Introduction Long-term outcomes of disorders of sex development (DSD) following masculinizing genitoplasty remain inadequately defined, particularly regarding transition through puberty into adult social, reproductive, and sexual roles. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the long-term domains in males with DSD following surgery in childhood. Methods After ethical approval, DSD males aged ≥18 years post-genitoplasty were assessed for surgical, hormonal, urinary, sexual, fertility-related, and psychosocial outcomes. Information was obtained through structured interviews, clinical examination, semen parameters (WHO standards) and validated tools—including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Subgroup analysis was performed across three 46,XY DSD etiological categories: partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), 5α-reductase deficiency (5αRD), and Other variants (OV) [46, XX Testicular, ovotesticular, dysgenetic forms]. Results All 12 participants identified as male, were comfortable in their gender role, with heterosexual orientation. Nine voided standing and three sitting, with overall satisfaction regarding voiding. Six were married and sexually active, and two had fathered five children spontaneously. Among seven who provided semen samples, five had sperm in the ejaculate, all with asthenozoospermia. Serum Leutinizing hormone (LH), Follicular Stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels were normal in most patients, whereas normal inhibin B was observed in only 2.Subgroup analysis demonstrated significant differences in testosterone across PAIS (n=5), 5αRD (n=2), and OV (n=4), with highest levels in 5αRD and lowest in OV. PAIS showed best preserved gonadal function parameters; sperm count and Inhibin FSH ratio (IFR), 5αRD partial preservation, and OV consistently poorer outcomes. Concerns regarding penile size were reported by 10 (83.3%), and severe ED was present in 8/12 (66.7%) per IIEF. All participants reported satisfactory psychosocial adjustment; eight were employed and four were students.Correlation analyses revealed no significant association between testosterone and SPL (p=0.494) and only non-significant positive trends between Sertoli-cell markers(inhibin B p = 0.324; IFR p = 0.221) and sperm count. Median SPL was 2.0:2.5:3.5 cm in PAIS:5αRD:OV; median sperm count was 28:18:0 million/ml. Penile length and erectile scores were comparable across groups, while sperm output was lowest in OV. Discussion This single-centre longitudinal study provides rare long-term data on post-genitoplasty outcomes in DSD males. Gonadal and Sertoli-cell dysfunction were most pronounced in dysgenetic variants, whereas PAIS demonstrated a more favourable endocrine and functional profile. Conclusion Most participants maintained stable male identity and psychosocial functioning. Gonadal and sexual function was highest in PAIS, reduced in 5αRD, and markedly impaired in OV.

Nasal polyps are benign inflammatory growth of sinonasal mucosa, often associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. This condition prevalent among adults, significantly impacts the quality of life. Eosinophil plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Hence, this study was carried out to compare the relationship between tissue eosinophilia and radiological findings in nasal polyposis. This observational study was conducted at a tertiary care centre, involving 30 patients with nasal polyposis underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. All patients underwent pre operative CT scan and Lund MacKay score were calculated. Excised polyp tissues were examined, and eosinophil count was calculated per high power field (400 X). Eosinophil count was categorized as low (≤ 10 E/HPF) and high (> 10 E/HPF). The study population had a mean age of 41.65 ± 11.43 years, with a male predominance (80

The fertility potential of with 46,XY DSD individuals has remained poorly understood. This study aimed to assess testicular cytology and semen analysis findings in post-pubertal patients with 46,XY DSD. Following ethical approval, a cohort of post-pubertal (> 13 years) patients with 46,XY DSD assigned a male gender was evaluated through a personal interview, clinical examination, and hormonal assay. Prostatic and testicular volumes and echotexture were assessed. Semen analysis and testicular cytology were also performed. Of the 75 eligible patients, 17 responded. The mean age at the time of study was 17(± 3.33) years, with a follow-up of 160 (± 68.28) months. All patients reported comfort with male gender assignment. The median stretched penile length was 6 cm, and clinically assessed testicular volumes were within normal limits. However, prostate volumes were small, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were undetectable in one-third. Semen analysis revealed that 6 patients were unable to ejaculate, 4 had aspermia, 4 had oligospermia, and 3 had azoospermia. Testicular FNAC demonstrated normal spermatogenesis in only 6 patients. The median spermatogenic-to-Sertoli cell ratio was 0.84, markedly lower than the normal expected value. Notably, several patients with normal spermatogenesis on FNAC had abnormal semen analysis findings. Despite overall comfort with male gender assignment and normal hormonal profiles, both semen analysis and testicular cytology revealed compromised fertility potential in post-pubertal patients with 46,XY DSD.

