Introduction: Renal ischemia (I) could develop due to decreased or ceased blood flow to the kidney in some clinical conditions such as shock, sepsis, and kidney transplantation. The re-supply of blood to the kidney is called reperfusion (R). Ischemia and reperfusion periods can cause severe kidney damage. Objectives: When we examined the I/R molecular progression, antioxidant molecules such as vitamin A seem promising treatment agents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin A on renal I/R injury. Material and Methods: In the study, 40 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups (n=8): the control group, only I/R, I/R+1000, I/R+3000, and I/ R+9000 IU/kg of Vitamin A groups. Vitamin A was administrated to each group for seven days via oral gavage. Blood and kidney tissue samples were collected at the end of the experiment. We took blood samples for Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cr) levels, and determined their values. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin/eosin to examine the renal changes histopathologically and stereologically under light microscope. Results: Histopathological changes caused by I/R were decreased with vitamin A administration in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Vitamin A administration decreased MDA levels and increased SOD and CAT activities (p<0.05). The most effective dose among treatment groups was 9000 IU/kg. There was no significant difference between the controls and all other groups regarding BUN and Cr concentrations. Conclusions: Consequently, administration of vitamin A after renal I/R reduced the histological damage and ameliorated the antioxidant state. These results showed that vitamin A could be a promising agent in treating I/R-induced acute kidney injury.

The aim of the study was to show the effects of exercise on the mitotic index (MI) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by using the relevant measurement tools. With a regular exercise program, improvement in memory, increase in learning capacity and improvement in sensorimotor functions can be achieved in older age groups, and increased the also increased independence level of Daily Living Activities (ADL) of elderly individuals. In the study, it was aimed to contribute to the diagnosis, treatment and care processes of the disease by examining the cognitive tests and daily living activities of 19 elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease in terms of mitotic index before and after exercise.

Kolorektal kanser dünyada en sık görülen gastrointestinal kanser türüdür. Klotho, bedende fosfat ve kalsiyum homeostazının düzenlenmesinde önemli rol oynayan, hormon görevi de gören yaşlanma karşıtı glikozile edilmiş transmembran bir proteindir. Klotho sadece bir "yaşlanma baskılayıcı" olarak işlev görmez, aynı zamanda hücrenin hayatta kalmasını ve çoğalmasını da düzenler ve kanser metastazında rol oynayan potansiyel bir tümör baskılayıcı olarak görev yapar. Bu durum, kanser ve yaşlanmanın benzer moleküler özellikleri paylaştığı düşünüldüğünde, şaşırtıcı değildir. Akciğer, karaciğer, meme, pankreas, tiroid, over, böbrek ve kolon kanseri de dahil çeşitli kanserlerin patogenezinde, klotho proteinini eksprese eden gende, mutasyonlar tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada hücre proliferasyonunda, tümör migrasyon ve invazyonunda önemli bir rol üstlenen rekombinant klotho (r-klotho) proteininin, apoptoza dirençli insan kolorektal kanser hücrelerine (Caco-2) farklı konsantrasyon (0,075µg/mL, 0,15µg/mL, 0,3µg/mL, 0,6µg/mL ve 0,9µg/mL) ve saatlerde (24 ve 48 saat) ekzojen olarak kültür besiyerine eklenerek uygulanmasının sağlıklı kolon (CCD 841 CoN) ve kanser hücreleri üzerindeki olası sitotoksik ve apoptotik etkilerini araştırmak amaçlandı. Bu amaç doğrultusunda ilk olarak kolorektal kanser hücrelerinin r-klotho ile muamelesi gerçekleştirildi. R-klothonun kanser ve sağlıklı hücreler üzerindeki in vitro canlılığa etkileri 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolium bromid (MTT) ve aktif kaspaz-3/7’nin flow sitometri analizleri ile değerlendirildi. Bulgularımız r-klothonun insan kolorektal kanser hücrelerinde hücre proliferasyonunu baskılamak ve hücre apoptozunu indüklemek yoluyla bir tümör baskılayıcı olarak çalıştığını ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak klotho proteini, kolorektal kanser için terapötik girişimlerde yeni stratejilerin geliştirilebilmesi için, potansiyel antitümör bir ajan olarak kullanılabilir.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a toxic chemical that causes liver injury. CCl4 triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR triggers autophagy to deal with the damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein, derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, on CCl4-induced liver damage concerning ER stress and autophagy. Two groups of Wistar albino rats (n = 7/groups) were treated with 0.2 ml/kg CCl4 for 10 days with and without baicalein. Histological and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, autophagy, and ER stress markers measurements were carried out to evaluate the effect of baicalein. Histological examinations showed that baicalein reduced liver damage. TEM analysis indicated that baicalein inhibited ER stress and triggered autophagy. CCl4-induced elevation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose-regulating protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), pancreatic ER kinase (PERK), and active/spliced form of X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s) ER stress markers were decreased by baicalein. Baicalein also increased the autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), Beclin1, and Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form (LC3-II) autophagy marker levels. In conclusion, baicalein reduced the CCl4-induced liver damage by inhibiting ER stress and the trigger of autophagy.

