The Tiegelongnan deposit is located in the middle of the northwest Duobuza porphyry Cu-Au deposit, and its primary ore host rock are Early Cretaceous porphyries and a suite of flysch formation or fly-schoid formation of Middle-Lower Jurassic strata, named Sewa Formation (J1-2s). A suite of Meiriqiecuo intermediate-basic volcanic formation (K1m), which was formed at 110 Ma in the post metallogenic period, lies upon the porphyry metallogenic system and is proved to be an essential element of ore preservation. With such means as detailed geological mapping, geological logging, lithogeochemical measurements, microscope observation, electron microprobe analysis, fluid-inclusion analysis, isotopic geochronology, audio magnetotelluric sounding and comprehensive research, the authors detected that the Cu-Au-Ag deposit is generally like a cylinder, trending northeast and stretching for about 2 000 meters in the northeast-southwest direction and 1 200 meters in the northwest-southeast direction. The average grade of Cu is greater than 0.5 percent and the average grade of associated Au and Ag is about 0.08 g/t and 2 g/t, separately. The resource of Cu is estimated to be about 11 megatons, and the prospective resources could be more than 15 megatons. Ores are mainly of typical veinlet disseminated structures. From top to bottom, the metallic minerals vary in a certain sequence, i.e., covellite, digenite, spionkopite, yarrowit, djurleite, anilite, chalcopyrite, bornite and a small amount of molybdenite, and the nonmetallic minerals vary in the same way, i.e., from top to bottom there are alunite, dickite, kaolinite, diaspore, sericite, quartz, anhedritite and so on. The typical minerals and the alteration mineral assemblage indicate that the deposit belongs to a porphyry-epithermal metallogenic system. The isotopic dating of different minerals gives us a clear mineralization sequence that the mineralization of epithermal system is later than porphyry’s. To be specifically, the data of granodiorite-porphyry yields a diagenesis age of 120 Ma, which is older than the Re-Os age of molybdenite of the porphyry stage which is about 119 Ma, and the Ar-Ar age of alunite of the epithermal stage is about 116 Ma which is younger than the two ages mentioned above. The location of epithermal deposits was likely to move to a lower altitude continually due to the continual uplifting of the south side of Qiangtang Terrane, which could make a contribution to the formation of the typical extremely thick orebodies of the epithermal type. Two different kinds of fluid were recognized through the homogenization temperature in fluid inclusion study. The porphyry metallogenic system is characterized by high temperature and high salinity fluid, whereas the epithermal metallogenic system is characterized by low temperature and low salinity fluid. The emplacement location of the intrusions in the Tiegelongnan deposit is fairly shallow and the boundaries between the intrusions and the upper strata of Meiriqiecuo Formation are unconformable in the drill hole of ZK1604, which could be an evidence of the outcropping of the orebodies in the post ore-forming period, and in the meantime it is probable that the upper part of epithermal Au orebodies of the porphyry-epithermal deposit system was eroded, which is based on the metallogenic depth estimation that the upper orebodies exposed at surface had formed at the depth of about 1.2 km. The characteristics of the trace elements and the rare earth elements in the intrusions indicate that the intrusions belong to high-potassium calc-alkaline series, which are enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE and can represent the geochemical characteristics of arc magma. In the Duolong ore concentration area, almost all the samples fall in the active continental margin zone in Y-Th/Ta and Ta/Yb-Th/Yb diagrams, and most of the samples fall in the continental marginal arc zone in Th-Co-Zr/10 and Th-Sc-Zr/10 trace element tectonic diagrams. The tectonic-magmatic activities also suggest that the formation of Duolong intrusions was closely related to the southward subduction of Bangong-Nujiang Tethys Ocean toward the Qiangtang terrane in Early Cretaceous, which was similar to the situation of tectonic setting of Andes metallogenic belt. The fact that the magma originated from depleted mantle and was contaminated by the crustal materials is primarily based on the Hf isotopic studies, which could be known from the Hf isotope data that they fall between chondrite and depleted mantle evolutionary lines and the Hf crustal modal ages are approximately the same as the intrusions there. Besides, it is likely that the hornblende might have been the main source of the melt magma, which indicates that the Bangong-Nujiang Tethys Ocean crust might have undergone a phase transition in the 50~70 km depth, which could induce the partial melting of the mantle by dehydration of such water-rich minerals as hornblende. It turns out that more deposits resemble Tiegelongnan or Rongna type could be uncovered in Gaerqin and Dibiaonamugang according to the short infrared spectra mapping and petrogeochemical profile measurement. There is a great potential for finding more Cu and the resource quantity of Cu is assessed to be more than 25 megatons in the Duolong ore concentrated area.

