The present research demonstrates the analysis of magnet inhomogeneity and gradient current variation and their effect on image distortion in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In this study, the primary magnet’s static magnetic field in MRI evaluated using a tesla meter at various positions. We discovered that the primary magnet appears to be inhomogeneous for the end position (about 200 mm). Furthermore, the surface morphology and sample localization with variation from iso-center in the presence of variation in gradient current scale carried out with GRE and Spin echo sequence. In these experiments, we have analyzed that the gradient scaling factor plays a crucial role in the surface morphology and localization of samples. The geometric distortion of the sample observed at the end position and which can be the reason for magnetic in-homogeneity and gradient inappropriate scale.

Rice is the most widely consumed staple food across the world. Individual kernel investigation is important for the quality analysis of a given sample. The manual technique for the same is time consuming and tedious approach. The results of manual analysis depend on the skill, attitude and vengeance of a quality inspector. An image processing technique provides a quick and easy means of investigating rice parameters. This paper presents the procedure for calculation of length, width and colour of rice kernels using image processing. The manifestation of proposed grain analyser set-up capable of analysing grain sample from all possible side is explained. The classification of seeds according to Cambodia standard is also illustrated in this paper.

Food consumed in daily diet consists of fruits, cereal grains and spices. Cereal grains are considered to be the most important part as it meets the nutrition needs of the human population. It is necessary to check the quality of food before consuming as it directly impacts on health. Amongst the various food analysis techniques this paper focuses on a semi-automated, an image processing and two machine learning techniques with their advantages and limitations.

This paper elaborates idea of quality control system for pathogen detection. Contamination of food with different bacteria is a serious threat happened nowadays. It is specially regulating cost-effective quality control systems for processed foods. Quality control system is used for the detection of pathogen, bacteria from processed food which is packed and checking by over long time. The actual role of quality control system in food industry is important for the detection of bacteria like salmonella or e-coli from the preserved food. Here, we are considering chocolate as product from which we can try to find out bacteria salmonella. Which will protect our health from food infection and food contamination? We can make different sensors for the detection of the pathogen from food or from water.

In Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system, the MRI receiver plays a crucial role for image acquisition. In this paper, implementation results of MRI receiver are shown. A sinc modulated test signal with center frequency of 5MHz is applied as input to the digital MRI receiver. This signal is further decimated with a factor of 20 by using Digital Down-Converter (DDC). The successful implementation of DDC is achieved using the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques and verified using the MATLAB software. The block design of the overall receiver chain is implemented using VIVADO software. On comparing the simulation results the paper concludes that the obtained simulation results are equivalent to the transmitter's input baseband signal.

In present scenario more than 70% of the drugs that are taken by oral route are found to be less effective as desired, to overcome this constraint Transdermal drug delivery system has emerged as an innovative area of research, this system helps in delivering the drugs and macromolecules through skin into systemic circulation. At present, the worldwide market of Transdermal patch has reached 2 billion pounds. Many drugs like Estrogen, Progestrone, Nitroglycerine, Clonodine etc. are fabricated in form of Transdermal patches due to its ability to deliver the drug in non-invasive manner and also to overcome the problems associated with oral route. Although the Transdermal patches deliver the drug at predetermined rate1, the partitioning of drug from the system to the skin and then penetration through different layers of skin can be altered by adding penetration enhancers that can be physical or chemical in nature. This article deals with the role of different chemicals that can be used as penetration enhancer. Keywords: Penetration enhancer, Layer of skin, Fatty alcohol and glycol

FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is an open-source framework consisting of a small hardware core and a host-software library. It provides a platform for extensible communications, allowing the specialized chips in the FPGAs to program and perform very specific functions in hardware. Implementation of a function in software can be done in the exact manner as in case of an FPGA and thus can be executed in hardware. This paper presents the designing and simulation of RF Signal Generation for MRI systemsusing the PS to PL communication over FPGA platform with the help of Ethernet communication protocol. The working of embedded processor inside FPGA is such that it can receive data via Ethernet in the form of packets. Further processing of the data is carried out on the received Ethernet packets from which actual data is extracted, processed and finally transmitted to the other required subsystems, as in this case to RF Transmit coils. The concept explained in this paper enables the host PC to transmit data to Xilinx-based FPGA board via Ethernet using a standard synchronous inter-networking protocol (TCP/IP). The implementation platform is an evaluation board which has an Arm processor on FPGA. Using the VIVADO tool, the processor is configured inside the Zynq SOC. SDK (Software Development Kit) helps in configuring the software part of the processor. The link between the PC and the evaluation board is well established using the Ethernet interface and the output is given to the AXI GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins. The output from GPIO is given to subsequent system like DUC (Digital-Up Converter) and from DUC it is further passed on to RF DAC.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical imaging modality used to produce good quality images of soft tissue in ligaments and other internal body organs. MRI is non-invasive scanning technique based on the principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The MRI scan time depends on the size of the scanned area and the number of images being reconstructed. This scan time reduction may reduce the artifacts in the reconstruction by improving the patient comfort. Compressed sensing (CS) theory helps MRI to reduce the scan time by reconstructing MR images with fewer sampled measurements. Application of CS to MRI gives acceleration in MR image acquisition. This paper focuses on randomly under sampled k-space data and use of CS-MR image reconstruction. This work compares variable density mask and Poisson mask and show their usefulness in Compressed Sensing applied to MRI image reconstruction. Image reconstruction using Nonlinear conjugate gradient method has been performed on the cardiac dataset at different acceleration factors. Further in the paper, reconstructed images are quantified by Peak Signal To Noise Ratio (PSNR).

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-10 at Lakhaoti, Bulandshahr (UP) to study the effect of integrated use of inorganic fertilizer with FYM on yield, uptake of nutrients and economics of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The results revealed that the bulb diameter, scale leaves/bulb, fresh weight of bulb, specific gravity of bulb and bulb yield increased significantly with 150% RD of NPK over control. All the parameters further increased when 10 tonnes FYM/ha was added along with 100% NPK. An additional bulb yield of 2.2 tonnes/ha was realized with 100% NPK + 10 tonnes/ha over 100% NPK alone. Application of 100% NPK + 10 tonnes FYM + 6 kg Zn + 20 kg S/ha produced bulb (36.95 tonnes/ha) and dry matter yield (5.66 tonnes/ha) of onion which was superior to 150% NPK alone (34.08 and 5.22 tonnes/ha). The maximum gross return (Rupees 234 902.5 tonnes/ha), net returns (Rupees 171 085.1/ha) B: C ratio (2.67) and protein yield (368 kg/ha) were obtained with combined use of 100% NPK + FYM + Zn + S. However, the maximum protein content (6.6%) was recorded with 150% NPK application. The uptake of N, P, K, S and Zn by onion bulbs was found to be associated with production of dry matter resulted by the addition of 100% NPK + FYM + Zn + S. The results indicated that combined use of 100% NPK and FYM enriched with Zn and S was the most appropriate nutrient management for higher productivity and profitability of onion.

The advent of a-Si Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) has led to an important tool for the clinicians to verify the location of the radiation therapy beam with respect to the patient anatomy. However, the Electronic Portal Images (EPI) are blur and suffer from low contrast due to Compton Scattering. It is difficult to differentiate between the organs and tissues from low contrast images. We need better in-treatment images to extract relevant features of the anatomy for a reliable patient set-up verification. The goal of this research work was to inspect several image processing techniques for contrast enhancement and edge detection/sharpening on EPI in DICOM format and improvise their visual aspects for better diagnosis and intervention. We propose a hybrid approach to enhance the quality of electronic portal images by using CLAHE algorithm and median filtering followed by image sharpening. Results suggest impressive improvement in the image quality by the proposed method. To quantify the degree of enhancement or degradation for various techniques experimentally, metrics like RMSE and PSNR are compared.

a-Si Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) is an important tool to verify the location of the radiation therapy beam with respect to the patient anatomy. But, Electronic Portal Images (EPI) suffer from low contrast. In order to have better in-treatment images to extract relevant features of the anatomy, image processing tools need to be integrated in the Radiology systems. The goal of this research work is to inspect several image processing techniques for contrast enhancement of electronic portal images and gauge parameters like mean, variance, standard deviation, MSE, RMSE, entropy, PSNR, AMBE, normalised cross correlation, average difference, structural content (SC), maximum difference and normalised absolute error (NAE) to study their visual quality improvement. In addition, by adding salt and pepper noise, Gaussian noise and motion blur, we calculate error measurement parameters like Universal Image Quality (UIQ) index, Enhancement Measurement Error (EME), Pearson Correlation Coefficient, SNR and Mean Absolute error (MAE). The improved results point out that image processing tools need to be incorporated into radiology for accurate delivery of dose.