Hepatic fibrosis emerges upon exposure of liver to various chemicals and if not treated, it develops various diseases such as cirrhosis and cancer. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a widely used toxin in animal models to develop hepatic fibrosis. Accumulation of unfolded proteins in cells causes stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and various mechanisms are involved in the cell to reduce the damage caused by these unfolding proteins. The most well known of these is the unfolded protein response. Further, autophagy works to remove these proteins if the damage cannot be repaired and is permanent. In our study, we investigated the effects of naringenin (NRG), a flavanon abundant in citrus fruits, on ER stress and autophagy in CCl4-injured rat liver. The animals were given 0.2 mL/kg of CCl4 for 10 days and treatment group was administered 100 mg/kg of NRG for 14 days. Histopathological examination was performed to show liver damage and to determine the therapeutic properties of the active substance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was carried out to establish cell level damage and effect of treatment. In addition, levels of ER stress and autophagy markers of liver were measured. According to our findings, TEM demonstrated positive effect of NRG and histological examinations reported ameliorative effects. In addition, NRG reduced levels of ER stress markers and inhibited autophagy significantly compared to CCl4-treated group. As a result, NRG significantly reduced damage in hepatocytes and provided a significant amelioration.

Propolis is a natural bee product, and it has many effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, and anticancer activity. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential in vivo anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties of propolis extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in rats. Forty-two, 3- to 4-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats were used in six groups. LPS (1 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to rats in inflammation, inflammation + propolis30, and inflammation+propolis90 groups. Thirty milligram/kilogram and 90 mg/kg of propolis were given orally 24 h after LPS injection. After the determination of the inflammation in lung and liver tissues by 18F-fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose-positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET), samples were collected. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), and DNA fragmentation were determined. The decrease of MDA levels in inflammation + propolis30 and inflammation + propolis90 groups was determined compared to the inflammation group in lung and liver tissues. The increase of SOD% inhibition in inflammation + propolis90 group was determined in liver, lung, and hemolysate compared to the inflammation group. Increased CAT activities in inflammation + propolis30 and inflammation + propolis90 groups were observed in liver tissue and hemolysate compared to inflammation group. In lung tissue, NO levels were lower in inflammation group compared to the control group, but DNA fragmentation levels were higher. 18F-FDG uptake of tissues in inflammation + propolis30 and inflammation + propolis90 groups was decreased compared to the inflammation group. In conclusion, the data of this study indicate that the propolis application may serve as a potential approach for treating inflammatory diseases through the effect of reducing inflammation and free oxygen radical production.

