This paper introduces a series resonant converter (SRC) designed for an off-board EV chargers, controlled by Pulse Width Modulation focusing on its boost mode operation. By incorporating two active switches in the secondary-side rectifier, SRC offers a broad gain range while ensuring consistently high efficiency and performance stability. Increasing the duty cycle of the rectifier-side switches enables the output voltage to step up, transitioning the transformer secondary side converter from a full-bridge structure to a voltage doubling structure. During boost mode, the converter operates at resonant frequency, where it automatically attains two peak efficiency points, minimizing efficiency drops across different gain levels. The proposed SRC’s performance is validated with an 800V input and an output range of 400–950V at a power rating of 3.3kW.

Power converters that can effectively handle broad output voltage ranges are required due to the growing demand for quicker and more flexible electric vehicle (EV) charging. To facilitate flexible charging of both 400 and 800 volt battery systems within a single architecture, this paper proposes a novel three-leg LLC Multiport resonant converter (TL-MRC) topology for onboard EV chargers. A three-leg DC–AC inverter interfaced with two high-frequency transformers and connected to separate LLC resonant tanks is used in the suggested system. Dual voltage levels are supported for different EV platforms by a pair of diode bridge rectifiers on the secondary side, which allow for series or parallel output configuration that is dynamically reconfigurable through low-side switches. The three-leg topology reduces component redundancy, maximizes transformer utilization, and facilitates modular expansion in contrast to current dual-leg or multi-transformer systems. Zero-voltage switching (ZVS), which is accomplished through resonant behavior, is used in conjunction with complementary switching to analyze operational principles. Simulations verify that the converter can deliver up to 10 kW of power in both output modes with high efficiency, soft switching, and improved reliability.

With the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) equipped with batteries rated at either 400 or 800 volts, the design of wireless inductive charging infrastructure poses a significant challenge. Conventional approaches rely on DC-DC converters at the receiver end to regulate voltage, leading to increased circuit complexity, added weight on the vehicle, and decreased overall efficiency. In response, this paper proposes a novel solution: a resonant converter located at the transmitter side capable of doubling the voltage to accommodate both 400 V and 800 V EV batteries. This innovative approach not only maintains high power transfer efficiency during charging but also eliminates the need for additional onboard circuitry. Moreover, the receiver system utilizes only passive semiconductor devices, enhancing compatibility and efficiency across a range of battery voltages. Additionally, the paper explores the advantages of incorporating LCC-series compensation into this converter.

In this paper, a two-stage electric vehicle (EV) architecture of an AC-DC converter is proposed for charging two batteries at a time. It consists of a three-phase multilevel boost PFC converter followed by a bidirectional dual-output DC-DC converter. Also, the DC-DC converter has a Zero voltage switching (ZVS) and isolated outputs. The two stages function independently, allowing the AC-DC stage to operate in continuous conduction mode (CCM) without affecting the duty cycle variation of the DC-DC stage. A suitable control technique is also proposed to improve total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factor, equal power sharing of two batteries. A detailed operating analysis of the proposed dual battery charger is discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed charger is validated by extensive test of laboratory prototype.

In recent years, substantial progress has been made in electric vehicle (EV) technology, necessitating the development of effective and efficient solutions in the field of power electronics. The development of multilevel inverters is the viable solution for electric vehicle power systems, with lower harmonic distortions, enhanced power quality, and the ability to transfer power in both directions. The present research is a revolutionary multisource multilevel inverter (MLI) with fewer switches. Suggested multilevel inverter utilizes two asymmetric battery sources. This distinctive arrangement facilitates the production of a more refined seven-level AC voltage output quality is improved with decreased harmonic content, addressing the rigorous power quality necessity of the electric vehicle requirement. This research provides comprehensive simulation outputs derived from MATLAB-Simulink, regarding the suggested MLI’s performance under varied operational situations and load circumstances. The simulation results involve examining the output voltage waveforms and conducting a harmonic analysis.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicle (EV) battery charging has gaining more attention due to its convenience, safe, and flexible against environmental hazards. Resonant inductive power transfer (RIPT) based wireless charging is the most common method for EV battery charging applications. The current EV models are designed with 800 or 400V battery pack voltages. This paper proposes a Dual– Mode resonant DC–DC Converter for RIPT system. The proposed converter can be operated as a Voltage Doubler for 800V battery packs or a Current Doubler for 400V packs. This converter topology employs series/series resonant networks on both sides of the RIPT system. To check the compatibility of the proposed converter, the MATLAB/Simulink simulations are carried out. The simulation results demonstrate the effective power delivery at a 7.2 kW load with an peak efficiency of 98.05% for both modes. The proposed topology can further be used for a wide range of EV battery charging applications by controlling the primary side inverter duty cycle or switching frequency.

