Strand-level hair geometry reconstruction is a fundamental problem in virtual human modeling and the digitization of hairstyles. However, existing methods still suffer from a significant trade-off between accuracy and efficiency. Implicit neural representations can capture the global hair shape but often fail to preserve fine-grained strand details, while explicit optimization-based approaches achieve high-fidelity reconstructions at the cost of heavy computation and poor scalability.To address this issue, we propose EfficientMonoHair, a fast and accurate framework that combines the implicit neural network with multi-view geometric fusion for strand-level reconstruction from monocular video. Our method introduces a fusion-patch-based multi-view optimization that reduces the number of optimization iterations for point cloud direction, as well as a novel parallel hair-growing strategy that relaxes voxel occupancy constraints, allowing large-scale strand tracing to remain stable and robust even under inaccurate or noisy orientation fields.Extensive experiments on various real-world hairstyles demonstrate that our method can robustly reconstruct high-fidelity strand geometries with accuracy. On synthetic benchmarks, our method achieves reconstruction quality comparable to state-of-the-art methods, while improving runtime efficiency by nearly an order of magnitude.

We introduce DiffFit, a differentiable algorithm for fitting protein atomistic structures into an experimental reconstructed Cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) volume map. In structural biology, this process is necessary to semi-automatically composite large mesoscale models of complex protein assemblies and complete cellular structures that are based on measured cryo-EM data. The current approaches require manual fitting in three dimensions to start, resulting in approximately aligned structures followed by an automated fine-tuning of the alignment. The DiffFit approach enables domain scientists to fit new structures automatically and visualize the results for inspection and interactive revision. The fitting begins with differentiable three-dimensional (3D) rigid transformations of the protein atom coordinates followed by sampling the density values at the atom coordinates from the target cryo-EM volume. To ensure a meaningful correlation between the sampled densities and the protein structure, we proposed a novel loss function based on a multi-resolution volume-array approach and the exploitation of the negative space. This loss function serves as a critical metric for assessing the fitting quality, ensuring the fitting accuracy and an improved visualization of the results. We assessed the placement quality of DiffFit with several large, realistic datasets and found it to be superior to that of previous methods. We further evaluated our method in two use cases: automating the integration of known composite structures into larger protein complexes and facilitating the fitting of predicted protein domains into volume densities to aid researchers in identifying unknown proteins. We implemented our algorithm as an open-source plugin (github.com/nanovis/DiffFit) in ChimeraX, a leading visualization software in the field. All supplemental materials are available at osf. io/5tx4q.

We present VOICE, a novel approach to science communication that connects large language models’ conversational capabilities with interactive exploratory visualization. VOICE introduces several innovative technical contributions that drive our conversational visualization framework. Based on the collected design requirements, we introduce a two-layer agent architecture that can perform task assignment, instruction extraction, and coherent content generation. We employ fine-tuning and prompt engineering techniques to tailor agents’ performance to their specific roles and accurately respond to user queries. Our interactive text-to-visualization method generates a flythrough sequence matching the content explanation. In addition, natural language interaction provides capabilities to navigate and manipulate 3D models in real-time. The VOICE framework can receive arbitrary voice commands from the user and respond verbally, tightly coupled with a corresponding visual representation, with low latency and high accuracy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by implementing a proof-of-concept prototype and applying it to the molecular visualization domain: analyzing three 3D molecular models with multiscale and multi-instance attributes. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the system, including quantitative and qualitative analyses on our collected dataset, along with a detailed public user study and expert interviews. The results confirm that our framework and prototype effectively meet the design requirements and cater to the needs of diverse target users.

We present an open-source framework, SynopFrame, that allows DNA nanotechnology (DNA-nano) experts to analyze and understand molecular dynamics simulation trajectories of their designs. We use a multiscale multi-dimensional abstraction space, connect the representations to a projected conformational space plot of the structure's temporal sequence, and thus enable experts to analyze the dynamics of their structural designs and, specifically, failure cases of the assembly. In addition, our time-dependent abstraction representation allows the biologists, for the first time in a smooth and structurally clear way, to identify and observe temporal transitions of a DNA-nano design from one configuration to another, and to highlight important periods of the simulation for further analysis. We realize SynopFrame as a dashboard of the different synchronized 3D spatial and 2D schematic visual representations, with a color overlay to show essential properties such as the status of hydrogen bonds. The linking of the spatial, schematic, and abstract views ensures that users can effectively analyze the high-frequency motion. We also categorize the status of the hydrogen bonds into a new format to allow us to color-encode it and overlay it on the representations. To demonstrate the utility of SynopFrame, we describe example usage scenarios and report user feedback.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation and abnormal immune responses are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, yet their relationship in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. We obtained AD datasets from GEO databases and used AD mouse and cell models, observing abnormal expression of m6A genes in the AD group, alongside disruptions in the immune microenvironment. Key m6A genes (YTHDF2, LRPPRC, and FTO) selected by machine learning were associated with the Notch pathway, with FTO and Notch1 displaying the strongest correlation. Specifically, FTO expression decreased and m6A methylation of Notch1 increased in AD mouse and cell models. We further silenced FTO expression in HT22 cells, resulting in upregulation of the Notch1 signaling pathway. Additionally, increased Notch1 expression in dendritic cells heightened inflammatory cytokine secretion in vitro. These results suggest that reduced FTO expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD by activating the Notch1 pathway to interfere with the immune response.

高尿酸血症与高血压的关系 2021 年最新的一项流行病学调查显示,在33 785例高血压患者中,高尿酸血症总患病率为38.7％,其中男性为35.1％,女性为45.2％.高尿酸血症虽然与其他心血管危险因素相关,但更是高血压发病的一个独立危险因素.高尿酸血症不仅多伴发高血压,而且可以预测高血压的发生.在青少年中,血清尿酸水平增加与原发性高血压形成的关系更加明显.血压正常的青少年中9.5％存在高尿酸血症,临界高血压青少年中49％存在高尿酸血症,中重度高血压青少年73％存在高尿酸血症.患有原发性高血压的青少年应用别嘌醇治疗1 个月,其动态血压均有下降,其中80％血压下降到正常水平.停止药物治疗后血压反弹至基线水平.

INTRODUCTION:Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have shown neuroprotective effects in obese mice. However, whether SGLT2i can ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-related ovulation disorders remains unknown. The aim of this research was to investigate whether dapagliflozin improves HFD-induced ovulatory dysfunction by attenuating microglia-mediated hypothalamic inflammation.METHODS:C57BL/6J female mice fed HFD were treated with dapagliflozin (1 mg/kg) for 22 weeks. Plasma insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and IL-1β levels were also tested. Microglial morphology, cell numbers, and SGLT2 expression were evaluated using immunofluorescence. The expression of IL-1β, NLRP3, kisspeptin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), SGLT2, insulin, and leptin receptors in the hypothalamus was determined using immunohistochemical staining. We also examined the effects of dapagliflozin on glucose metabolism and the release of inflammatory factor in palmitic acid (PA)-treated HMC3 cells.RESULTS:As expected, dapagliflozin improved HFD-induced metabolic disturbances, peripheral versus central insulin and leptin resistance and also restored the regular estrous cycle. Furthermore, dapagliflozin blunted microglia activation, NLRP3 inflammasome priming, hypothalamic inflammation, and increased the expression of GnRH and kisspeptin at proestrus in the hypothalamus. Additionally, dapagliflozin markedly reduced IL-6 and NO release and fat accumulation, decreased lactic acid production and glucose consumption, and inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression in PA-treated HMC3 cells. These effects suggest that dapagliflozin reduced the mTOR/HK2-mediated aerobic glycolysis.CONCLUSIONS:Dapagliflozin improved HFD-related ovulation disorders by regulating glucose metabolism through mTOR/HK2 signaling and attenuating microglia-mediated hypothalamic inflammation. These results validate the novel role for the neuroprotection of SGLT2i in HFD-induced obesity and ovulation disorders.