The aim of this study is to examine the therapeutic effects of Olea europaea L. leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. In the experiments, 3- to 4-month-old 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, O. europaea leaf extract, CCl4, and curative. The CCl4 and curative groups received CCl4 (0.2mL/kg) intraperitoneally for 10 days to form hepatic injury. O. europaea (80mg/kg) leaf extract was given orally to the curative group dissolved in distilled water the following 14 days. Hepatic and antioxidant enzyme levels, p53, caspase 3, lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA), and also DNA fragmentation levels were determined to establish oxidative stress in hepatic cell damage and its consequences. After formation of liver damage, oral administration of the O. europaea significantly reduced CCl4-induced elevations of serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels (P<.001), MDA levels of both blood (P<.001) and liver tissues (P<.001), DNA fragmentation (P<.001), p53 (P<.001), and caspase 3 (P<.001) levels of liver tissues. Also this administration in curative group significantly increased CCl4-induced reductions of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<.001) and catalase (CAT) (P<.001) activity of blood samples and decreased SOD (P<.001) and CAT (P<.05) activity observed in liver tissue curative groups compared with CCl4 curative group. In CCl4 group, liver tissue samples exhibited remarkable damage because of CCl4 and reduction of these damages were observed in the curative group. Our results showed that O. europaea leaf extract was effective in reducing hepatic damage caused by CCl4 by reducing lipid peroxidation, regulating antioxidant enzymes, and minimizing DNA damage.

Aim: Lung cancer (LC) is a fatal disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of airway epithelial cells and caused by genetic or environmental factors. LC is one of the most common types of cancer and the leading cause of cancer-induced deaths. The most important factors in the etiology of LC are smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are short and non-coding RNAs that contain hairpin structure and approximately 1824 nucleotides. Like the other genes, miRNAs are transcribed from DNA and involved in gene regulation without converting to protein. Previous studies have determined that miRNA expression levels are associated with the development and progression of malignant tumors and that miRNAs can act as oncogene or tumor suppressors. The aim of our study was to determine any association between expression levels of miR200b and miR1274a and lung cancer. Material and Method: Ninety controls and ninety LC patients were included in our study. Total RNA isolation was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from whole blood collected with ETDA; miRNA expressions were evaluated with qRT-PCR (quantitative Real Time-PCR). Results were evaluated by appropriate statistical methods. Results: We evaluated the effect of miR200b and miR1274a expression levels on lung cancer risk and found decreased levels of these miRNA expression levels in lung cancer (p=0.005 and p=0.021). Discussion: We conclude that miR200b and miR1274a have a tumor suppressor function in lung cancer.

Salvia officinalis, which has a high phenolic acid and flavonoid content, is a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herb. Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases and could cause damage by means of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of S. officinalis formed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental inflammation model. Four- to five-month-old 42 female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. Three groups were administered intraperitoneally 1 mg/kg LPS. Twenty-four hours after injection of LPS, 10 and 30 mg/kg S. officinalis extract were given orally to treatment groups. Pulmonary and hepatic 18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake was calculated to determine the status of inflammation by 18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) scan. Antioxidant enzyme activities and nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were also detected in serum. As a result, lung and liver 18F-FDG uptake was found to be higher in the inflammation group than control group. MDA levels in erythrocyte and all tissue samples (liver, lung, and kidney) were found to be significantly higher compared to treatment groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase activities of the inflammation group in the liver, lung, kidney tissues, and erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities were determined to significantly lower than groups treated with S. officinalis. Increased NO, NF-κB, and TNF-α levels were found in the inflammation group. S. officinalis has been observed to have useful effects on LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in rats.

Objective: Lung cancer is a fatal disease caused by uncontrolled growth of lung tissue cells. It has been known that environmental factors, genetic and epigenetic changes are lead to tumorigenesis. DNA methylation is one of the important epigenetic changes, catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and performed with methyl-CpG binding proteins (MBD1, MBD2, MeCP2 etc.). In this study we aimed to determine the association between plasma levels of methylation associated proteins and lung cancer risk. Methods: The plasma levels of DNMT1, DNMT2 (TRDMT1), DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MeCP2, MBD1 and MBD2 measured with Sandwich-ELISA method in 90 of lung cancer patients (non-small cell: 78, small cell: 12) and 90 of healthy controls. Statistical analysis was performed with appropriate statistical methods. Results: When comparing the DNMT3a, MBD2 and MeCP2 levels, no significant differences were found between lung cancer patients and controls (p>0.05). The plasma concentration of DNMT1, TRDMT1, DNMT3b and MBD1 were found to be significantly high in lung cancer patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result of our research, we found a significant relation between increased plasma levels of DNMT1, TRDMT1, DNMT3b and MBD1 and lung cancer. It is considered that our findings may contribute to researches for the early diagnosis of lung cancer and support the using of methylation associated proteins as molecular markers.

Amaç: Akciğer kanseri, akciğer doku hücrelerinin kontrolsüz çoğalmasıyla oluşan ölümcül bir hastalıktır. Çevresel faktörlerle birlikte genetik ve epigenetikdeğişikliklerin kanser gelişimine neden olduğu bilinmektedir. DNA metilasyonu en önemli epigenetik değişimlerden biri olup, DNA metiltransferaz (DNMT) enzimleri tarafından katalizlenir ve metile-CpG’ye bağlanan proteinler (MBD1, MBD2, MeCP2 vb) yardımıyla gerçekleşir. Çalışmamızda metilasyon ilişkili proteinlerin plazma seviyeleri ile akciğer kanseri riski arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Araştırmamızda DNMT1, DNMT2 (TRDMT1), DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MeCP2, MBD1 ve MBD2 seviyeleri, 90 akciğer kanseri hastası (küçük hücreli dışı: 78, küçük hücreli:12) ve 90 kontrol bireyden elde edilen plazma örneklerinde Sandwich ELISA yöntemi ile ölçüldü. Sonuçlar uygun istatistiksel yöntemler ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Kontrol ve akciğer kanserli hastaların DNMT3a, MBD2 ve MeCP2 seviyeleri arasında fark bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). DNMT1, TRDMT1, DNMT3b ve MBD1 seviyeleri ise kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında akciğer kanserli bireylerde anlamlı oranda yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç: Araştırmamız sonucunda yüksek DNMT1, TRDMT1, DNMT3b ve MBD1 plazma seviyeleri ile akciğer kanseri arasında önemli bir ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bulgularımız, hastalığın erken tanısına yönelik araştırmalara katkı sağlayabileceği gibi, metilasyon ilişkili proteinlerin moleküler tanı aracı olarak ta kullanılabileceğini desteklemektedir.

Genetic variants of miRNAs that target DNMTs and MBDs involved in DNA methylation were scanned with current databases, and 35 miRSNPs in 22 miRNA genes were identified. The aim of the study was to determine the association between these variants of miRNA genes and lung cancer (LC). DNA samples were isolated from blood samples and genotyped using a Sequenom MassARRAY System. An association between the rs188912830 gene variant of miR3202 that targets the MeCP2 protein and LC was indicated in both subtypes. The presence of the C-allele in patients with LC and its subtypes was significantly lower, and the absence of the C-allele was determined to increase the risk of LC by 7,429-times compared to the presence (p=0,010). The rs318039 gene variant of miR1274 that targets DNMT3b was found to be associated with LC subtypes. When allele distributions were compared, the numbers of individuals with the C-allele were significantly lower in the NSCLC and SCLC groups. No significant associations were found for the rs72563729 variant of the miR200b gene that targets DNMT3a or for the rs145416750 variant of the miR513c gene that targets TRDMT1. The other 33 variants were found to be ancestral genotypes. Consequently, rs188912830 and rs318039 variations were associated with LC subtypes. Importantly, this study is the first to indicate the functional characterisation of miRSNPs of genes that target DNA methylation.

OZET: Akciger kanseri, akciger dokusundaki hucrelerin kontrolsuz olarak cogalmasi ile meydana gelir ve kanser kaynakli olumlerin en yaygin nedenidir. En onemli nedenleri uzun sureli sigara dumani maruziyeti, genetik faktorler, radon gazi ve asbest maruziyetidir. miRNA’lar kendi nukleotid dizilerinin tamamlayicisi olan hedef mRNA’lara baglanip translasyonel baskilama veya mRNA yikimi ile transkripsiyon sonrasi gen ekspresyonunun duzenlenmesini gerceklestirirler. Cesitli calismalarda malignant tumorlerin gelisimi ve ilerlemesi ile miRNA ekspresyon duzensizliklerinin iliskili oldugu, miRNA'larin onkogen veya tumor supresor (baskilayici) olarak hareket edebilecegi belirtilmistir. Ayrica tumor baskilayici genlerin downregulasyonu ve CpG dinukleotidlerindeki promotor hipermetilasyonu tumorogenezis icin onemli bir mekanizmadir. Bir diger epigenetik duzenleme olan miRNA’larin, genlerin promotor bolgelerindeki anormal metilasyon ve histon modifikasyonlari gibi epigenetik mekanizmalari duzenleyebilecegi bildirilmistir. Bu amacla biz de guncel veri tabanlari ile DNMT3b ve MBD1’i hedefleyen 2 miRNA genine ait iki SNP belirleyerek bu SNP’lerin akciger kanseri ile iliskisini arastirmayi amacladik. Gerec ve Yontem: Calismamiza 90 saglikli kontrol birey ve 90 akciger kanseri hastasi dahil edildi (onay no: 2012/45). EDTA’li tuplere alinan kan orneklerinden DNA izole edildi ve bu DNA’lar Sequenom MassARRAY sistemi ile genotiplendirildi. Hastalarin genetik varyasyon tipleri ve demografik ozellikleri uygun istatistiksel yontemler ile degerlendirildi. Bulgular: DNMT3b’yi hedefleyen miR339 geni rs72631831 varyanti tum bireyler icin atasal GG genotipine, MBD1’i hedefleyen miR15b geni rs146020563 varyanti icin tum bireyler atasal AA genotipine sahip olarak belirlendi. Sonuc: Arastirmamizda rs72631831 ve rs146020563 varyasyonlari ile akciger kanseri arasinda iliski bulunamamistir ancak arastirmamiz DNA metilasyon mekanizmasini hedefleyen miRNA gen varyantlarinin da fonksiyonel karakterizasyonunun yapildigi ilk calisma olmasi nedeniyle onemlidir. ANAHTAR KELIMELER: Akciger Kanseri, DNA metilasyonu, DNA Metiltransferaz-3b, Metil Baglayan Protein-1, miRNA, SNP. SUMMARY: Aim: Lung cancer (LC) is a disease that develops by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung and the most common cause of cancer-related death. Most significant risk factors for LC are tobacco smoke, genetic factors, radon gas and asbestos.miRNAs bind target mRNAs which are complementary to their sequences and post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through translational repression or mRNA degradation. Several observations link dysregulation of miRNA expression to the development and progression of tumors and miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The hypermethylation of CpG-dinucleotides in the promoter of genes and downregulation of tumor suppressors are important for tumorogenesis. It has been reported that being a type of epigenetic modifier, miRNAs, may regulate epigenetic mechanism including abnormal methylation of the promoter regions or histone modifications.For this purpose, we determined the SNPs on two miRNA genes targeting DNMT3b and MBD1 with current databases and aimed to investigate the association of these SNPs with lung cancer. Material and methods:  Accordingly, 90-controls and 90-patients were included in our study (approval no: 2012/45 ). DNAs were isolated from blood samples and these DNA samples were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY System. The demographic characteristics of patients and types of genetic variation were evaluated by appropriate statistical methods. Results: It was determined that all individuals have the ancestral GG and AA genotype for rs72631831 variant of miR339 targeting DNMT3b and rs146020563 variant of miR15b targeting MBD1, respectively . Conclusion: We found no association between rs72631831 and rs146020563 variation with lung cancer,  however our research is important due to being the first study to indicate the functional characterization of gene variants of miRNA genes targeting DNA methylation. KEY WORDS: Lung cancer, DNA methylation, DNA methyltranferas-3b, Methyl Binding Protein-1, miRNA, SNP.