Background Narrow band imaging (NBI) is an emerging modality that enhances the accuracy of detection of head and neck malignancies by visualisation of aberrant neoangiogenesis in malignant tissue using narrow bandwidth light in blue and green spectrum. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of NBI in detecting recurrence in patients with Squamous cell carcinoma larynx and hypopharynx who have undergone Radiotherapy/Chemoradiotherapy (RT/CTRT). The aim of the study was to (a) determine the role of NBI in follow-up of patients with carcinoma of larynx and hypopharynx previously treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, (b) determine the role of NBI as the initial investigatory tool of choice in detecting local recurrence and compare with other modalities like fibreoptic laryngoscopy (FOL), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography- Computed Tomography (PETCT). Methods Prospective multicentric study at ENT departments of tertiary care centres in Delhi, Bangalore and Pune in India was conducted from Jan 2019 to Sep 2022. Thirty-four consecutive patients diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) larynx/hypopharynx who underwent chemo/radiotherapy were scheduled for NBI 12 weeks after completion of therapy with FOL and PETCT/MRI and followed up 03 monthly for 02 years. NBI/FOL/PETCT or MRI and Histopathological Examination (HPE) were compared. Results NBI was found to be 100% sensitive and 96% specific with a positive predictive value of 85% and negative predictive value of 100% respectively with a diagnostic accuracy of 97%. Conclusion NBI along with FOL increases the sensitivity of detection of recurrence in patients of laryngeal/hypopharyngeal cancer post-chemo/radiotherapy.

Laryngeal webs are abnormal formation of an epithelium-covered fibrous tissue between two structures within the larynx (Pegg et al. in Ear Nose Throat J 90(10):486-488, 2011). Most of the laryngeal webs occurs at the level of glottic region which may extend till anterior 1/3rd of vocal cords, but it can also extend in to posterior glottis and inferiorly till subglottic region (Singh in J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 14(3):108-109, 2009). Acquired laryngeal webs are more common than congenital laryngeal web. Idiopathic supraglottic web is a rare entity and only one case have been reported worldwide (Table 1). We report a case of an idiopathic acquired supraglottic web in a 27-year-old man. The web was managed with CO2 laser excision under micro laryngoscopy guidance.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest case series describing the use of a melolabial flap for postlaryngectomy pharyngoplasty. It is an excellent alternative for pharyngoplasty, especially in cases post chemoradiotherapy. It accomplishes the goal while removing the restrictions of local and distant flaps. Although donor site morbidity is acceptable, specific consent is required due to the possibility of functional and cosmetic impairment. Additional cases with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up period can assist corroborate our first findings. In addition, because we tend to protect facial vessels for this flap, a follow-up about the compromise of oncological safety at level IB is required. In our case series, however, there was no recurrence until the final follow-up. As a result, it is a better option to pharyngoplasty post laryngectomy.

Transoral Parapharyngeal Space Surgery (TOPPSS) is often opted by surgeons for parapharyngeal tumors. But its broad implementation is curtailed by limited exposure and the potential for various complications to arise. In this article, authors have outlined the ‘DK et al. TOPPSS Criteria’ encompassing several clinic-radio-pathological elements for consideration, while opting the transoral approach based on literature and references therein. ‘DK et al. TOPPSS Criteria’ encompasses factors including nature, site and extent of tumour, capsule, involvement of neurovascular structures, cytopathology, vascularity, and mouth opening. Thirteen patients diagnosed with parapharyngeal tumors were selected as per the proposed criteria and were subsequently subjected to TOPPSS. Additionally, an endoscope was incorporated to enhance visualization. All patients exhibited favourable outcomes in terms of complete excision, operation time, blood loss, complications, hospital stay, wound healing, and follow-up. TOPPSS is an invaluable and evolving technique which yields favourable outcomes when carefully applied. Comprehensive preoperative evaluation and proper patient selection using the ‘TOPPSS Criteria’ remain essential to the success of this approach. The use of endoscopic assistance further enhances its capabilities, allowing for effective resection with preservation of critical neurovascular structures. Authors have also proposed the DK et al. Anterior Tonsillar Myo-mucosal (ATM) flap, that can be easily elevated, conserved, and repositioned; serving to enhance primary wound healing, enable early oral intake and prevent the exposure of neurovascular structures within the tumor bed.