This article proposes an efficient two-stage ac-dc converter for off-board electric vehicle charging applications over a wide range of battery voltages. The proposed charger integrates a three-phase three-level boost power factor correction (TL-BPFC) converter with a bidirectional dual-output CLL (DO-CLL) series resonant converter. In the ac-dc conversion stage, three switches are controlled using a hysteresis technique to enhance input power quality. The second stage, responsible for dc-dc conversion, incorporates an H5-bridge on the primary side and a voltage doubler circuit on the secondary side, providing decoupled outputs through two high-frequency transformers (HFTs) connected to resonant tanks. This configuration allows flexible adjustment of the resonant tank inputs, which can operate in full-bridge (FB), half-bridge (HB), or inactive (IA) modes. This design provides a key advantage of a wide voltage range during forward and reverse operation using reconfigurable H5 bridge. Additionally, the switches in the DO-CLL achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) during turn-on, and the identical HFTs minimize the cross-coupling effect, to enhance the efficiency. A scaled-down laboratory prototype of the off-board EV charger is developed to provide two distinct outputs of 400 V and 200 V, achieving an overall efficiency of 97.6%.

Lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) are generally rated at either 400 V or 800 V. On-board chargers (OBCs) are evolving to support both voltage levels and high-power capabilities to enhance system efficiency. The plugin onboard EV chargers need to charge both voltage levels efficiently. Typically, this is achieved by regulating the output voltage through an additional DC-DC converter. However, this approach adds complexity to the circuit design. This article proposes a dual transformer based dual-mode LLC resonant (DM-LLCR) converter for charging 400 V and 800 V battery packs. The proposed converter can operate in voltage doubler mode to charge an 800 V battery or in current doubler mode to charge a 400 V battery. The proposed converter has a reduced switch count compared to the conventional dual transformer-based LLC resonant converter topologies. The operation of the proposed converter is validated in MATLAB/Simulink at a power rating of 10 kW. To further evaluate the feasibility of the proposed converter, a scaled-down 1 kW laboratory prototype was developed. The peak efficiency recorded is 96.4% for the voltage doubler mode and 96% for the current doubler mode.

Wireless battery charging systems for electric vehicles (EVs) are convenient, safe, and flexible against environmental hazards. Resonant inductive power transfer (RIPT) is the most common method for EV battery charging applications. The inductive coil structure is a major component of the RIPT system, and misalignment between inductive coils is a key issue. This paper proposes an improved, misalignment-tolerant, novel dual orbirect inductive coil structure. The proposed coil structure is designed using finite element modeling (FEM) and investigates magnetic parameters such as self and mutual inductance at various horizontal and vertical misalignment distances. Finally, based on the FEM analysis, the RIPT system is designed for 1 kW, and simulations were carried out in MATLAB. The presented results show that the output voltage exhibits minimal variation across 50% misalignment range. The peak efficiency achieved at full load conditions is 96.2%.

This paper focuses on enhancing lateral motion stability in an independent drive electric vehicle (IDEV) under various uncertainties such as parameter variations, external disturbances, and input time delay. Initially, a new mathematical model for the IDEV is developed, accounting for these uncertainties. Further, a sliding mode predictive control (SMPC) utilizing an adaptive reaching law (ARL) is designed to alleviate the chattering effects, expedite reaching time and mitigate the impact of input time delay. Additionally, two virtual control signals are generated to improve tracking accuracy. An optimal control allocation technique is then introduced to map virtual control signals to actual control inputs. To further enhance control robustness and path-tracking accuracy, disturbance observer and delay estimator are designed to accurately estimate unknown disturbances and input time delay, with feedback incorporated into the SMPC. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments are performed for two specific driving maneuvers and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ARL-SMPC design.

Resonant inductive-based wireless power transfer (WPT) for battery charging has potential applications in electric vehicles (EVs). The EV battery charging process requires the regulation of both charging voltage and current. Duty ratio or frequency control is generally preferred to manage the power flow between the transmitter and receiver coils in the WPT system. In the case of WPT charging, misalignment between the coils and parameter variations are unavoidable issues that result in changes to the output power. Therefore, it is essential to control the power flow to maintain constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes during battery charging. To address these challenges, various primary-side control techniques, such as asymmetric clamped mode (ACM), asymmetric duty cycle (ADC), and phase-shift (PS) fixed frequency control strategies, have been proposed for WPT systems. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of these control methods, considering their output voltage ranges and their ability to maintain zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for the entire control range. Furthermore, the paper presents a generalized design for reduced-order small signal modelling, utilizing an extended describing function. The designed controller, based on small signal modelling, will undergo real-time testing to evaluate its dynamic performance in the series-series resonant converter.

In this paper, an adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) combined with deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) is developed to enhance current tracking precision and improve speed robustness in in-wheel permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), particularly under uncertainties such as parameter mismatches and external disturbances. These uncertainties are modeled as lumped disturbances within the PMSM drive system. First, the ASMC is developed to enhance speed tracking, while the adaptive reaching law is employed to mitigate chattering and expedite the rise time, ensuring fast convergence to the desired speed. Next, the DPCC is applied to further improve current regulation performance. Additionally, disturbance observer is designed to estimate the lumped disturbances and provide compensation in the speed and current control loop, thereby improving the drive performance robustness. The effectiveness of the proposed ASMC-DPCC method is demonstrated through simulations on in-wheel PMSM motors, showing improved tracking accuracy and disturbance rejection.

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) has gained significant popularity in recent times, particularly in electric vehicle (EV) battery charging applications. To achieve optimal battery charging, it is imperative to implement both constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes of operation. Traditionally, CC/CV modes are attained through conventional phase shift techniques, frequency modulation schemes, the use of active converters, and additional compensator circuits and coils. However, these conventional methods not only reduce system efficiency but also escalate overall costs and control complexity on the onboard side. This article proposes a novel bipolar duty cycle control strategy for a series-series resonant IPT system, aiming to achieve CC/CV modes of operation. The proposed control strategy increases the number of switches operated with zero voltage switching, compared to other fixed-frequency phase shift control strategies across a wide load range. Furthermore, the article provides a detailed procedure for implementing the voltage and current compensator. Additionally, it describes the construction of a one-kilowatt laboratory prototype using Sic devices, presenting the obtained results. The peak measured DC-DC efficiency of 93.8 % is achieved at a distance of 150 mm, and the efficiency has also been evaluated under misalignment conditions.

This paper proposes a hybrid phase shift control strategy for dual side inductor-capacitor-capacitor compensated inductive power transfer (IPT) system to achieve a wide output voltage regulation range. The first-order harmonic time domain model is used to compute the inverter output voltage. Then, models of system operation in constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) modes are developed to analyze the efficiency of the battery charging process. The designed controller loops are validated for a 1 kW MATLAB Simulink model. Results show that a maximum efficiency of 93.80% is achieved at full load conditions, and the proposed control strategy achieves zero voltage switching (ZVS) in more switches than the conventional control method.

The design of inductive charging systems presents a significant challenge for various electric vehicle models, each equipped with diverse battery packs ranging from 200 to 800 V. Typically, DC–DC converters, along with diode bridge rectifiers or controlled rectifiers, are employed to accommodate this wide battery voltage range. However, this conventional approach increases vehicle weight and introduces greater control intricacies. In response, this article proposes a wide-gain converter with two sets of coupled coils to charge batteries of different voltage ranges without compromising system efficiency. The proposed system operates in four modes: voltage doubler mode, current doubler mode, full-bridge mode, and half-bridge mode, which has high voltage gain, high current gain, medium voltage gain, and low voltage gain operations. The simulations have been performed using MATLAB-Simulink software to validate the efficacy of the dual full-bridge converter across various battery voltages (800 V, 400 V, and 200 V) and power levels. Furthermore, a laboratory prototype has been built with SiC devices to further validate the proposed converter.

AbstractAs the demand for electric vehicles (EV) continues to increase, the need for effective charging and switching of battery systems becomes more important. This article presents a method using the Bat Algorithm (BA) improved by chaotic diversification as well as social education to optimize the power source replacement and the electric vehicle charging procedure. The plan is intended to solve the issues of payment delay and battery management failure. The algorithm searches for better positions by combining chaotic diversity, while social learning supports the coordination of battery stations. Thanks to extensive simulation and real‐world testing, our approach shows significant improvements in optimization and a reduced payback period. The results show that the suggested approach outperforms the current algorithms in terms of rotation speed and good solution. This research supports the development of efficient transportation by providing practical solutions to increase the efficiency of electric vehicle transfer and payment and ultimately encourage greater effort.

