Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is widely used for treating depression and anxiety disorders, including during pregnancy, yet its potential effects on fetal development remain a concern. Oxidative stress is considered a possible mechanism for drug-induced developmental toxicity, suggesting antioxidant supplementation may mitigate such effects. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the fetotoxic potential of sertraline and the protective role of Vitamin E in eighteen pregnant Swiss albino mice divided into control, sertraline-treated (60 mg/kg/day) and sertraline + Vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day) groups. Treatments were given orally from gestational day 6-15, followed by evaluation of fetal growth and organ histopathology on day 19. Sertraline exposure significantly reduced fetal number, weight, crown-rump length and placental metrics, with marked cardiac, hepatic and renal alterations, while Vitamin E co- administration partly ameliorated these effects. Thus, we show oxidative stress in sertraline-induced fetal toxicity and demonstrating the partial protective potential of Vitamin E supplementation.

Change in the shape of the coronoid process on 80 dried adult human mandibles is of interest. Data shows that 47.5% of the cases involved triangular coronoid processes, 35% had rounded shapes and 17.5% had hook-shaped coronoid processes. Eight out of ten cases showed bilateral symmetry. Most of the furnishings took a triangular shape. These results are important for identifying people after an accident.

Introduction: Anthropometric measurements of the distal femoral fragment play a crucial role in prosthesis design during arthroplastic knee surgeries and offer valuable clues for stature estimation in forensic investigations. The present study is an attempt to assess various anthropometric parameters of the distal femur in this regard. Materials and methods: A total of 96 intact dry femora were anthropometrically assessed using digital Vernier calipers. The femoral length was measured using an osteometric table. The torsion angle was calculated with an analog goniometer. The various parameters studied included: medial condyle length and thickness, lateral condyle length and thickness, bicondylar width, intercondylar width, intercondylar depth, torsional angle, and femoral length. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Mean medial condyle length was 57.38±4.47mm and thickness was 24.53±2.27mm. Mean lateral condyle length and thickness were found to be 58.49±4.3mm and 25.33±3.15mm respectively. Mean bicondylar width was 71.96±6.73mm, mean intercondylar width 21.86±2.71mm, and the intercondylar depth 27.04±2.59mm respectively. The average femur length was 41.87±3.31mm and the average torsion angle was 20.19°±6.99°. Significant correlations were observed between distal femoral parameters. Lateral condyle length showed maximum correlation with other parameters. Femur length was found to correlate significantly with all parameters except medial condyle thickness. Torsion angle was significantly correlated with lateral condyle length and femur length only. Discussion: The findings of this study show considerable variation from those of other studies done within India. This proves that distal femoral anthropometry has regional variations. These data can aid sports physicians and orthopedic surgeons with implant designing and forensic experts during investigations.

Forensic age assessments are crucial in the evaluation of criminal responsibility and preventing false age claims. Of all the methods available, the Greulich and Pyle (GP) atlas is most commonly used for age estimation purposes. Therefore, the current study sought to analyze the reliability and applicability of the GP standard and, additionally, to determine any possible association between the socioeconomic status (SES), food habits, and estimated skeletal maturity in the North Indian population. The study included 627 (334 males and 293 females) healthy children up to 19 years of age with varying SES and food habits. The skeletal age (SA) was estimated by three different evaluators using the GP atlas. The chronological mean age (CA) and SA were compared in different age cohorts. A paired t -test and a Pearson chi-square test were applied to show the difference between CA and estimated SA and the association of skeletal maturity with SES and food habits. The estimated skeletal age in males was retarded by 0.142 years or 1.72 months ( p ≤ 0.05), whereas in females, it was retarded by 0.259 years or 3.12 months ( p ≤ 0.05). In males, the GP method has significantly underestimated SA in age cohorts 3–4, 4–5, 6–7, 7–8, 8–9, and 12–13, whereas it overestimated in 10–11 and 18–19 years. However, in females, the SA was significantly underestimated in age groups 10–11, 12–13, and 14–15, respectively. Estimated skeletal maturity had no significant association with SES and food habits. The current study concludes that the GP atlas may not be applicable to North India’s population. The observed difference in assessed skeletal maturity may be due to geographical region, genetics, hormonal effects, etc., which require further investigation. Hence, population-specific standards are necessary to determine the bone age of Indian children accurately.

