Recent advances in autonomous driving have accelerated the deployment of robotaxi services, positioning them as a key component of future urban mobility. However, existing research has largely emphasized pre-adoption intentions, offering limited insight into users’ post-experience evaluations and continued usage behavior in fully driverless contexts. To address this gap, this study examines how perceived value and perceived risk, conceptualised as higher-order constructs, are jointly associated with continued usage intention toward robotaxi services in China. Guided by the cognitive–affective–conative (CAC) framework, perceived value and perceived risk are conceptualized as multidimensional cognitive evaluations formed through actual usage experiences. Based on survey data collected from 409 users with real-world robotaxi experience in Wuhan, China, the study employs structural equation modeling to investigate how these cognitive evaluations shape affective responses, including positive emotion, negative emotion, and satisfaction and, in turn, continued usage intention. The results show that perceived value is strongly associated with higher post-experience positive emotion and satisfaction, which in turn are positively related to continued usage intention, with satisfaction emerging as the strongest direct predictor. In contrast, perceived risk is primarily associated with higher post-experience negative emotion, while its associations with satisfaction and continued usage intention remain weak. This suggests that positive affective and evaluative mechanisms play a more dominant role in sustaining usage than cost-related concerns. By extending the CAC framework to post-experience robotaxi usage, this study deepens the understanding of continued usage behavior in autonomous mobility and offers practical implications for enhancing user acceptance and supporting the large-scale deployment of robotaxi services in China.

Motorcycles dominate urban transport in Southeast Asia but significantly contribute to air pollution and health risks. Government efforts to promote electric motorcycles (EMs) have been extensive, yet consumer switch rates continue to lag behind expectations. Currently, AI plays a transformative role in the development, functionality, and optimisation of EMs; however, the influence of beliefs in AI benefits and trust in AI on EM switching intention has not been examined. This study addresses this gap by extending the Value-Belief-Norm theory with these two constructs, incorporating age and gender as moderators. Additionally, perceived value is treated as a second-order construct, consisting of five dimensions that collectively capture its multifaceted nature. Data from Vietnamese respondents were analysed using PLS-SEM. The results show that perceived value directly influences beliefs in EM benefits, AI benefits for EMs, and trust in AI technologies. Trust in AI and personal norms significantly shape the switching intention. This research provides actionable recommendations for policymakers to accelerate EM switching intention and contributes to advancing theoretical discussions on sustainable transport and AI integration in mobility solutions.

PurposeThis study aims to: (1) develop a stakeholder-based understanding of experiential learning (EL) approaches in hospitality and tourism (H&T) higher education; and (2) examine the impact of EL approaches on students' career intentions to pursue careers in the H&T industry.Design/methodology/approachThe present research adopted a mixed-method approach, encompassing two primary studies. The first study aimed to investigate experiential learning (EL) approaches and identify a comprehensive set of EL activities within the context of H&T higher education. This phase involved three key steps: a literature review to discern EL approaches and associated activities, a survey with a sample of 17 directors of H&T bachelor programs to gather insights from real-life programs and refine identified activities based on the literature, and a pretest completed by undergraduate students in the H&T Bachelor's program to validate the content validity of EL approaches. The findings from the initial study served as inputs for the second study, which employed a survey-based quantitative research approach.FindingsThe study explored four stakeholder-based EL approaches: classroom-based, community-based, laboratory-based, and industry-based. Notably, classroom-based and community-based EL directly influenced career intentions. While career exploration fully mediated the relationship between laboratory-based EL and career intention, it did not mediate the link between industry-based EL and career intention. Laboratory- and industry-based EL indirectly influenced career intentions through career commitment.Originality/valueThis study makes a novel contribution by being the first to investigate how stakeholder-involved experiential learning (EL) approaches influence students' career exploration, commitment, and intentions in the hospitality and tourism (H&T) industry, offering new insights into theory-practice integration in career development.

Urban transportation in Vietnam, dominated by fossil fuel-powered motorbikes, is causing severe air pollution, contributing to climate change, and posing a threat to public health. In response to these challenges, promoting the transition from traditional motorbikes to electric motorcycles (EMs) is considered a sustainable transportation solution, aligning with the global trend toward green development. However, to expand market share and enhance the acceptance of electric motorcycles, a deeper understanding of consumer perception and behavior is essential. This study aims to develop and test a research model based on the cognitive-affective-conative framework. Data collected from 506 conventional motorbike users in Vietnam were analyzed using the SEM method. The study employs a second-order model, grounded in the cognitive-affective-conative framework, to evaluate the relationship between perceived value and perceived cost with the intention to use electric motorcycles, mediated by the role of anticipated emotions. The findings clarify the role of perceived value and perceived cost in shaping customers' anticipated emotions, which significantly influence their intention to switch to electric motorcycles. These insights not only provide valuable information for manufacturers and policymakers but also contribute to shaping development and marketing strategies for electric motorcycles in the future.

Carbon emissions from fuel-based motorcycles are compromising the sustainability of transport systems in low- and middle-income countries. To address this issue, the decarbonization of the transportation sector through the adoption of electric motorcycles (EMs) has attracted growing attention from both practitioners and academics. However, existing research on EM adoption intentions has predominantly focused on the factors facilitating adoption, with limited inquiries into both the reasons for and against EM adoption. This study applies Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT) to examine the role of EM image in shaping consumers’ attitudes and intentions toward EM adoption. It also investigates how consumers’ reasons for and against adopting EMs mediate the relationships between EM image and these attitudes and intentions. Data were collected from 762 residents without EM ownership across two major cities in Vietnam. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the relationships between variables. The findings revealed that EM image positively influences reasons for, reasons against, and attitudes toward EM adoption. Reasons for EM adoption are positively associated with both attitudes and intentions to adopt EMs, whereas reasons against EM adoption negatively impact intentions and show a non-significant effect on attitudes. Additionally, the study confirmed the positive relationship between attitudes and intentions to adopt EMs. These results advance the existing literature on EM adoption by highlighting the predictive roles of EM image and behavioral reasoning in shaping consumers’ attitudes and intentions toward adopting EMs.

Perceived accessibility refers to individuals' subjective perception of how easy it is to reach destinations using a specific mode of transport. As such, understanding the effect of perceived accessibility on travel behavior is essential for creating transport systems and urban environments that are efficient, equitable, and sustainable. This study develops a new integrated model by combining the Norm Activation Model (NAM), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), perceived risk, and perceived accessibility. This enhanced model offers a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing individuals' intentions to switch to urban train systems. Additionally, the moderating effects of perceived accessibility on the link between personal, contextual factors and switching intention are also explored. The model developed is tested using data obtained from a sample of 535 individuals in Hanoi, Vietnam. This is particularly important because more research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is needed to address the sustainability challenges these nations face due to their dependency on motorized private transport. The findings show that subjective norms have the strongest effect on the intention, followed by personal norms, attitude, and perceived accessibility. This study also confirms the moderating role of perceived accessibility on the link between attitude and switching intention, while the other hypotheses regarding the moderating effects of perceived accessibility are not supported by the findings. These insights aim to inform policymakers and public transport authorities in developing targeted strategies to promote sustainable urban mobility in Vietnam.

In low- and middle-income countries, electric motorcycles (EMs) are not generally well accepted in the community as many infrastructural, technological, and psychosocial barriers remain unaddressed. A greater understanding of adoption barriers perceived by motorcycle riders can help devise strategies, such as policy and behavioural change interventions, to increase the uptake of EMs. This study aimed to investigate the risk dimensions of EM adoption and integrate them into the Theory of Planned Behaviour to model users’ intention to adopt EMs. A multi-group analysis was also conducted to examine the moderating effect of demographic characteristics on the proposed model. The data were collected from two cities in Vietnam, making this one of the region’s first theory-based studies on the electrification of the transport system. The outcomes of the structural equation modeling affirmed that the psychosocial variables outlined in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (i.e., attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and social norms) and perceived risk significantly influence the behavioural intention to adopt EMs. These findings hold significance for policymakers and manufacturers as they provide valuable insights into the factors that can be targeted to enhance the adoption of EMs. This represents a crucial step towards advancing sustainability goals in low- and middle-income countries.

Resilience, which is understood as the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganise while undergoing change, has increasingly become an important topic in both professional practices and academic research. In tourism and hospitality, this is an essential ability for the destinations, the organisations, as well as the workforce to adapt and thrive during competitive and challenging times. This chapter focuses on the workforce, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of resilience from the organisational perspective and the individual career perspective. It provides a thorough theoretical background of organisational resilience, employee resilience, and career resilience. Additionally, empirical data from Vietnam in the context of a major health crisis, that is, the COVID-19 pandemic, will further illustrate and broaden the knowledge of these issues. Two empirical studies will be included. The first study, with a qualitative approach and from a managerial perspective, demonstrates human resource (HR) practices during the pandemic to ensure the resilience of the organisation and the workforce. A framework of HR practices to enhance resilience during a crisis is proposed. The second study, with a quantitative approach and from an employee perspective, explores the factors which influence the career resilience of the hospitality and tourism workforce, with the foundation of the protection motivation theory. The link of resilience between these two perspectives is then drawn, together with practical and theoretical implications.

Food delivery riders are overrepresented in road crashes. Arguably, the increased risk experienced by food delivery riders is linked to the working conditions offered by the "gig economy". Research is needed to fully understand the safety-related issues this vulnerable group of road users face daily and identify opportunities for counter measures. In this investigation, we proposed a new theoretical model to explain the risky behaviour of food delivery motorcyclists based on the well-established Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. Following the JD-R, we considered the impact of job demands (job aspects that require sustained effort) and job resources (job aspects that help achieve work-related goals, reduce job demands and stimulate personal development) on the risky riding behaviours of food delivery motorcyclists. The JD-R model was also extended with three constructs, including personal demands, personal resources, and perceived safety risk to explore the role of individuals' within-person aspects. The developed model was tested using data collected from 554 food delivery riders in the two biggest cities in Vietnam. The results showed that job burnout, job resources, and personal demands directly impact risky riding behaviours, in which job burnout was the most significant predictor. Constructs such as job demands, personal resources, and perceived safety risk were not significant predictors of risky riding behaviours. This research shows that organisation-level factors could be modified to prevent risky riding behaviour. The gig economy industry can do much more to improve the safety of delivery riders.

Environmental problems caused by petrol motor vehicles have promoted electrification in the automotive industry. In low- and middle-income countries, albeit the shift to electric motorcycles (EMs) has been encouraged by the governments, the adoption of EMs has been limited. Therefore, a better understanding of how the adoption of EMs is promoted is needed to recommend more effective practical actions to governments and vehicle producers. Drawing on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the diffusion of innovation theory (DIT), this research aims to examine the impact of technological, innovational, and attitudinal factors on EM adoption behaviour. An integration of PLS-SEM and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) approach was used to analyse data gathered from 751 Vietnamese people, who had not owned an EM. The findings show that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use do not directly affect EM adoption intention; however, attitude is found to mediate these links. Three DIT-based factors (i.e., compatibility, trialability, and observability) are found to positively influence the intention to adopt EMs. The NCA results further reveal that four out of the eight latent variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, and compatibility) are necessary conditions for EM adoption intention. The results of this study extend the stream of EM adoption research by identifying the predictive role of technological, attitudinal, and innovational factors through the combined data analytical approaches of PLS-SEM and NCA. The practical implications are provided for governments and vehicle manufacturers to further promote EM adoption.

By applying the protection motivation theory, the study aims to investigate factors influencing tourism and hospitality (T&H) workers' career resilience when faced with health-related risks at work during a pandemic. Data were collected from 495 part-time and full-time employees in the Vietnamese tourism and hospitality sector. The study found that workers' perceived vulnerability and perceived severity of the pandemic were positively associated with career resilience. Perceived severity was positively related to self-efficacy and response efficacy, while perceived vulnerability was positively associated with self-efficacy only. Both self-efficacy and response efficacy positively influenced career resilience through the mediating role of health risk preventative behavior. Theoretically, the study advances the stream of research in resilience in general and career resilience in particular among T&H workers when faced with a health-related crisis. Practical implications are provided with recommendations on how to facilitate career resilience among T&H employees working in the current high-risk environment.

In the transport context, there has been limited research examining passengers' health-protective behaviour while travelling during a health-related crisis such as COVID-19. This study develops a conceptual model aiming to explore determinants associated with passengers' self-protective intentions using the context of ride-hailing services in Vietnam. Ride-hailing services are popular in countries where public transport is underdeveloped. The conceptual model is based on perceived risk and self-efficacy as the main predictor of self-protective intentions when using ride-hailing services. In addition, the proposed conceptual model explores the direct and indirect impact of subjective knowledge and the perceived effectiveness of preventive measures on self-protective intentions. The proposed conceptual model was tested on a large sample of ride-hailing users in Vietnam (n = 527). The structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis results indicate that self-efficacy has the highest total impact on self-protective behaviour, followed by subject knowledge and perceived effectiveness of preventive measures. Self-efficacy also plays a fully mediating role in the linkage between the perceived effectiveness of preventive measures implemented by ride-hailing organisations and the intention to engage in self-protective behaviour. The results of this study expand the current understanding of ride-hailing passengers' health-protective behaviour and contribute to the transport and public health literature.

The service environment has been considered to be an important factor contributing to customer loyalty towards a service in the context of marketing; however, very few studies have provided an understanding of the linkage between such factors in the literature of behaviour towards public transport services. Consequently, this study develops a comprehensive model to explain the relationships between service atmosphere, suitable behaviours of other passengers, passenger-passenger interactions, and experience quality on the behavioural intention of passengers to reuse and recommend bus services, as well as the interrelationship among these constructs. Data was gathered through a face-to-face questionnaire survey of 910 bus passengers in two Vietnamese cities over the two months of September and October 2019. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to investigate the research gaps, with the findings providing important insights into the strength and significance of the hypothesised model relationships. The study also offers practical suggestions for public transport providers to enhance passenger loyalty by improving their understanding of the roles of physical and social environments and experience quality.

This study proposes an integrated model based on the Risk Perception Attitude (RPA) framework and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model to investigate behavioral intention toward traveling in times of a health-related crisis. A survey was conducted via online networks of travelers, yielding 338 valid cases. The findings indicate that health risk perception is affected by information search about the Covid-19 disease. The relationship between health risk perception and behavioral intention toward traveling during a health-related crisis is not direct, but indirect via health self-efficacy and attitude about their future trip. The study contributes to understand a cognitive process of tourists’ behavior intention toward traveling in a health-related crisis. Practically, this study’s findings provide tourists, government agencies, tourism marketers, and policy-makers and other tourism stakeholders with important suggestions for tourism recovery during and after the pandemic.

Considering the importance of customer trust in the m-commerce domain, this study aims to examine the role of technology acceptance model (TAM) factors, mobile service quality (M-SERQUAL) factors, and personalization and privacy in promoting customers’ trust and in turn their loyalty towards mobile food delivery apps (MFDAs). Four hundred ninety-four valid responses were collected from the online Facebook groups of MFDA review and analyzed through Partial Least Squares-based SEM approach. Our findings demonstrated that TAM factors (perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness), M-SERQUAL factors (interface quality, interaction quality, and information quality), and personalization were positively associated with customer trust in MFDAs, which was in turn positively related to customer loyalty towards MFDAs. Customer trust was observed as a mediator for the effects of TAM factors, M-SERQUAL factors, and personalization on customer loyalty. Nonetheless, privacy was not significantly associated with customer trust, which did not mediate the association between privacy and customer loyalty.

Transport sustainability has become a major challenge worldwide. On-demand shared ride-hailing (OSR) is an alternative transport mode to private motorized mobility which allows passengers to share a vehicle and driver to their respective destination. OSR is more flexible than buses and cheaper than taxis. Additionally, ride-hailing services such as OSR play an important role in servicing communities with poor access to public transport (e.g., buses or trains) and people with increased vulnerabilities (e.g., women with children or people with disabilities). The present study investigates the impact of psychological factors on passengers' intention to use OSR services. To achieve this, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used and extended with perceived risk, price sensitivity, and perceived green value. Data were collected from 520 ride-hailing passengers in Vietnam. The results confirm the relevance of the original TPB constructs, i.e., attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and social norms. Concerning the three additional constructs, only perceived risk negatively and directly influences usage intention, while the two other constructs (i.e., price sensitivity and perceived green value) influence the intention to use OSR via attitudes. The results also reveal that the impact of perceived green value on usage intention is higher among females than males. Additionally, among middle- and high-income people, there is a significant negative association between perceived risk and intention, while this association is not significant among low-income participants. The findings from the present paper provide evidence of the importance of psychosocial factors such as perceptions of risk, price sensitivity, and sustainability when considering intention to use on-demand shared transport services.

Purpose - The aims of this study are twofold: to examine mobile food delivery service (MFDS) from the perspectives of functional and technical quality, and to empirically evaluate the influences of functional and technical quality on customer loyalty toward MFDS. Design/methodology/approach - A conceptual framework of customer loyalty toward MFDSs was developed based on Gronroos's service quality model. By using the PLS-SEM approach, the proposed model was empirically tested with a sample of 494 MFDS users through a survey via online social groups of food delivery service review. Findings - The study validated the multi-dimensionality of MFDS functional quality including six dimensions ( e.g. ease of use, app design, responsiveness, privacy and security, information quality, and personalization) and MFDS technical quality including two dimensions (e.g. safety and quality of delivered food, and quality of delivery service). The results indicated a significant direct link between functional quality and loyalty toward MFDS, while the effect of technical quality on loyalty was not found. Both functional quality and technical quality of MFDS demonstrated positive associations with customer perceived value of MFDS, which had a positive linkage with customer loyalty toward MFDS. Research limitations/implications - The findings of the study advances Gronroos' (1990) service quality perspective to m-commerce contexts, therefore and also offers MFDS providers effective strategies to launch a successful food delivery service. