Multiple-input converters (MICs) and multiple-output converters (MOCs) are effective solutions for interfacing multiple voltage levels and managing diverse loads in dc residential nanogrids and electric vehicles (EVs). They offer advantages such as cost-effectiveness and compact size. Despite these benefits, existing MICs and MOCs face challenges due to high part count, output voltage constraint, and lack of fault tolerance, which are vital for robust and reliable operation. To address these challenges, this work proposes a nonisolated, source fault-tolerant multiinput single-output (SFTMISO) dc/dc converter design with a reduced component count and enhanced output voltage, resulting in a more compact structure. Moreover, the proposed converter ensures continuous energy delivery to the load even if one input source fails, and it can also support bidirectional operation. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the converter's operation and features, along with a comparison to recently published designs. A 250 W prototype was tested to validate the proposed converter's feasibility and performance.

Access to reliable and sustainable energy is crucial for developing remote communities. Many remote communities need help accessing traditional grid infrastructure, resulting in energy deficits and reliance on expensive and harmful fuel sources. This article investigates the feasibility, planning, optimal, technical, and economic analysis of solar, wind, and hydrokinetic energy with battery storage-based standalone DC microgrids to produce green hydrogen and electricity for remote area applications. The proposed DC microgrid with net-zero emission and using sustainable resources in a remote area (Dayarthi and Rachakilam villages) in Andhra Pradesh, India, considers the DC loads. Optimal, technical, economic, and feasibility analysis has been explored to highlight the significance of the proposed configuration with the hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER) simulation and the environment by taking the geographic regions' climatic data. The feasibility analysis considers three scenarios and demonstrates the performance characteristics with attributes such as net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), and capacity shortage factor (CSF). The feasibility analysis illustrates an efficient and cost-effective system configuration compared to the other integrated DC microgrid scenarios for generating green hydrogen and electricity for remote area applications. Also, the research explores sustainable energy access and proposes resilient and eco-friendly energy solutions for remote areas.

Using multiple energy sources in electric vehicles (EVs) and dc grid presents a practical solution to circumvent concerns about fuel usage and battery range. Battery packs, fuel cells, ultra-super capacitors, and solar PV offer more viable energy options for propelling onboard electric motors and other supplementary EV components. To manage power distribution among input sources, loads, utility grids, and EVs, a multiport converter becomes necessary. In most cases, these converters employ a time-sharing strategy where only one energy source connects to the load, leaving others dormant within specific duty cycle parameters. This approach also has limitations related to duty cycle range or inductor charging. In this proposed study, a new configuration employing a dual-input dual-output converter is devised to concurrently manage loads without operational restrictions. This design effectively tackles the challenge of cross-regulation and enables both buck and boost voltage conversion simultaneously by adeptly controlling switches through a suitable strategy. This article outlines the converter's operational modes, and a design prototype (300 W) along with its corresponding test results are presented to validate its viability.

Energy poverty is a significant barrier to development for millions of people globally in remote areas; developing nations like India still use conventional fuels to meet their energy needs. Microgrids can be a feasible solution for remote electrification by integrating distributed energy resources. The present work investigates the feasibility, planning, and optimal sizing of a standalone microgrid system from a socio-techno-economic and environmental perspective for the electrification of a remote area in an Indian scenario. For the feasibility analysis, a remote village, Dayarthi, in Andhra Pradesh, India, was investigated by considering the daily load profile, which includes domestic loads, community loads, and agriculture loads. The total load demand is 333.53 kWh/day, with a peak load of 45.75 kW. Four potential microgrid configurations are investigated, with various combinations of diesel generator, wind turbine, photovoltaic, and battery storage. A sociotechnical-economic-environmental analysis identifies the best configuration by looking at the different microgrid scenarios that are possible and suggesting the best one with the highest percentage of renewable energy at the lowest net present cost and levelized cost of energy with minimum unmet loads. Furthermore, the optimal scenario cost of energy is compared with the most recent study in the literature.

Multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) DC–DC converters have become integral to modern power electronic systems, offering significant advantages over traditional single-input–single-output converters. These advantages include reduced component count, enhanced efficiency, flexibility, reliability, compact size, improved power quality, scalability, and seamless integration with energy storage systems. These features make MIMO converters indispensable for various applications. However, they also present challenges such as increased component complexity, cross-regulation issues, and sophisticated control requirements. To address these challenges, a novel converter topology is proposed in this paper. The proposed method features a reduced component count and independent duty ratio control, effectively eliminating cross-regulation issues. This design is tailored for remote village DC microgrid applications. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed converter are validated through simulation and experimental results using a 250 W prototype.

High-gain converters are well-established circuit designs that find practical use in industrial and commercial settings, particularly in applications demanding high power ratings, such as Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) and grid-connected Renewable Energy Sources (RES). High-gain topologies from a single source pose reliability issue in RES applications due to increased device count and stress. In the event of source failure, these topologies may lead to an energy supply gap for the loads. Addressing this challenge, integrating diverse energy sources with step-up voltage capability stands as a promising solution for both DC microgrid and Electric Vehicle (EV) applications. In this study, a Dual-Input Single-Output (DISO) converter is introduced to integrate various sources and achieve an increased output voltage gain by charging the inductors in parallel and discharging them in series. Moreover, if any sources fail, the converter can supply the energy to the load from the available source and it can be operated in bidirectional mode. This paper also extensively discusses theoretical analysis, considerations related to design and circuit modeling. Furthermore, include a comparison of this converter with several other topologies. It examined to validated with a 250 W laboratory prototype.

Standalone solar photovoltaic (PV) systems emerge as a highly promising solution to ensure continuous and reliable electricity access to remote villages due to the unavailability of grid connections due to geographical challenges. This paper presents the feasibility analysis of standalone solar photovoltaic systems for remote area applications. The study utilizes a comprehensive approach, including bibliometric analysis and a detailed feasibility study through a real-world case scenario. The bibliometric analysis involves a systematic review and analysis of existing literature, mapping the evolution of research trends, identifying key authors, institutions, and journals, and assessing knowledge diffusion and growth patterns. The feasibility analysis evaluates the practical viability of standalone solar PV systems, considering technical, economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Additionally, a case study is presented to assess the economic viability, performance, and sustainability of a standalone solar PV system in a remote area. The study provides insights into the financial implications, energy generation capabilities, operational challenges, long-term sustainability, and optimization criteria, including net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) system prospects.

The DC-DC converters have been used extensively in various industrial applications such as consumer electronics, aerospace, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. The reliability ensures that the converter continues to operate safely and efficiently despite the presence of faults. Enhancing the reliability of DC -DC converters is a challenging task, as power switches are the most fragile components that can be affected by faults in the system. Hence, to address these challenges and ensure the safety of the converter, it is vital to implement appropriate fast fault -diagnosis techniques and fault -tolerant strategies. Many new network topologies have been presented in literature, which lead to a shift from single input-single output to multiport converters. These converters are suitable for integrating different energy sources. However, the majority of them are operated using a time-sharing method, in which only one energy source is used at a time, and the others are inactive at any specified duty cycle. Therefore, the converter and input sources are underutilized in the conventional time-sharing approach. This paper proposes a new multi -input single -output (MISO) converter topology with fully integrated switch fault tolerance. It can perform multi -input buck, boost, and buck -boost operations. More importantly, the converter can operate uninterruptedly for single or multiple switch faults. Using simulation and experimental results, a 400 W prototype circuit is designed to analyze the converter's reliability and performance.

Summary Multi‐input converters (MICs) play a significant role in the aspect of the integration of sources. The reliability of the converter can be enhanced by using a suitable fault tolerance converter design and control algorithm. A dual‐input single‐output (DISO) DC–DC converter with source fault tolerance is proposed in this paper. In the literature, there are many topologies in this area of work; however, most of them are based on time‐sharing control. In this control scheme, one input source is contributed to the load, and others are kept idle in a particular duty interval; hence, this control scheme leads to underutilization of the converter. The proposed converter is designed to circumvent these challenges and can produce boost, buck–boost, and buck operations. And also, it has a source fault feature for achieving the preserved output voltage under source V 1 or V 2 failure conditions. A 200‐W prototype is designed, and the feasibility of the proposed converter is validated through simulation and experimental results.

Integrating energy sources is essential for having a sustainable energy supply to drive critical loads. Several types of multi-input converters (MICs) can be developed. However, most of them operate with a time-sharing-based scheme, which means that one energy source is utilized at a particular time, and the remaining sources are idle. This control scheme leads to the underutilization of both the converter and input energy sources. In this regard, this paper proposes a configuration of a single switch dual–input single-output (S-DISO) DC-DC converter, which has a simple structure with a reduced number of switches. It can operate without operational constraints on input energy sources or duty ratio utilization. Performance and comparative analysis are presented in different aspects. The effectiveness of the converter performance is validated using hardware experiments. Compared to the theoretical values, a 240 W laboratory prototype hardware circuit is developed and verified.

Electricity is an important part of a person’s quality of life. It also helps communities provide services like health care and education and makes it possible for businesses to operate in remote areas. This paper describes the load-demand-based design of a solar photovoltaic system for a remote house, and instead of using the traditional AC system, the power distribution system is designed around DC by replacing the inverter with DC-DC converter. This converter boosts a single voltage input, 12 V, to three different output voltages, 200, 40, and 30 V, with various magnitudes, conversion ratios, and polarities. The 200 V is for high-power appliances, 40 and 30 V DC are for low power devices. The simulation was executed on the MATLAB/ SIMULINK platform, and the results were presented.

Multi-input converters play an important role in integrating the independent energy sources utilized in the grid-connected system and electric vehicle (EV) applications. In this scenario, several types of multi-input converters are presented in the literature. Most of the MICs are operated using a time-sharing scheme. This leads to a restricted duty cycle which limits the energy sources utilization and output voltage. To overcome the aforementioned limitations, a multi-input single-output (MISO) boost converter is proposed. It can improve the utilization of energy sources and output voltage with a reduction in the part count. To verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme, a 200 W prototype circuit is developed; simulation and experimental results are validated.

Sensorless speed control of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor, basically a combined control observer design, plays a crucial role in several industries, including electrical and aerospace applications. The key idea is to use only electrical (current) sensors and the remaining mechanical states (speed and rotor position) to be estimated using square-root extended H-8 filter (SREH8F) for a BLDC motor. These estimated states are then fed-back to the controller. In most of the designs, it is assumed that the BLDC motor plant parameters are constant; however, in reality, their parameters vary due to various intrinsic and extrinsic conditions. Compared to the conventional extended Kalman filter or its square root version, the proposed SREH00F for the BLDC motor has an inherent tendency to deal with parameter uncertainties and hence improves the robustness of the overall system. The robustness of the proposed scheme is tested at various reference speeds for a closed-loop BLDC drive; further parametric uncertainties in stator resistance, detuning of inductance, and change in load are considered. The proposed control-observer strategy using SREH8F is compared with its counterpart square-root extended Kalman filter (SREKF), and the experimental results validate the efficacy of SREH8F for speed control of BLDC motor drive during the nominal conditions and in the presence of parametric uncertainties.

Integrating renewable energy sources and the demand for environmentally friendly energy solutions has led to the development of DC microgrids. These microgrids offer improved efficiency, reduced transmission losses, and increased reliability. However, the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation and unpredictable demands require power electronic converters like DC-DC converters in DC microgrids. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) DCDC converters are a potential solution to address these challenges. This paper provides the study of MIMO DC-DC Converters; the study utilized the Scopus database for bibliometric analysis and retrieval of publication documents related to the selected MIMO keyword. The Scientometric analysis was conducted using the VOSviewer software. Also, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in MIMO DC-DC converters for DC microgrid applications, covering various converter topologies and performance evaluation methods.

SummaryInternet of Things (IoT) devices, portable electronics, and electric vehicle (EV) accessories have increased the need for DC power distribution with various outputs. Multiport converters (MPCs) handle numerous inputs and loads with fewer components, low power losses, and less cost. Most multi‐input converters are time‐shared and restrict the duty cycle's working range, limiting energy sources and output voltage. Single‐input multi‐output (SIMO) converters have inductor current and duty cycle limits. In this study, a dual‐input dual‐output (DIDO) converter is proposed to overcome the limitations mentioned above. It can operate multiple loads without restrictions on charging inductor currents and cross‐regulation problems. Any variations will not influence the proposed converter's output voltage VO1 (VO2) by the load current iO2 (iO1). To verify the feasibility of the proposed configuration, a 250 W laboratory prototype has been developed, and experimental results are validated.

Universal power converters (UPCs) have aroused significant attention in performing multiple operations in a single power converter. Furthermore, they contribute to economic operation and improved system performance. In this work, a new configuration of the universal power converter (UPC) was proposed by using a simple switching arrangement. It can perform different modes of operations, such as AC–DC, DC–DC, DC–AC, AC–AC, and cyclo-converter operations. In DC–DC conversion, the proposed configuration can perform buck mode, boost mode, and buck–boost mode of operations. Moreover, in DC–AC conversion, it gives better total harmonic distortion (THD). The effectiveness of the proposed configuration was verified by an extensive simulation, using MATLAB/Simulink environment. A low-power prototype circuit was designed to test the viability of the proposed circuit configuration and validated with simulation results.

The paper is all about the implementation of a novel bio-inspired metaheuristic salp swarm algorithm (SSA) for speed control of brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive that is run in sensorless control mode. The angular speed of the motor is evaluated using an extended kalman filter, in which the dynamics of the motor are nonlinear. The error in speeds between actual and estimated is fed to the PID controller. To achieve the good transient operation of the motor drive, the parameters of the PID are tuned with the SSA. The optimum PID gains are determined by the minimization of integral square error and then final optimum gains are validated on the laboratory testbed. The proposed method is also tested in various cases to check the performance of the drive. The experiments are also performed at low speeds to know the superiority of the proposed method.

A compact DC-DC converter is required as an auxiliary power module in Electric Vehicles (EVs) to power the onboard electric motor and other auxiliaries. Most of the existing multi-port converters have limitations on duty ratio, charging currents of the inductor ( $\text{i}_{\mathrm {L1}}{>}\text{i}_{\mathrm {L2}}$ or $\text{i}_{\mathrm {L1}}{< }\text {i}_{\mathrm {L2}}$ ), output voltages ( $\text{V}_{01}{>}\text{V}_{02}$ or $\text{V}_{01}{< }\text{V}_{02}$ ), and the issue of cross-regulation during load variation. This paper presents a multi-port DC-DC converter with Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) to circumvent all these limitations. The proposed topology generates independent outputs without affecting the other loads during the operation. It is observed that cross-regulation is effectively eliminated while controlling the loads. The control of the converter is simple without any duty ratio and inductor current charging constraints. The validity of the proposed converter has been verified by using a prototype with a 100W rating and delivers two output voltages of 24V and 14.4V at duty ratios of 50% and 30% with an input voltage of 48V. It can be extended to multiple outputs. The simulation and experimental results are analyzed to prove the effectiveness of this auxiliary power module for EV applications.

Hydropower has been used for many years and is essential to meet the renewable energy ambition of the world at present. In a hydroelectric power plant, voltage and frequency control are required, but, the voltage control could be done on the load side. In the present paper, frequency control using Harris Hawks optimization (HHO) for improved performance has been presented. Simulations are performed on the dynamic model of the hydropower plant and results are compared with the conventional PID that is designed using the Ziegler-Nichols method. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is also tested at dynamic conditions of the hydropower plant.

Multi-output converter plays a vital role in portable electronic and electric vehicle (EV) applications. In this regard, a new single-input dual output (SIDO) converter is proposed in this paper. Most of the single-input dual-output converter configurations presented by various researchers in the domain of multi-output converters function under particular assumptions about operational duty cycle and inductor current.Also, the issue of crossregulation is still prevalent while operating the loads in many SIDO converters.The proposed configuration generates two output voltages in boost and buck-boost modes without any constraints on the duty ratioor inductor currents. In addition, it doesn't encounter cross-regulation problems; subsequently, the output voltage V01 (V02) is not influenced by load changes in i02 (i01). To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed configuration, a 200 W prototype circuit is developed; simulation and experimental results are validated.