The anthropometry of the proximal femur holds great clinical significance in designing implants and prostheses for proximal femoral fractures and hip joint arthroplasties. Surgical fixation with a properly matched prosthesis plays a crucial role in improving long-term treatment outcomes and preventing post-operative complications such as osteolysis with aseptic loosening and increased load. The femur is also one of the most commonest used bones for stature estimation. Often during forensic investigations, only fragmented remains of femur are found available from which femoral length is estimated by application of linear regression equations. The estimated femoral length thus obtained is used for stature estimation of the unidentified individual. This study has measured nine bony parameters from the proximal femur in a total of 96 dry femora. These measurements include the vertical head diameter, neck diameter, neck thickness, neck length, neck shaft angle, the transverse diameter of the fovea, longitudinal diameter of the fovea, foveal depth, and the intertrochanteric line length. In addition, the total length of the femur was also measured. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS software, version 25. The mean femoral head diameter was observed to be 41.59±3.25 mm, mean foveal depth was found to be 2.95±0.75 mm, mean foveal transverse and longitudinal diameters were observed to be 11.38±2.35 mm and 15.94±3.37 mm, respectively. The mean neck diameter was 29.45±3.33 mm. Mean neck length and neck thickness were observed to be 36.06±4.94 mm and 27.61±2.71 mm, respectively. Neck shaft angle was noted to range from 109° to 128°, with a mean of 119.08°±5.18°. The mean length of the inter-trochanteric line was measured to be 41.92±3.9 mm. The mean femoral length was observed to be 42.11±2.91 cm. Significant positive correlations were found between the various measured proximal morphometric parameters of the femur. The length of the femur showed a maximum positive correlation with the vertical head diameter, followed by the neck diameter, thickness, and foveal depth. The findings of this study can throw further light on the existing data. They can serve as a guideline for designing better-matched prostheses and implants for hip surgeries in the eastern Uttar Pradesh population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29544.].

Introduction: Anthropometry is an essential technique to understand the variations in the human body that is implicated during various reconstructive surgical procedures, and for the identification of individual during crime scene in forensics. Analysis of ear morphology plays a role in understanding the sexual dimorphism and stature in the human population. It has been found that the ear morphology changes from one region to another. Aim: To study the morphometric parameters of the ear for stature estimation, and to identify sexual dimorphism in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study of 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) aged 17-25 years was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study participants were selected from the MBBS, BDS and Nursing undergraduates studying in Banaras Hindu University (BHU). The various aspects of ear morphology (ear length, ear width, lobule length, lobule width) were measured. Student’s t-test, Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation and Linear regression equation were calculated. Results: The mean age for males were 19.17 years and females were 19.52 years. Measurements for ear length, width and lobule width of both ears were higher in males than females. The mean right and left ear length in males were 60.77±3.74 and 59.99±3.83 mm, and that for females were 56.59±3.044 and 55.55±3.68 mm, respectively. The mean right and left ear width in males were 30.60±2.81 and 30.81±2.69 mm and that for females, the values of ear width for right and left ears were 28.55±3.12 and 28.81±2.80 mm, respectively. A strong correlation between right and left ear length and stature in females were observed using linear regression coefficient analysis. The correlation coefficient between stature to right and left ear length in females were 0.554 and 0.51, respectively (p-value=0.030). Conclusion: Ear length and width, and lobule width of the right and left ears were significantly higher in males. There were no significant differences observed in lobule length. There was a strong correlation between the stature and right and left ear length in females, moderate strength of association was seen in stature with ear width and lobule length in females.