Esophageal perforations in children may occur occasionally and are usually due to iatrogenic or traumatic causes. These are life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated in a timely fashion. On rare instances, spontaneous perforations (Boerhaave’s syndrome) have also been reported. Iatrogenic perforations are more common in the neonate following passage of nasogastric tube or improper endotracheal intubation. With advances in endoscopy and wider application of esophagoscopy, perforations are known complications following dilatation of tight strictures. The incidence is about 1% after endoscopic dilatation of the esophagus. Foreign body ingestion accounts for a common cause of esophageal perforation, especially button batteries. Caustic ingestion leading to strictures and perforations following repeated dilatation is a complex entity that needs timely interventions. This chapter focuses on the management of esophageal perforations and caustic injuries in children.

Esophageal replacement in children is uncommon and is needed for various congenital anomalies (such as esophageal atresia and congenital short esophagus) and iatrogenic conditions (such as unyielding esophageal strictures due to caustic injuries, foreign body impaction, perforation, and trauma). There are currently four popular surgical techniques for esophageal replacement in children that include colon interposition, gastric tube, gastric transposition, and jejunal interposition. These are all major undertakings in young children and pose various challenges which are associated with each of these procedures. Colon interposition is the simplest and most popular procedure with minimal morbidity and less serious long-term complications. An esophageal replacement procedure involves a learning curve that includes identification and management of the postoperative complications that may sometimes be life threatening. These patients need to be followed up long term, in terms of growth and any complications related to the procedure.

The aim of the study was to determine the post surgical outcomes in pediatric adenotonsillar hypertrophy with OSA using portable polysomnography (PSG), OSA 18 Questionnaire and Quality of life (QoL) scores. Secondly to correlate the subjective outcomes with objective scores of polysomonography. A prospective, single-arm, nonrandomized, single center study was performed at a tertiary care centre on children aged 3–12 years (n = 30) with adenoid hypertrophy/ tonsillar hypertrophy/adenotonsillar hypertrophy and symptoms suggestive of OSA. All subjects underwent appropriate surgical intervention. A portable PSG and OSA 18 questionnaire evaluation was performed pre surgery and 06 weeks post surgery to assess objective and clinical assessment for OSA. The mean age of children enrolled in the study was 8.68 ± 3 years. The mean pre treatment AHI was 12.56 ± 13.16 which improved to 1.72 ± 1.53 post surgery and was statistically significant ( p < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed rank test). There was a statistically significant improvement in other PSG indices such as RDI and ODI post surgery also. The mean total symptom score (TSS) and QoL score also showed a statistically significant improvement post treatment ( p < 0.05). However there was no correlation between the PSG and OSA 18 questionnaire scores pre and post surgery. Children with OSA like symptoms can undergo a portable polysomnography pre and post surgery to demonstrate severity of OSA and objectively monitor improvement in OSA post treatment. In the absence of availability of PSG, OSA 18 questionnaire is a suitable alternative to monitor disease severity and outcomes. Further studies may plan to include impact of paediatric OSA on other function such as the cardiac, dentition & malocclusion and neurocognitive function.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of common metabolic disorders. Recently, emerging evidence has suggested a role for suboptimal vitamin D status in the etiology of T2DM. This study aimed to determine the association between Vitamin -D deficiency and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in patients of tertiary care centre, Jaipur. Method and material: This was a hospital based descriptive type of observational study done in Department of Medicine, of a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan. This study included 100 cases and 100 control. Result: There were 55% males and 45% female among study participants. Out of 200 participants, 160 (80%) subjects are vit D deficient in which 84 (42%) are cases and 76 (38%) are controls, means cases are more deficient for vit D in comparision to controls. Conclusion: Though vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in T2DM and non-diabetic control subjects, its relationship in glycation control or insulin resistance in T2DM subjects could not be confirmed in our study population. This is potentially an important finding for public health, demonstrating that improvement in vitamin D status is one of the factors responsible for better health of the individuals.

