Malang Regency has a high potential for diversity of invertebrates and vertebrates, so it needs to be optimized as a learning resource. The purpose of this study was to analyze invertebrate and vertebrate animals based on the local potency of Malang Regency as a learning resource for animal diversity subjects in biology students at the Universitas Negeri Malang. Animal diversity subjects require learning resources as a reference that is used to teach the diversity of invertebrate and vertebrate animals based on their characteristics. This research was conducted in the southern Malang Regency in May-August 2019. The research design used the exploration method. The results of this exploration activity obtained a diversity of invertebrate and vertebrate species as many as 6 phyla namely Coelenterata, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Annelida, and Chordata; 13 classes; 29 orders; 42 families, 51 genera, and 55 species. This research can reveal the potency of invertebrate and vertebrate animals in the Malang Regency which can be used as learning resources in animal diversity subjects at Universitas Negeri.

The aim of this study was to obtain optimal condition of phycocyanin-alginate encapsulation, encapsulation efficiency and phycocyanin load, physicochemical properties of beads, in vitro release study, stability and antioxidant activity. The result product with alginate content 1,5% (w/v) and 2% (w/v) produced were in spherical shape than product with alginate content 2,5% (w/v) by ratio of phycocyanin 1:1. Increasing alginate content on encapsulation process will increase of encapsulation efficiency and phycocyanin load. In vitro released study showed that phycocyanin-alginate beads were more resistant in simulated gastric fluid, while rapidly release in simulated intestinal fluid. The antioxidant activity showed that phycocyanin antioxidant activity decreased after encapsulation process due to duration of storage and the possibility of a cracking which will cause reduced stability of phycocyanin.

Encapsulation is a coating process to improve the stability of bioactive compounds. Phycocyanin with high antioxidant activity has been encapsulated with chitosan in microcapsules form. In this study aims to determine the best conditions in the encapsulation process using the extrusion method, characterization of the physicochemical properties of the microcapsules, antioxidant activity test using DPPH, in vitro release performance and evaluate the storage stability against temperature. The results of the encapsulation process is obtained: Na-TPP is better than Na-citrate as crosslinker and chitosan content 3% as a coating with ratio of chitosan to phycocyanin ratio 1: 1. Test of antioxidant activity also showed encapsulation with chitosan content 3% has the highest antioxidant activity. Morphological analysis microcapsules were found to have compact spherical shape with diameter range 900-1000 µm. In vitro release testing showed a quick release in an acidic environment (SGF) for 2 hours and slowly release under alkaline conditions (SIF) for 8 hours under mechanical stirring at 37°C. Phycocyanin much more stable against temperature during storage in microcapsules.

The stability of phycocyanin extracted from microalgae Spirulina has been evaluated and it showed that the stability of this antioxidant was affected by temperature and pH changes. The encapsulation technique was of the alternatives to overcome this stability changes. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of coating materials (alginate and chitosan) during encapsulation by using extrusion technique. The experiments were conducted with variation of alginate as coating materials. The size of each microcapsules was evaluated by using SEM/XRD for its size and homogeneity.