There has been a striking increase in the geriatric population worldwide over the last few decades. As the aging process continues to alter functioning of all body systems, the human voice is also significantly affected. The senile voice is characterized by its changes in pitch, hoarseness, tremulousness, and breathiness with reduced harmonics and intensity. Such phonatory changes in the elderly may hinder effective communication, thus bringing down their confidence levels and impairing their quality of life. These characteristic features that distinguish the senile voice from younger speakers are accompanied by age-related changes in the organ of phonation, the larynx. The summative morphological and structural changes occurring in the elderly larynx have been referred to as “Presbylarynx.” The present review article is an attempt by the authors to explore the various anatomical age-related changes occurring in the larynx that may be responsible for altered vocal function in the elderly. An improved understanding of the anatomical basis of the aged voice can give further directions into the management of vocal disorders and improved speech performance in the elderly.

Infection born by Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has swept the world within a time of a few months. It has created a devastating effect on humanity with social and economic depressions. Europe and America were the hardest hit continents. India has also lost several lives, making the country fourth most deadly worldwide. However, the infection and death rate per million and the case fatality ratio in India were substantially lower than many of the developed nations. Several factors have been proposed including the genetics. One of the important facts is that a large chunk of Indian population is asymptomatic to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the real infection in India is much higher than the reported number of cases. Therefore, the majority of people are already immune in the country. To understand the dynamics of real infection as well as level of immunity against SARS-CoV-2, we have performed antibody testing (serosurveillance) in the urban region of fourteen Indian districts encompassing six states. In our survey, the seroprevalence frequency varied between 0.01-0.48, suggesting high variability of viral transmission among states. We also found out that the cases reported by the Government were several fold lower than the real infection. This discrepancy is majorly driven by a higher number of asymptomatic cases. Overall, we suggest that with the high level of immunity developed against SARS-CoV-2 in the majority of the districts, it is less likely to have a second wave in India.

Background: First year of medical training is a challenging period in the life of medical students. Adjusting to a demanding medical curriculum along with sudden transition to a medical college environment makes first year medical students vulnerable to stress. No studies have been reported so far on stress in medical students from the Andaman& Nicobar Islands. Aim: To evaluate the levels of perceived stress and explore its causes in first year medical students of Andaman Islands and compare it with non medical age matched students. Materials & Methods: A comparative study was done on a total of 182 first year students (89 medical and 93 non-medicals) of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. After obtaining informed consent, an anonymous self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the study participants. The questionnaire included their sociodemographic details & Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and stressors. The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Results: The mean PSS score as measured by PSS-10 was 23.9+/- 6.15 SD in medical and 18.82 +/- 5.58 SD in non medical students. Independent sample t test demonstrated higher levels of perceived stress in medical students as compared to non medical students. Chi square test revealed association of higher PSS scores with the medical course of study. The most common stressors described by first year medical students belonged to the academic domain. Conclusion: Higher levels of perceived stress occurs in medical students which highlights need for implementation of appropriate stress management strategies to help students adjust to the demanding curriculum. Keywords: Stress, medical education, undergraduate, medical students, PSS-10

Variations in renal hilar arrangement patterns and morphometric dimensions are clinically relevant in this age of advancing modern medicine and minimally invasive surgery. The purpose of the present study is to record variations in renal hilar arrangement patterns and assess renal dimensions of length, width and thickness respectively. Hilar regions of fifty isolated embalmed kidneys were carefully dissected and variations observed were photographed and documented. Renal dimensions were measured with digital calipers and values obtained were tabulated and analysed. Normal anteroposterior hilar arrangement pattern was observed in 72% cases. Anterior and posterior divisions of renal artery were observed in 24% cases with anterior division being the most anteriorly placed structure in 14% cases. The renal pelvis was situated between the divisions of the renal artery in 8% cases. Prehilar segmental branches anterior to renal vein were observed in 4% cases. Other variations seen included extrahilar branches (4%), superior polar artery arising from anterior division of renal artery, prehilar tributaries of renal vein and an additional renal artery in 1 case each. The mean renal length was 9.35+/- 0.98 cm for right and 9.25 +/- 1.25 cm for left kidneys, mean renal width 4.93 +/- 0.65 cm for right and 4.95 +/- 0.5 cm for left kidneys and mean renal thickness 3.77 +/- 0.7 cm for right and 3.86 +/- 0.53 cm for left kidneys respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed in the mean values between right and left sides. The clinical implications of these findings have been discussed. The findings of this study may enhance the existing literature and contribute additional information for improving treatment outcomes during clinical and surgical interventions. Keywords: Variation, Hilum, Kidneys, Morphometry, Arrangement pattern, dimensions