a-Si Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) is an important tool to verify the location of the radiation therapy beam with respect to the patient anatomy.But, Electronic Portal Images (EPI) suffer from low contrast.In order to have better in-treatment images to extract relevant features of the anatomy, image processing tools need to be integrated in the Radiology systems.The goal of this research work is to inspect several image processing techniques for contrast enhancement of electronic portal images and gauge parameters like mean, variance, standard deviation, MSE, RMSE, entropy, PSNR, AMBE, normalised cross correlation, average difference, structural content (SC), maximum difference and normalised absolute error (NAE) to study their visual quality improvement.In addition, by adding salt and pepper noise, Gaussian noise and motion blur, we calculate error measurement parameters like Universal Image Quality (UIQ) index, Enhancement Measurement Error (EME), Pearson Correlation Coefficient, SNR and Mean Absolute error (MAE).The improved results point out that image processing tools need to be incorporated into radiology for accurate delivery of dose.

Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that produces high quality images of soft tissues and internal vital body organs. Images obtained from magnetic resonance are highly redundant in nature and the complete image can be reconstructed with small amount of data. Compressive Sampling technique in Magnetic Resonance Imaging depends on sparsity of coefficients in transform domain. Incoherent artifacts are non-local artifacts which are present all over in images. These artifacts may appear as noise in the image, though they are not actual noise. Non-local incoherent artifacts are generated by zero filled with density compensation reconstruction. Effect of non local incoherent artifact reduction is observed on brain data and Shepp Logan phantom image and the results are quantified in terms of Root mean square error (RMSE) and Peak Signal to Noise ratio (PSNR) with different acceleration factors.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non invasive medical test which is used by radiologists to diagnose and treat medical conditions. Comprehensive images of the body part/tissue are produced using 1.5 Tesla strong magnetic field and radio frequency pulses. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is based on the principle of changing the magnetization property of the hydrogen atoms in human body by using RF fields. These RF fields are generated using a set of pulses called as pulse sequence. Design of these pulse sequences depend on the imaging application required. In this paper the design method of producing these pulse sequences is explained in detail. Pulse sequence is a sequence of temporal waveforms consisting of RF pulses, gradient (magnetic fields) waveforms and data acquisition intervals. Some of the commonly used pulse sequences are: Spin Echo (SE) sequence, Inversion Recovery (IR) sequence, Gradient Echo (GRE) sequence etc. Using these SE, IR, GRE pulse sequences we get different images like T1 weighted, T2 weighted, proton density (PD) weighted image. These images depend on Repetition Time (TR), Echo Time (TE) and Proton Density (PD) (1). The signal received from hydrogen proton is recorded and then K space is filled. By taking the Inverse Fourier Transform of K space data the image is reconstructed.

Accurate patient positioning is one of the major requirements of delivering precise radiation therapy. The objective of this research is to verify the localisation of the dose delivered. In this paper, image registration technique based on anatomical landmarks of the patient is used to compare the similarity between Digitally Reconstructed Radiograph (DRR) and the digital portal image acquired by Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) and calculation of the setup error for pelvic region using bony landmark points is done. The purpose of this study is to evaluate these registration results on the basis of parameters like mutual information, joint histogram, scatter plot, joint entropy, histogram error, line intensity profile and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). For the pelvis case, the average Euclidean distance by gold standard is less than 2 mm. Our results were satisfactory and within acceptable limits i. e. the maximum set up error obtained is 1.859 mm.

Field experiments were conducted at Lakhaoti, Bulandshahr (U.P.) during rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the effect of potassium and sulphur on yield and uptake of nutrients by onion. The treatments consisted of four levels of K (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg K2O ha -1 ) and S (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha -1 ) Results revealed that fresh weight per bulb, bulb and dry matter yield increased significantly with increasing levels of K and S individually as well as in various combinations. Application of K and S increased the content and yield of protein in onion bulbs. The uptake of nutrients, (N, P, K and S) increased significantly with increasing levels of K and S. The synergistic effect of K and S levels was observed on yield and uptake of K and S by onion bulb.

The phenotypic as well as genotypic correlation and path analysis of yield and yield contributing characters were analysed in 3 sets (25 genotypes in each set) of deep water rice (Oryza sativa L.). Grain yield had showed highly significant rp and rg with PDT and grains per panicle in all the 3 sets studied. Grain yield had highly significant rp and rg with plant height, panicle length in Set-III only where test weight was high. PDT had highest positive direct effect on grain yield in all the three sets invariably with the difference in test weight. In Set-II and Set-III where test weight was medium and high, grains per panicle showed next highest direct effect towards grain yield. Direct effect of plant height was considerable in Set-I only.