Objective: To study the potential role of subjective visual vertical (SVV) as a prognostic marker for canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM) in patients with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (PC-BPPV) for the Indian population. Methods: SVV was examined in 30 patients with PC-BPPV before and after canalith repositioning maneuver and after complete resolution of PC-BPPV. Study parameters included the mean of 10 angular tilt readings and direction of deviation, which were compared before and after CRM and following complete resolution of PC-BPPV. Results: The angle of SVV tilt was greater and deviated towards the affected ear before CRM in all patients, which decreased significantly shortly after CRM and continued to decrease after complete resolution of PC-BPPV (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: SVV can be used to test utricular dysfunction in PC-BPPV. The angle of tilt improves in response to CRM, which may be used as a prognostic marker in patients with PC-BPPV receiving CRM. (c) 2022 PLA General Hospital Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Production and hosting by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd. All rights reserved. This is an open access article under the CC BY

Laryngeal histoplasmosis is a very rare cause of laryngitis which is encountered usually in the immunosuppressed states but can also occur in immunologically intact status. We report a rare case of laryngeal histoplasmosis in a man in his 60s, a chronic smoker who presented with a history of progressive hoarseness for 3 months. The glottic growth was biopsied. The rarity of diagnosis was aided by histopathological examination of the tissue, which revealed histoplasmosis. Management was done with intravenous liposomal amphotericin B and oral itraconazole with complete resolution of symptoms.

The physiological transitions are controlled by strong and well-organized alternative splicing mediated dynamic remodeling of the transcriptome. The splicing transition-related has been well studied in yeast, worms, flies, and vertebrates. The alternative splicing (AS) regulated coding genes of most common homeostatic activities and cell- and organ-type-specific functions affects a variety of biological processes. Hence, AS transitions can play important role in physiological change and lead to mRNA variability that is subsequently interpreted accordingly.

Wilms’ tumor is the most-frequent malignant-kidney tumor in children under 3–4 years of age and is caused by genetic alterations of oncogenes (OG) and tumor-suppressor genes (TG). Wilms’ tumor has been linked to many OG-&-TG. However, only WT1 has a proven role in the development of this embryonic-tumor. The study investigates the level of mRNA expression of 16 OGs and 20 TGs involved in key-signaling pathways, including chromatin modification; RAS; APC; Cell Cycle/Apoptosis; Transcriptional Regulation; PI3K; NOTCH-&-HH; PI3K & RAS of 24-fresh Wilms’-tumor cases by capture-and-reporter probe Code-Sets chemistry, as CNVs in these pathway genes have been reported. Upon extensively investigating, MEN1, MLL2, MLL3, PBRM1, PRDM1, SMARCB1, SETD2, WT1, PTPN11, KRAS, HRAS, NF1, APC, RB1, FUBP1, BCOR, U2AF1, PIK3CA, PTEN, EBXW7, SMO, ALK, CBL, EP300-and-GATA1 were found to be significantly up-regulated in 58.34, 62.5, 79.17, 91.67, 58, 66.66,54, 58.34, 66.67, 75, 62.5, 62.5, 58, 79.17, 79.17, 75, 70.84, 50, 50, 75, 66.66, 62.50, 61.66, 58.34-and-62.50% of cases respectively, whereas BRAF, NF2, CDH1, BCL2, FGFR3, ERBB2, MET, RET, EGFR-and-GATA2 were significantly down regulated in 58, 87.50, 79.16, 54.16, 79.17, 91.66, 66.66, 58.33, 91.66-and-62.50% of cases, respectively. Interestingly, the WT1 gene was five-fold down regulated in 41.66% of cases only. Hence, extensive profiling of OGs and TGs association of major-signaling pathways in Wilms’ tumor cases may aid in disease diagnosis. PBRM1 (up-regulated in 91.67% of cases), ERBB2 and EGFR (down-regulated in 91.66 and 91.66% of cases, respectively) could be marker genes. However, validation of all relevant results in a larger number of samples is required.

Purpose: The choice of Esophageal replacement (ER) depends on surgeons' preference and patients' anatomical condition. A cross-sectional study was done to compare the long-term outcomes of two meth-ods of ER, Gastric transposition (GT) and Colonic interposition (CI).Methods: Children who had undergone ER from January 1997 to December 2017 with a minimum of two-year post-ER follow-up were evaluated by anthropometry, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, gastroesophageal reflux study, gastric emptying test, pulmonary function test and blood tests.Results: Twenty-six (Male:female = 17:9) children were recruited. The median age at ER was 13 months (interquartile range 9-40 months) and mean follow-up post-ER was 116.7 +/- 76.4 months (range 24-247 months). GT:CI was done in 15(57.7%):11(42.3%) cases. A greater number of abnormal oral contrast studies ( p = 0.02) and re-operations ( p = 0.05) were documented as baseline characteristics with CI group. The presence of gastroesophageal reflux 9/23(39.1%), duodenogastric reflux 6/24(25%), delayed gastric emp-tying 6/25(24%), abnormal pulmonary function test 14/22(63.6%) were documented during the study pe-riod. However, there was no significant(p > 0.05) difference in nutritional, developmental and functional outcomes of both operative methods of ER in the study.Conclusion: Assessment of nutritional, developmental and functional parameters in children after ER re-veals good long-term results. There was no significant difference in CI and GT. Level of evidence: Comparative study; II (c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chyle leak is a dreadful complication in patients undergoing neck dissections. Octreotide has been used in the management of chyle leak post neck dissections in head and neck cancer patients. Currently there is no consensus and practice guidelines on the same. (1) To study the role of octreotide in early cessation of post neck dissection chyle leak. (2) To study incidence of intra-operative and post-operative CL, its relation to the extent of nodal disease and neck dissection, prior radiotherapy. Retrospective analysis of 16 patients out of 529 neck dissection over a period of 03 years between Jan 2016 and Dec 2019 who developed post-operative chyle leak. All patients who had post-operative chyle leak were administered octreotide. Time taken for chyle leak to stop was primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were duration of hospitalization post-operatively, incidence of intra-operative and post-operative chyle leak, its relation to the extent of nodal disease, prior radiotherapy and type of neck dissection. 59 of 529 neck dissections (11.15%) were noted to have intra-operative chyle leak. 16 of 529 neck dissections (3.02%) developed post-operative chyle leak. On applying chi square test, prior multimodality and N plus neck were found to be significant risk factors in developing postoperative chyle leak. Considering only RT versus no RT in prior multimodality treated group, the difference was insignificant. Onset of chyle leak varied from 1 to 5 post-op day (mean 2.68 days). 15 (93.75%) patients responded to octreotide. Chyle leak resolved between 3 and 10 days (mean 5.18 days) and octreotide was given for 5–12 days (mean-7.18 days). Overall duration of hospitalization ranged from 09 to 18 days (mean 12.18 days). 01 patient (6.25%) had to be re-explored due to high volume leak despite using octreotide. Adverse effects of octreotide were minimal and tolerable. Octreotide is effective in reducing the duration of chyle leak, hospital stay and need for surgical intervention. It may be considered as suitable adjunct to conservative measures in the management for post-operative chyle leak.

Background and objectives: Worldwide literature on presentation of patients infected with novel coronavirus shows huge variability in terms of severity and outcome depending on the demographic characteristics of the affected population. We aim to present epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted at our facility. Methods: Retrospective analysis of epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of patients admitted at a dedicated COVID hospital in North India. Results: Records of 245 patients were analyzed. The mean (SD) age was 32 (17.87) years ranging from 1 day to 81 years. Children <18 years of age constituted around 18% of the study population of which only about a fourth (23%) were symptomatic. About 52.4% of patients were males. Almost 40% cases were detected through contact tracing of known infected patients and in about 56% cases the source of infection was indeterminate. About 67% were asymptomatic and most of the symptomatic patients had mild disease. Among the symptomatic patients cough (19.9%) and fever (17.1%) were most common symptoms followed by throat irritation. Comorbidities were present in 32 (13.06%) patients, of which hypertension in 6.12% was the most common. There were 22 (8.97%) health care workers (HCW) among the patients. Majority of the affected HCW were working in areas with relatively low infection risk. Six (2.44%) patients required oxygen supplementation. The mean duration of stay in hospital was 9.6 ±.57 days. Interpretations & Conclusions: Our observations indicate a relatively younger age of affected population and high proportion of asymptomatic patients. Children are usually asymptomatic with relatively better prognosis.

