Research findings concerning the psychological aspects of Turner syndrome are reviewed. The information is organized around the following questions: 1) Is there an increased incidence of mental retardation? 2) Are there specific cognitive dysfunctions? If so, what processing mechanisms underlie them and to what extent can such processing dysfunctions be linked to atypical brain organization and/or hormonal factors? 3) Do most women with Turner syndrome adopt a clearly female gender identity? What do we know about their sexual orientation, sexual drive, and degree of satisfaction in sexual relationships? 4) Is there a relatively high prevalence of psychopathology? 5) Is there a common personality profile? What difficulties arise with regard to social adjustment, and are these primarily attributable to short stature? 6) Are psychosocial difficulties linked in any way to cognitive dysfunctions? 7) To what extent does phenotypic expression of this sex chromosome abnormality depend on the quality of the family environment? Final answers to these questions are still forthcoming, but considerable progress has been made toward their resolution during the past 25 years.