We propose a new abstraction set (SynopSet) that has a continuum of visual representations for the explanatory analysis of molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) in the DNA nanotechnology domain. By re-purposing the commonly used progress bar and designing novel visuals, as well as transforming the data from the domain format to a format that better fits the newly designed visuals, we compose this new set of representations. This set is also designed to be capable of showing all spatial and temporal details, and all structural complexity, or abstracting these to various degrees, enabling both the slow playback of the simulation for detailed examinations or very fast playback for an overview that helps to efficiently identify events of interest, as well as several intermediate levels between these two extremes. For any pair of successive representations, we demonstrate smooth, continuous transitions, enabling users to keep track of relevant information from one representation to the next. By providing multiple representations suited to different temporal resolutions and connected by smooth transitions, we enable time-efficient simulation analysis, giving users the opportunity to examine and present important phases in great detail, or leverage abstract representations to go over uneventful phases much faster. Domain experts can thus gain actionable insight about their simulations and communicate it in a much shorter time. Further, the novel representations are more intuitive and also enable researchers unfamiliar with MDS analysis graphs to better understand the simulation results. We assessed the effectiveness of SynopSet on 12 DNA nanostructure simulations together with a domain expert. We have also shown that our set of representations can be systematically located in a visualization space, dubbed SynopSpace.

糖尿病酮症的发生机理和危害 对糖尿病老病人来说,酮症酸中毒(DKA)这个概念并不陌生.因为它是糖尿病最常见的严重急性并发症,也是内科急症之一.关于它是怎么形成的,非专业人士恐怕就不知道了.这涉及到生物化学的基础知识.简单来说,当糖尿病患者因各种原因,导致脂肪动员和分解加速,大量脂肪酸在肝脏氧化生成乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸和丙酮,三者统称酮体.其中乙酰乙酸和β-羟丁酸为较强的有机酸.当酮体产生超过肝外组织的利用能力时,血酮体升高,增高的酮体从尿中排出,称为酮尿,临床上统称为酮症.

目的 了解菏泽市某高校大学生基本营养知识掌握情况及饮食运动等生活方式,分析其在不同性别之间存在的差异.方法 2021年5-7月采用随机整群抽样方法抽取菏泽市1 652名在校大学生进行问卷调查,主要内容为基本情况、基本营养知识掌握情况、饮食生活方式及荷兰人饮食行为量表(dutch eating behavior questionnaire,DEBQ).结果 菏泽市某高校大学生对基础营养知识题目的掌握情况良好,平均正确率为60.60％,女生的掌握情况明显优于男生(P＜0.01);饮食习惯方面,46.85％的大学生表示每日3餐时间不规律,其中男女间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);作息方面,20.88％的学生在晚上12点之后入睡,男生超过12点入睡的比例明显高于女生(P＜0.01);55.15％的学生可以在早上7点之前起床,女生早上7点起床的比例明显高于男生(P＜0.01);65.38％的学生每周参加体育运动的次数＜4次,56.36％的学生每次运动的时长＜0.5 h,男生锻炼身体的频率及时长明显高于女生(均P＜0.01);51.03％的学生每日久坐时间≥4 h,女生久坐≥4 h的比例明显高于男生(P＜0.01);DEBQ得分中,女生的限制性进食和外因性进食得分均高于男生,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);女生的情绪性进食得分虽然也高于男生,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 菏泽市某高校大学生对营养知识的掌握不够全面,不同性别的饮食生活方式存在差异.我国目前仍需在大学生中普及更全面的营养知识及健康的饮食生活方式,倡导大学生养成规律良好的作息习惯和加强大学生体育运动,并积极开展科学的饮食及生活健康教育.

BackgroundCardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), mainly presented as decreased heart rate variability (HRV) which often leads to cardiac death. However, HRV measurement is not convenient in most clinics. Therefore, identifying high-risk patients for CAN in diabetes with easier measurements is crucial for the early intervention and prevention of catastrophic consequences.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 675 T2DM patients with normocalcemia were selected. Of these, they were divided into two groups: normal HRV group (n = 425, 100 ms≤ SDNN ≤180 ms) vs. declined HRV group (n = 250, SDNN <100 ms). All patients’ clinical data were collected and the correlation of clinical variables with HRV were analyzed by correlation and logistic regression analysis. The area below the ROC curve was used to evaluate the predictive performance of serum calcium on HRV.ResultsIn this study, declines in HRV were present in 37.0% of T2DM patients. Significant differences in albumin-adjusted serum calcium levels (CaA) (8.86 ± 0.27 vs. 9.13 ± 0.39 mg/dl, p <0.001) and E/A (0.78 ± 0.22 vs. 0.83 ± 0.26, p = 0.029) were observed between declined HRV and normal HRV groups. Bivariate linear correlation analysis showed that CaA and E/A were positively correlated with HRV parameters including SDNN (p < 0.001), SDNN index (p < 0.001), and Triangle index (p < 0.05). The AUC in the ROC curve for the prediction of CaA on HRV was 0.730 (95% CI (0.750–0.815), p < 0.001). The cutoff value of CaA was 8.87 mg/dl (sensitivity 0.644, specificity 0.814). The T2DM patients with CaA <8.87 mg/dl had significantly lower HRV parameters (SDNN, SDNN index, rMSSD, and triangle index) than those with CaA ≥8.87 mg/dl (p < 0.01, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significantly increased risk of declined HRV in subjects with CaA level <8.87 mg/dl [OR (95% CI), 0.049 (0.024–0.099), p < 0.001].ConclusionsDeclined HRV is associated with a lower CaA level and worse cardiac function. The serum calcium level can be used for risk evaluation of declined HRV in T2DM patients even within the normocalcemic range.

We present a new technique for the rapid modeling and construction of scientifically accurate mesoscale biological models. The resulting 3D models are based on a few 2D microscopy scans and the latest knowledge available about the biological entity, represented as a set of geometric relationships. Our new visual-programming technique is based on statistical and rule-based modeling approaches that are rapid to author, fast to construct, and easy to revise. From a few 2D microscopy scans, we determine the statistical properties of various structural aspects, such as the outer membrane shape, the spatial properties, and the distribution characteristics of the macromolecular elements on the membrane. This information is utilized in the construction of the 3D model. Once all the imaging evidence is incorporated into the model, additional information can be incorporated by interactively defining the rules that spatially characterize the rest of the biological entity, such as mutual interactions among macromolecules, and their distances and orientations relative to other structures. These rules are defined through an intuitive 3D interactive visualization as a visual-programming feedback loop. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach on a use case of the modeling procedure of the SARS-CoV-2 virion ultrastructure. This atomistic model, which we present here, can steer biological research to new promising directions in our efforts to fight the spread of the virus.

The COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan has subsided but the world is still suffering from it. We present our experience gained during this outbreak from city and hospital perspectives which might inform others to make evidence-based decisions to tackle this devastating pandemic more effectively. We studied the counter-measures adopted by Wuhan Government and analyzed the city’s new coronavirus infected disease patient’s data obtained from the National Health Commission and one re-purposed hospital to accommodate COVID-19 patients of the counter-measures for the COVID-19 outbreak. There was a significant drop of new-patient after February 18th, 2020. Patients with disease-onset after February 4th had shorter onset to admission days than those with onset before February 4th; and also had less critical-illness and mortality rates. This was due to quicker hospitalization after February 4th. The scores of PCR results at diagnosis, the national early warning score and the time-to-death were not significantly different for critical-illness patients whose onset before vs. after February 4th. The critical and death rates can be decreased by early hospitalization and oxygen therapy for less severe novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia within 7 days after disease onset.

Over the last few decades, China has greatly expanded its scope of stem cell research, generating various scientific advances and medical applications. However, knowledge of the extent and characteristics of domestic stem cell development, particularly medical workers’ opinions, is lacking. This study’s purposes were to analyze the growth trends of China’s stem cell community and identify the knowledge and attitudes held by Chinese medical workers regarding stem cell research. We found that there are currently 13 high-quality stem cell research centers with more than 400 PhD-level researchers across Mainland China. These centers feature many high-caliber scientists from the stem cell research community. From 1997 through 2019, the National Natural Science Foundation of China allocated roughly $576 million to 8,050 stem cell programs at Chinese universities and research institutions. China’s annual publications on stem cells increased from less than 0.6% of the world’s total stem cell publications in 1999 to more than 14.1% in 2014. Our survey also revealed that most participants held positive attitudes toward stem cell research, supported further funding, and had high general awareness about stem cells.

目的 通过比较2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者不同骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)状态下乳脂肪球表皮生长因子8(milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8,MFG-E8)水平的差异,探讨MFG-E8与T2DM患者BMD的关系.方法 收集2017年6月至2019年6月我院住院T2DM患者72例,年龄在40～ 70岁.采用美国双能X线骨密度检测仪对所有患者及年龄、体质指数相匹配的42例健康对照者进行第1-4腰椎(L1-L4)、股骨颈(FN)及全髋(TH)部位BMD检测,依据WHO诊断标准,划分为骨量正常、骨量减少或骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP).酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测患者和健康者血清MFG-E8水平.结果 对于健康者和T2DM患者,男性各部位骨密度值、MFG-E8水平均高于女性,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).②糖尿病患者骨量异常发生率高于健康者,糖尿病患者血清MFG-E8低于健康者(P＜0.05).③MFG-E8与L1-L4和TH骨密度正相关,是影响L1-L4和TH骨密度的主要因素.结论 MFG-E8具有保护作用,可作为T2DM患者是否发生骨量异常或是否患骨质疏松风险的判别指征.

BACKGROUND:Although type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop a more severe condition compared to those without diabetes, the mechanisms for this are unknown. Moreover, the impact of treatment with antihyperglycemic drugs and glucocorticoids is unclear. METHODS:From 1584 COVID-19 patients, 364 severe/critical COVID-19 patients with clinical outcome were enrolled for the final analysis, and patients without preexisting T2DM but elevated glucose levels were excluded. Epidemiological data were obtained and clinical status evaluation carried out to assess the impact of T2DM and its management on clinical outcomes. RESULTS:Of 364 enrolled severe COVID-19 inpatients, 114 (31.3%) had a history of T2DM. Twenty-seven (23.7%) T2DM patients died, who had more severe inflammation, coagulation activation, myocardia injury, hepatic injury, and kidney injury compared with non-DM patients. In severe COVID-19 patients with T2DM, we demonstrated a higher risk of all-cause fatality with glucocorticoid treatment (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.61; 95% CI, 1.14-11.46; P = .029) and severe hyperglycemia (fasting plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L; adjusted HR, 11.86; 95% CI, 1.21-116.44; P = .034). CONCLUSIONS:T2DM status aggravated the clinical condition of COVID-19 patients and increased their critical illness risk. Poor fasting blood glucose (≥ 11.1 mmol/L) and glucocorticoid treatment are associated with poor prognosis for T2DM patients with severe COVID-19.

Chronic exposure of pancreatic β-cells to excess free fatty acids is thought to contribute to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis in obesity by impairing β-cell function and even leading to apoptosis. In β-cells, lipid droplet-associated protein perilipin 5 (PLIN5) has been shown to enhance insulin secretion by regulating intracellular lipid metabolism; the roles of PLIN5 in response to lipotoxicity remain poorly understood. INS-1 β-cells were transfected with PLIN5-overexpression adenovirus (Ad-PLIN5) and treated with palmitate. C57BL/6 J male mice were fed with high fat diet and tail intravenous injected with adeno-associated virus overexpressing PLIN5 (AAV-PLIN5) in β-cells. Our data showed that palmitate and PPAR agonists including WY14643 (PPARα), GW501516 (PPARβ/δ), rosiglitazone (PPARγ) in vitro all induced PLIN5 expression in INS-1 cells. Under palmitate overload, although upregulating PLIN5 promoted lipid droplet storage, it alleviated lipotoxicity in INS-1 β-cells with improved cell viability, cell apoptosis and β-cell function. The protection role of PLIN5 in β-cell function observed in cell experiments were further verified in in vivo study indicated by mitigated glucose intolerance in high fat diet fed mice with β-cell-specific overexpression of PLIN5. Mechanistic experiments revealed that enhanced FAO induced by elevation of PLIN5, followed by decreased ER stress may be a major mechanism responsible for alleviation of lipotoxicity observed in the present study. Our finding substantiated the important role of PLIN5 in protection against lipotoxicity in β-cells.

血管损伤主要与血管炎症反应、氧化应激、细胞凋亡、血管新生障碍、血管重构和巨噬细胞极化有关.血管损伤或功能障碍极大影响组织的再生.间充质干细胞具有减轻炎症反应和抑制免疫的生物学功能,能特异性地聚集到受损部位,在血管损伤修复中有一定的优势,但干细胞移植存在免疫排斥、滞留率低、存活率低和细胞移植致瘤风险,具有一定的局限性.间充质干细胞来源的外泌体(MSC-EXO)在血管损伤修复中具有重要作用,其作用机制包括抗血管炎症反应、抑制氧化应激、抗细胞凋亡等.根据MSC-EXO的生物学特点,其可能在胸主动脉瘤的治疗中发挥重要作用.但目前国内外有关MSC-EXO对胸主动脉瘤修复的文献报道较少,未来可进一步探索.

目的 观察胃旁路手术对APP/PS1/Tau三转基因阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠(AD模型小鼠)认知功能的影响.方法 2018年2月—2019年3月在武汉大学人民医院中心实验室及动物实验中心进行实验,选取来自亲代APP/PS1/Tau三转基因型的子代小鼠(6月龄)随机分为AD胃旁路手术组(n=6)、AD模型组(n=6),另取相同月龄同窝生的C57小鼠随机分为WT正常对照组(n=6)、WT正常胃旁路手术组(n=6).胃旁路手术2个月后进行APP/PS1/Tau三转基因小鼠的基因鉴定,鉴定后4组行Morris水迷宫实验检测认知功能,最后取4组小鼠海马部位组织用Western-blot方法检测P-Tau(Ser396)和P-Tau(Thr231)蛋白的表达,了解各组小鼠Tau蛋白磷酸化水平情况.结果 AD模型组和AD胃旁路手术组的小鼠均携带APP、PS1及Tau 3种基因,即为APP/PS1/Tau三转基因小鼠,造模成功.在水迷宫定位航行实验中,AD胃旁路手术组小鼠较AD模型组平均逃避潜伏期明显缩短(P<0.01),而与WT正常对照组比较,AD胃旁路手术组逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.05);空间探索实验中,AD胃旁路手术组较AD模型组跨越平台次数明显增加(t=3.376,P=0.007).AD胃旁路手术组小鼠较AD模型组Tau蛋白磷酸化水平明显降低(P<0.01).结论 胃旁路手术能明显改善阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠的认知功能.

背景:相关研究已表明微囊泡/外泌体可以利用其在细胞间信息传递的优势改善受体细胞的功能、保护损伤组织、提示疾病发生发展,有望成为多种肺病防治的新策略。目的:探讨微囊泡或外泌体在肺病中的应用进展。方法:在标题和摘要中,以"exosome,microvesicle,microparticle,extracellular vesicles,lung,pulmonary,pneumonic,pulmonary,pulmonic"或"细胞微囊泡,外泌体,肺"为检索词,检索PubMed数据库、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）和万方数据库中2007年1月至2017年12月关于细胞来源微囊泡/外泌体应用于肺脏疾病治疗的中英文文献,排除重复及不相关研究。结果与结论:（1）根据纳入和排除标准,最终纳入68篇文献进行整理和进一步分析;（2）微囊泡、外泌体因直径小可避免被吞噬,能维持所携带的mRNA,microRNA和蛋白的活性,便于与周围细胞组织进行信息交流,可作为参与肺脏生理和病理微环境的新型旁分泌介质,在肺脏疾病中的应用颇具前景;（3）有些微囊泡、外泌体含有肺病的特定标志物,可作为诊断疾病或判断预后的依据;（4）有些微囊泡、外泌体携带的生物活性物质有促进血管生成、促细胞增殖、迁移的作用,或可作为调控肺病发生发展的潜在靶点;（5）有些微囊泡、外泌体应用于实验动物呼吸系统疾病模型,可减轻水肿,减少促炎因子分泌,促进损伤修复,较细胞移植疗法更具优势;（6）目前临床上对于微囊泡、外泌体的应用还仅停留在肺病的诊断和预后判断,用于调控干预肺病发展的微囊泡、外泌体仍处在实验室阶段,还需大量基础实验来明确,包括用于治疗肺病的微囊泡、外泌体来源,活性成分,用量疗程等系列问题。