KARBON TETRAKLORUR UYGULANMIS SICAN KARACIĞERINDE LIKOPEN VE KATESININ KORUYUCU ETKILERININ FRAKTAL BOYUTUNUN SAPTANMASI Ozet : Amacimiz karbon tetraklorur uygulanmis sican karacigerinde likopen ve katesinin koruyucu etkilerinin fraktal boyut hesaplamasi kullanilarak ortaya konmasidir. Fraktal boyut nesnenin yogunlugunu ve karmasikligini olcer. Sicanlar; sivi yag, likopen, katesin, karbon tetraklorur + likopen, karbon tetraklorur + katesin ve karbon tetraklorur olmak uzere alti gruba ayrildi. Doku ornekleri 21. gun sonunda elde edildi. Karaciger dokusundaki harabiyet, hematoksilen ve eozin boyama ile degerlendirildi. Hepatosit bolgeleri isik mikroskobu altinda kucuk karelere ayrildi. Sonra en az bir nukleusun bir kareyle kesistigi alan sayildi. Fraktal boyut ln(N(n))/ln(2 n ) formulle hesaplandi. Ozellikle, fraktal boyut degerleri acisindan kontrol ve katesin ile tedavi edilen gruplar arasinda bir fark yoktu. Ama likopen degerleri kontrol ve katesin uygulanan sicanlarda daha yuksek bulundu. Karbon tetraklorur uygulanmis sicanlarda fraktal boyut dusuktu. Karbon tetraklorur uygulanmis gruba gore karbon tetraklorur + likopen ve karbon tetraklorur + katesin gruplarinda fraktal boyutta artis gozlendi. Bulgular hepatosit miktarindaki azalmain, fraktal boyutun azalmaya neden olacagini gostermistir. Diger taraftan, karbon tetraklorur hepatositlerin az olmasi nedeniyle fraktal boyutu azaltmistir. Katesin ve likopen uygulanan gruplarda yuksek hepatosit miktarina bagli olarak fraktal boyutta artis goruldu. Bu calisma fraktal boyut kullanilarak tip ve matematigi birlestirmektedir. Bu hesaplamalar dogrultusunda, antioksidan maddelerin toksisite ve koruyucu etkisi tespit edilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler : CCl4, likopen, katesin, fraktal boyut THE DETECTION OF FRACTAL DIMENSION WITH PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF LYCOPENE AND CATECHIN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-TREATED RAT'S LIVER Abstract : Our aim is to investigate the detection of fractal dimension (Box-counting dimensions) with protective effects of lycopene and catechin in carbon tetrachloride-treated rat's liver. Fractal dimension measure intensity and complexity of subject. The rats were divided into six groups as liquid oil, lycopene, catechin, carbon tetrachloride plus lycopene, carbon tetrachloride plus catechin and carbon tetrachloride. The tissue samples were obtained at end of 2Ist day. The liver tissue distortions were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The regions of hepatocyte were separated into small square under light microscopy. Then, counted at least one nucleus with intersection of one square. Fractal dimension were determined by using this formula; ln(N(n))/ln(2 n ). Notably, there was no differences between control and catechin-treated rats on fractal dimension values. But, lycopene values was bigger than control and catechin administrated rats. In carbon tetrachloride-treated rat, fractal dimension is less. It was increased in lycopene plus carbon tetrachloride and cate­chin plus carbon tetrachloride with compare to carbon tetrachloride group. The findings confirmed, if hepatocyte is less, fractal dimension will decrease On other hand, carbon tetrachloride decreased fractal dimension due to less hepatocyte. It was increased in fractal dimension due to high hepatocyte in catechin and lycopene treated rats, because of their protective effects. This study is combination of medicine and mathematics, as fractal dimension. It was calculated, toxicity and protective effects of antioxidant materials could be determined in this way. Key words: : CCl4, Lycopene, catechin, Fractal dimension