The recent surge in electric vehicle (EV) adoption has presented various challenges, notably in the charging and discharging processes of EV batteries, each characterized by unique traits. While conventional charging stations remain popular, battery swap stations (BSS) offer a compelling alternative, addressing issues like prolonged waiting times and potential battery degradation from fast charging. BSS, with its extensive array of battery systems, ensures efficient services for EVs. However, meticulous planning for the charging and discharging operations is imperative for both BSS and the overall grid to guarantee optimal functionality. This paper proposes an efficient approach to enhance the efficiency of battery swapping and charging mechanisms (BSCM) for electric vehicles, leveraging the bat algorithm. The BSCM is conceived as a system that incorporates both the battery swapping mechanism (BSM) and the battery charging mechanism (BCM). The key contribution lies in designing an effective BSCM where the BSM functions as a manager, handling battery swapping requests from EV users, while the BCM acts as a supporter, interfacing with the grid to regulate battery charging and discharging power. To efficiently address the mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) inherent in this system, a Bat algorithm is developed. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in efficiently addressing large-scale problems, producing solutions that closely approach optimality. It promptly achieves a substantial reduction in battery swapping energy by 30% and 24%, respectively, and significantly enhances charging station utilization by 25% and 21% compared to the LSTM-Based Rolling Horizon Approach and Bilevel Optimization Approach. Additionally, the algorithm showcases remarkable improvements in battery swapping performance, boasting a 25% and 19% enhancement, and noteworthy increases in charging station utilization by 20% and 17% compared to the aforementioned approaches. This enhancement in the energy exchange with grid and regulation contributes to the overall efficiency and sustainability of electric vehicle operations.

This letter proposes a novel single-phase six-switch four-port boost inverter with active power decoupling (6S4PwA). The four ports are two dc ports, an ac port, and a ripple port that acts as an active power decoupling (APD) circuit. A novel hybrid modified sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (HMSPWM) scheme is proposed to operate the 6S4PwA. The proposed topology along with the HMSPWM scheme achieves high voltage gains at both the dc and ac ports and also eliminates the double-frequency ripple at dc ports. The ac film capacitor employed at the ripple port absorbs the 2 omega ripple component, thereby eliminating dc-link voltage and inductor current ripples at two dc ports. Hence, the size of the dc-link capacitor and inductor at dc ports is reduced significantly. Overall, the proposed topology employs fewer components for four ports and reduces the size of passive elements, resulting in improved power density and reduced cost. To evaluate the performance of the proposed topology, a 500-W prototype is fabricated and tested. The experimental results show that the converter attains boost, inverter, and APD operations in a single stage and also improves power quality at the ac port.

This paper proposes multiport DC-DC converter for on-board charger (OBC) EV applications with simultaneous charging of high voltage (HV) battery and low voltage (LV) battery. The evolution of this converter involves replacing the switch found in a conventional step-up converter with a pair of series-connected switches. This arrangement allows for an additional switch node that generates a LV output. the proposed converter has benefits of high voltage gain for HV side, continuous input current, a reduced switching count, regulation of two battery voltages with two switches. Moreover, the inherent shoot-through protection enhances the converter's reliability. The proposed converter exhibits same working principle as that of conventional boost and buck converters. Consequently, the control system methodology remains consistent with that of separate converters, ensuring precise regulation of each output. The working principle, design analysis is discussed. To validate the theoretical analysis, detailed simulation results are presented.

Wireless power transfer stands out as a transformative technology that provides a hassle-free, secure, and effective method for charging of power appliances without the constraints of cables. In this paper, performance analysis of a wireless mobile charging system (lower power appliances) based on a well-established principle electromagnetic induction has been carried out. The system comprises transmitter and receiver circuits featuring wireless power transfer coils. These coils are designed and simulations using ANSYS Maxwell software to analyze the impact of coil misalignment on mutual inductance and coupling coefficient variations of the wireless charging system. The electromagnetic coupled coils are deployed in a charging circuit model designed in MATLAB/Simulink model to demonstrate its dynamic behaviour, showcasing the system's capability to generate a stable 5 V DC voltage for lower power appliances. This study highlights the practicality of optimizing the design of wireless charging system.