Based on detailed analysis of regional metallogenic geological background and conditions, it is held that the Duolong ore district of the West Bangong Lake arc has metallogenic prospecting and resources potential for porphyry Cu-Au deposits. Through the exploration in 2013, the authors made a breakthrough in Tiegelongnan. Copper reserves of the Tiegelongnan ore district has reached a superlarge ore deposit, and this deposit has thus become the largest porphyry Cu(Au)ore deposit in the Duolong ore district as well as the major exploration breakthrough in 2013. The deposit is located in early Cretaceous Meiriqiecuo formation of the middle Duolong ore district, and has a close temporal relationship with early Cretaceous intrusive granodiorite porphyry, granite porphyry and concomitant hydrothermal mineralization breccia. The orebodies mainly occur in the lower middle Jurassic Sewa Formation feldspar quartz sandstone, lithic sandstone intercalated with dark gray to deep black silty slate and mineralized porphyry. Orebodies exhibit concealed dome and are characterized by great downward extension in the forms of network veins, veinlets, and disseminations. Hydrothermal alteration is well developed, with obvious zonation, strong silicification, sericitization, and widely superimposed advanced argillic alteration. The denudation degree of the ore district is very low. The surface only develops limonite and clay, with no copper mineralization. Alteration and mineralization increased gradually downward, and the mineralization extension reaches one thousand kilometers at depth without closure. The upper copper mineralization is of chalcocite-digenite-enargite association, exhibiting characteristics of the Cu-S system, which gradually changes into bornite and chalcopyrite characteristics of the Cu-Fe-S system. Copper mineralization is associated with Au, Ag mineralization and assumes positive correlation. Compared with other porphyry Cu-Au ore deposits in the Duolong ore district, this deposits is poor in gold. The exploration breakthrough of the deposit provides a good example for the exploration work of the mining company and also has significance for regional ore-prospecting.

The Pusangguo copper-polymetallic deposit is located in Nanmulin volcanic basin.Petrographic and geochemical studies of granodiorite,granodiorite-porphyry and diorite-porphyrite show that the intrusive rocks are of calc-alkaline series,with ω(SiO 2) ranging from 59.08% to 67.28%,ω(Al 2 O 3) ranging from 15.38% to 16.86%,ω(MgO) ranging from 1.52% to 4.06%,and ω(TFeO) ranging from 1.2% to 3.46%.Total REE concentrations range from 22.0×10-6 to 148.56×10-6,LaN/YbN ratios vary from 17.98 to 37.57,with the enrichment of LREE.Granodiorite,granodiorite-porphyry and diorite-porphyrite are enriched with LILE elements such as Cs,Rb and Sr and depleted in HFSE elements such as Th,U and Nb,with weak or intensely negative Eu anomalies and no or weak Ce anomalous features.Petrographic and geochemical studies indicate that granodiorite-porphyry and diorite-porphyrite were produced by Tethys subduction towards North Lhasa tectonic body,and granodiorite was formed in an extension setting of post-collision in Tibet Plateau.