Testicular torsion results with the damage of the testis and it is a surgical emergency. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a low-molecular-weight antioxidant and potent inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PDTC to testicular torsion-detorsion (T/D) injury. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups. A sham operation was performed in group I. In group II, torsion is performed 2 hours by 720 degree extravaginally testis. In group III, 4 h reperfusion of the testis was performed after 2 h of testicular torsion. In group IV, after performing the same surgical procedures as in group III, PDTC (100 mg/kg, intravenous's) was administered before 30 min of detorsion. The testes tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) level was evaluated. Histological evaluations were performed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Testicular tissue MDA levels were the highest in the T/D groups compared with treatment group. Administration of PDTC prevented a further increase in MDA levels. Significant decrease occurred in CAT and SOD levels in treatment group compared with the control group. The rats in the treatment group had normal testicular architecture. The results suggest that PDTC can be a potential protective agent for preventing the biochemical and histological changes related to oxidative stress in testicular injury caused by testis torsion.

Objective: To investigate the histopathological changes in the liver after experimental application of fluoxetine. Materials and methods: Nineteen male and 24 female rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were used to study the effect of administration of fluoxetine over a period of 3 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into five groups. Groups A to group D, each consisting of 10,10, 10, 7 rats respectively, were for different tests, while 6 rats were used as normal controls (N). For group A,B,C,D fluoxetine was administered via intraperitoneal enjection at a dosage of 5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, respectively. The experiment lasted 3 weeks. Hepatic tissue samples were extracted under anesthesia for histopathologic study. Liver tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Histopathologic changes were evaluated on the H&E stained sections. Results: The major histopathological changes in the liver after fluoxetine are hydropic degeneration, karyomegaly, steatosis, lobuler inflammation, focal necrosis, apoptosis, disruption, twinning cell plates, cholestasis, portal area inflammation, Kupffer cell hyperplasia and double nucleus (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results show that exposure of rats to fluoxetine leads to toxic effects. At the end of the exposure period, livers of all exposed rats, but no controls, showed hydropic degeneration, karyomegaly, steatosis, lobular inflammation, focal necrosis, apoptosis, disruption, apopitoz, ayrisma, cift hucre kordonlari, kolestaz, portal twinning cell plates, cholestasis, portal area inflammation, alanda inflamasyon, Kupffer hucrelerinde hiperplazi ve Kupffer cell hyperplasia and double nucleus. The main histopathological changes in all exposed rats were histopatolojik degisiklik hepatoselluler hidropik vakuoler hepatocellular hydropic vacuolar degeneration (%100). dejenerasyondur (%100)

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of Echinacea on kidney and liver against oxidative stress during renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, by determining biochemical parameters and evaluating histological examinations. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated in five groups (each group consists of 8 animals). Group 1 (Control; non-ischemic animals); Group 2 (renal I/R injury+Saline), Group 3 (renal I/R injury + Echinacea, 25 mg/kg), Group 4 (renal I/R injury + Echinacea, 50 mg/kg) Group 5 (renal I/R injury+ Echinacea, 100 mg/kg) were designed to evaluate effects of Echinacea in renal I/R injury on the morphological changes in kidney and liver. A right nephrectomy was performed for I/R injury. On the 15th day following nephrectomy, ischemia and reperfusion was performed. Echinacea was administered intraperitoneally. Left kidney and liver were taken after 24 h of reperfusion period for histopathological examinations. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities were determined from tissue homogenates. In the study, Echinacea administration in renal ischemia-reperfusion decreased MDA in kidney and liver. SOD activity was decreased with low and high doses of Echinacea treatment in both kidney and liver. Echinacea administration decreased CAT levels in kidney and no difference was observed between Echinacea doses. CAT was increased in liver low dose group. But CAT was decreased in high doses of Echinacea. Histopathological examinations showed partial improvement in the damages seen in I/R injury after Echinacea administration at both kidney and liver. Echinacea may be effective in preventing oxidative injury.

Mikronukleus, kromozom parcalarindan veya tum kromozom kaynakli olup bolunme esnasinda anafazda geciken kucuk ve fazladan olusan nukleer olusumlardir. Son yillarda in vitro mikronukleus testi, genotoksisite icin umut verici bir metod olarak kabul gormeye baslamistir. Cytokinesis Block MicroNucleus (CBMN) analizi mikronukleusla beraber apoptotik ve nekrotik hucreleri de tanimlar. Bu test kanser tedavisi sirasinda ve genotoksisiti belirlemede kullanilabilmektedir. Bu gibi olcumler kromozom kirigi ve apoptoz - kanser yolagindaki mekanizmalarin aydinlanmasinda da faydali olacaktir.

Objective To evaluate the protective effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and metallothioneins on excess nitric oxide toxicity in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced rat colitis. Study design In this study, 70 rats were assigned to 7 groups of controls, and colitis was induced with 120 mg/kg TNBS, 35 mg/kg L-NAME, and 1 and 2 mg/kg metallothionein 1 (MT1) and metallothionein 2 (MT2), respectively. A day after the administration of TNBS, L-NAME, MT1 and MT2 were given intraperitoneally for 3 days to the experimental groups. After the administration of TNBS, dissections of the rats in the L-NAME, MT1 and MT2 groups were performed at 3-day periods under ether anesthesia, and whole blood, bone marrow and colon were obtained. Results On the third day, red and white blood cell values were increased, while platelet and bone marrow granule cells decreased in the L-NAME- and TNBS-induced group. On the third day, all the blood values increased in MT1 (1 and 2 mg/kg) and MT2 (1 and 2 mg/kg) in the TNBS-administered groups. Histologic findings were macroscopic score, ulcer, loss of mucous cells, crypt abscess, inflammatory cyst, mucosa atrophy, edema, vascular dilatation and induced nitric oxide synthetase, which increased in the descending colon in the colitis rats, while it was decreased rats given L-NAME, MT1 and MT2 administration. Conclusion The results suggest that MT1 and MT2 are more effective in protecting against the toxic effects of excess nitric oxide as compared with L-NAME in the colitis rats.

PurposeWe aimed to investigate the effects of levetiracetam on oxidative stress which is one of the new antiepileptic drugs in epileptic patients.MethodsThe study consisted of 21 patients with cryptogenic partial epilepsy. We determined the urinary 15F-2t-isoprostane levels of the 30 patients which is a marker of oxidative stress. Morning urine samples were collected from the patients before beginning LEV and after 3 months treatment. Of these patients 9 were excluded from the study that had seizure history in the last 1 month. Urinary levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane determined by ELISA initially and after 3 months treatment for each patient.ResultsMean age of the 21 patients was 29.6, of these 11 were females and 10 males. Mean urinary 15F-2t-isoprostane level of the patients was 876 ± 447 ng/mg Cr before the treatment of LEV. After 3 months treatment the mean 15F-2t-isoprostane level of the patients was 1560 ± 630. The patients had significantly higher levels of urinary 15F-2t-isoprostane when compared with initial levels (p = 0.025).ConclusionOur results showed the increase of urinary 15F-2t-isoprostane levels in epileptic patients whom were treated with LEV which may indicate that LEV induces the oxidative stress in epileptic patients.