As Coronary artery disease is one of the most common heart diseases and also the major cause of death in developing countries. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the coronary dominance pattern which will help the cardiac physicians and surgeons for better diagnosis and management of coronary artery diseases. The study was planned on 30 heart subjects. These selected hearts are without any obvious pathology referred with cardiac conditions was enrolled into the study in Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Science (ANIIMS) from July 2016 to July 2017.The coronary arteries were dissected and analysed for the origin of sinoatrial Nodal artery and Observations were noted. The approval of the Institutional ethical committee was taken for the present study. The hearts identified with the congenital anomalies were excluded from study. From the above study it can be concluded that the most common is the right coronary dominance compared to left and balanced dominance as seen in this study. The present study is in comparison with the data generated by previous authors. This knowledge of normal anatomy and variations of coronary dominance will help interventional cardiologist, cardio-thoracic surgeons and radiologist to plan and provide proper management to patients. Keywords: coronary artery, dominance, Coronary artery disease, left, right, both, etc.

During routine cadaveric dissection while teaching undergraduate medical students, the median nerve on the left upper limb of a 60 year old female cadaver showed presence of an accessory lateral root arising from lateral cord of brachial plexus.It also pierced brachialis muscle in the arm before reaching cubital fossa.Knowledge of these variations is helpful in evaluating nerve injury and preventing complications during anaesthetic and surgical procedures in the axilla.

Variations in the vascular anatomy of the carotid triangle have been reported in current scientific literature. The carotid arteries, being the major feeding arteries of the head and neck deserve special importance and protection from iatrogenic injury during radiological evaluations and surgical interventions. The present study was carried out over a period of 4 years from 2012-2016 to assess the variant anatomy of external carotid artery. The external carotid artery and its branches were dissected bilaterally in 40 formalin embalmed cadavers. The external carotid artery was traced from its origin to termination and variations in the branching pattern as well as the level of the carotid bifurcation were observed and analysed. A higher carotid bifurcation was observed in 25% cases. The linguofacial trunk was the commonest variation noted in the branching pattern seen in 20% cases. A single case of unilateral thyrolinguofacial trunk was also observed. The external carotid artery gave rise to accessory branches in 7.5% cases namely the superior laryngeal, accessory ascending pharyngeal and masseteric branches. A slender branch to the internal jugular vein was also observed in one case. These findings may provide further insight into the understanding of the vascular anatomy of the carotid triangle to the curious student, the discerning radiologist and the vigilant surgeon to avert complications and help improve overall treatment outcome.

The superior laryngeal artery is the principal artery supplying the laryngeal mucosa, musculature, and glands. Knowledge of variations in the origin of superior laryngeal artery could prove to be very useful during reconstructive surgeries of the larynx, partial laryngectomy, laryngeal transplantation, and also during procedures like super-selective intra-arterial chemotherapy for laryngeal and hypolaryngeal cancers. However, relatively few studies have been done on the superior laryngeal artery in comparison to its clinical importance. The present study was aimed at documenting the prevalence of variable origin of the superior laryngeal artery within the carotid triangle. Sixty hemi-necks obtained from 30 South Indian cadavers were dissected and studied for variations in the origin of superior laryngeal artery. It was observed that the superior laryngeal artery took origin from superior thyroid in 91.7% cases. Variable origin from the external carotid artery was noted in 5% cases. The superior laryngeal artery was found to arise from the lingual artery in one case alone (1.7%). In addition to the above findings, a very rare variation of superior laryngeal artery arising from the ascending pharyngeal (1.7%) was also observed in the hemi-neck of one cadaver. All the variations that were observed were unilateral and on the left side. These findings may help provide further insight to the anatomists, radiologists and surgeons and can help improve performances during surgical manipulations of the larynx.