东西长约800 km,南北宽100 km的冈底斯斑岩铜钼成矿带,由于近年来一系列大型-超大型斑岩铜钼矿床(驱龙、冲江、厅官等)和夕卡岩-斑岩复合型铜铅锌钼矿床(甲马等)的发现,已经成为国内外多地质学家研究的热点地区,是研究碰撞造山作用与成矿关系的很好的场所(侯增谦等,2001,2006a,b,c;莫宣学等,2003;李光明等,2004;Hou等,2003,2008;Qin等,2005;Li等,2006;Qu等,2007;侯增谦和王二七,2008;Tafti等,2009).

Recently, series of major breakthroughs for porphyry copper exploration have been made in the Gangdese Metallogenic belt in Tibet. Alteration and mineralization ages of the Gangdese porphyry-skarn Cu(Mo) deposits concentrate in the range of 30-12 Ma, formed in the extension environment of late stage of collision between India and the Asian continents or the transitional environment from the post-collisional compression setting to strike-slip extension. However, the independent porphyry molybdenum deposit associated with the collisional setting has not been reported so far. This paper studies the ore-bearing porphyries, the types and horizational and vertical zonation of hydrothermal alteration, the characteristics of hydrothermal vein system and mineralization, according to the systmatic fieldwork and the mapping work of the drilling holes. The granitic porphyry is the ore-forming intrusion with intensive alteration of 9 km2 in area. It concludes that, Sharang porphyry molybdenum is single porphyry molybdenum without any other important accompanying metal resources and it has been formed in the main collisional setting around 55 Ma. This study compares the scale of alteration and the intensity of mineralization with the same type of molybdenum deposits. Based on the comparisons and the results of TEM and induced electrical survey, the Sharang porphyry molybdenum deposit has rather large vertical extension to 800 m in the depth and showes excellent metallogenic conditions and great potential for further exploration. The establishment of the Sharang single porphyry molybdenum deposit will enrich the metallogenic pedigree of the giant Gangdese porphyry metallogenic belt. This discovery has a great significance for regional research and prospecting.

There occur two NWW-trending antimony metallogenetic zones in Tibet. One zone distributes along the southern edge of the Tanggula mountains in the northern part of Tibet. The other is seated on the northern Himalayan area in the south of Tibet. Despite their obvious difference in tectonic location and geological condition, one is comparible to another in such characteristics as metallogenetic epoch, source of ore-forming materials, characteristics of the ore body and ore as well as metallogenesis. Since the Eocene, the orogenesis caused by the collision of the Indian plate and the Eurasia plate, together with the intercontinent convergence, has supplied abundant heat and ore-forming materials for antimony mineralization in Tibet. At a certain extent, distinguishing ore-bearing rocks control different mineralizing types. The gold mineralization associated with antimony mineralization in some antimony deposit in south Tibet resulted in the enrichment of Au in ore-bearing strata.

文章通过野外地质调查和系统的岩石学、岩石化学、稀土及微量元素地球化学研究,探讨了藏北美多锑矿床容矿硅质岩的成因和大地构造环境.研究结果表明,美多锑矿容矿硅质岩以致密块状硅质岩为主;主元素化学组成表明,其形成时有大量陆源火山碎屑物质的介入;稀土元素组成及配分模式与热水硅质岩不同,显示其形成于大陆边缘环境;硅质岩和凝灰岩均呈Ba、Sr、P、Ti明显亏损和Nb弱亏损的特点,类似于成熟大陆弧花岗岩.

甲马铜多金属矿床各类矿石中金含量普遍较高.层状主矿体中金主要以细小的自然金形式包裹于斑铜矿和黝铜矿中.矿区多底沟组大理岩(层状主矿体顶板)中的构造破碎带内有独立金矿(化)体产出.喜山期中酸性、酸性岩脉也有不同程度的金矿化.不同产状金矿化特征、矿石w(Au)/w(Ag)比值等综合分析后认为:甲马矿区存在两期金矿化,即燕山期海底喷流沉积成矿作用中的伴生金矿化和与喜山期岩浆作用密切相关的热液型金矿化.