worldwide. However, its effect on adipose tissue is ill-defined. Here, we administered bifenthrin/corn oil to adult C57BL/6 mice by gavage. After 6 weeks, the bifenthrin treatment significantly increased their body weight (P = 0.015) and fat mass (P < 0.001). Then we identified 246 differently expressed proteins by proteomic analysis, and they were highly involved in fatty acid uptake and lipid metabolism processes. Interestingly, protein hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triacylglyceride lipase were downregulated while lipoprotein lipase is upregulated after bifenthrin treatment. Similar effects in 3T3-L1 cells treated with bifenthrin validated the in vivo results. Thus, this study suggests that long-term exposure to low-dose bifenthrin induces fat deposition in mice by improving fatty acid uptake and inhibiting lipolysis, and it may cause obesity in humans.

The current source reconstruction and magnetic imaging is a new technique to non-invasively obtain spatial information regarding cardiac electrical activity using magnetocardiogram (MCG) signals measured by the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) on the human thorax surface. Using MCG signals to reconstruct distributed current sources needs to solve the inverse problem of magnetic field. The beamforming is a type of spatial filter method that has been used for distributed source reconstruction and source imaging in electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG). In this paper, the dipole moment of distributed current source is estimated with corresponding each spatial filter based on the cardiac source field model. The purpose is to enhance the intensity contrast of the dipole moment of distributed current sources in distributed source spatial spectrum estimation with beamforming, so that the reconstructed-pseudo sources beyond the heart can be removed for imaging cardiac electric activity well. A new beamforming method of improving intensity contrast (IIC) of distributed source spatial spectrum estimation is developed for imaging cardiac electric activity in P-wave, due to cardiac magnetic signals in P-wave lower than that of the peak value of R-wave, which has a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For enhancing the accuracy of current source reconstruction in P-wave, the IIC divided into two steps: firstly, to introduce the lead-field matrix, which represents the measurement sensor-array sensitivity to magnetic field current sources, into a weight matrix of the spatial filter for making the output estimation of the filter more sensitive to the current source distribution, so as to improve the intensity contrast of the reconstructed distributed sources. Secondly, by setting a threshold of source intensity from experience, to extract the reconstructed source with locally-maximal dipole strength at each time for eliminating the relatively weak pseudo sources in other locations, so as to enhance the accuracy of current source reconstruction during P-wave. In this paper, the IIC and three other methods, including minimum variance beamforming (MVB), suppressing spatial filter output noise-power gain (SONG) and trust region reflective (TRR), are compared by using the theoretical analysis and simulation experiments of MCG current source reconstruction during P-wave. The results show that the IIC has higher intensity contrast of the single source spatial spectrum estimation, and possesses better accuracy of the current source reconstruction. The 61-channel MCG signals of two healthy subjects and their imaging of cardiac electrical activity during P-wave also are analyzed. The result shows that the IIC is better than the other three methods. It is indicated that two healthy subjects have stronger electrical activity in the atrium than that in the ventricle at Ppeak time, also that the electrical activity has the direction feature when the right-atrium is depolarized during P-wave. In summary, the IIC is useful for imaging the cardiac electrical activity. However, it is needed to carry out a further research on patients with local myocardial ischemia and left or right coronary artery stenosis, and to establish the evaluation index for imaging of cardiac electrical activity in such patients.

Capillary filling in small length scale is an important process in nanotechnology and microfabrication. When one end of the tube or channel is sealed, it is important to consider the escape of the trapped gas. We develop a dynamic model on capillary filling in closed-end tubes, based on the diffusion-convection equation and Henry's law of gas dissolution. We systematically investigate the filling dynamics for various sets of parameters, and compare the results with a previous model which assumes a linear density profile of dissolved gas and neglect the convective term.

The structure characteristic of substrate is a key parameter to modify the structure of as-grown thin film and tune physical properties for oxide thin film materials. Three various substrates are selected to identify the change of structure as well as ferroelectric and magnetic properties of the fabricated Bi 0.9 Ba 0.1 FeO 3 thin film. XRD and TEM combined with AFM were used to confirm the detailed structure and epitaxial growth of Bi 0.9 Ba 0.1 FeO 3 thin film on different substrates. Correspondingly, the changes of the ferroelectric and magnetic properties were investigated. It is found that the lattice mismatch between substrate and thin film significantly promotes the structure distortion of Bi 0.9 Ba 0.1 FeO 3 thin film inducing the change of ferroelectric and magnetic properties. Our results further reveal that the structure characteristic of substrate plays a major role in determining the structure of epitaxial thin film and the enhancement of physical properties, which sheds light to understanding the effect of lattice mismatch in many other functional oxide thin films as well.