Subglottic concretion is a rare and perilous condition usually presenting with existing or impending airway obstruction. Due to long-standing nature of the condition, slow progression of symptoms and rarity of occurrence, the condition is either missed or misdiagnosed. Its resemblance in presentation and symptoms to that of foreign body (FB) bronchus can lead to a diagnostic misadventure. Detailed history, chronology of symptoms and radiological imaging in conjunction with fiberoptic evaluation are keys for establishing correct diagnosis. Treatment outcomes in such cases depend on appropriate management approach with backup plan in tandem. We describe a child with β thalassemia major with subglottic concretion, which was erroneously diagnosed and managed as a case of subglottic FB due to its classical history and presentation. The aim is to highlight the circumstances leading to this diagnostic misadventure with emphasis on airway management, problems faced and lessons learnt during the same.

Abstract Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor with a high mortality rate. A comprehensive protein-coding and regulatory transcriptomics is needed to understand four major molecular subgroups. Molecularly sub-classified 22 histo-pathologically characterized Medulloblastoma (MB) into group4-MB (G4), group3-MB (G3), Wnt-MB and SHH-MB two approved methods were used Molecular Inversion Probe based Array (Oncoscan Array) and transcript-probe-based Nanostring assay. For 2-control, normal tissue extracted while reaching tumor was utilized. Out of 22, 12 samples (10 MB and 2 controls) including all sub-groups of MB was considered for long and short read sequencing. Assembly was done through PacBio and ToFU pipeline to obtain consensus transcripts. Sqanti was used to assess the quality of data and the pre-processing pipeline using 47 unique descriptors. All the above samples were aligned to human reference genome and differential expression level matrix was created between tumor and control samples. Using standard settings (minimum fold change 2.0 and p value correction was through Bonferroni and cut off p value was 0.05) heat map was generated between control and experimental samples. Using standard t-test each subtype was compared with control as well as subtypes were also compared among themselves. Novel-Canonical (NC) junctions were identified in Novel in catalogue {NIC (1-5%)}, Novel not in catalogue {NNC (25%)}, Antigenic and Intergenic transcripts. Novel-Non-Canonical junctions was not observed among the structurally classified transcripts. Also identified sub-group specific 6 fusion transcripts. Novel Antisense (AS) transcripts were also identified: CROCC, TOM1, STON2 and AK5 were WNT-specific; CENPX and EZR were common between SHH and G-3; while ZNF391 and ZNF 865 were specific to G-3 and COL18A1 and ZC3HAV1L to G-4. Differential Analysis among all subtypes of MB versus control was analyzed, we identified TTR, PDLIM3 and SFRP1 significantly up-regulated transcripts in SHH compared to both G-3/4. NRL was specifically increased in G-3 compared to SHH and G-4. While NNAT was up-regulated in G-4 compared to SHH and G-3. Have created a customized Nanostring based panel in which 35 differentially expressed transcripts, 30 AS and previously reported 22 transcripts. This panel can comprehensively and specifically characterize Indian MB and can also be used for future clinical trials and personalized medicine. Antisense transcripts and fusion transcripts can be used as target for developing small molecules. Citation Format: Neetu Singh, Nawazish Alam, Dinesh K. Sahu, Ratnesh K. Tripathi, Mayank Jain, Pratap Shankar, Hari Shyam, Archana Mishra, Anil Kumar, Uma S. Singh, Anil Chandra, Chhitij Srivastava, Bal K. Ojha, Devendra K. Gupta, Ravi Kant, Bipin Puri. Comprehensive coding and non coding transcript based characterization of Indian medulloblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 3050.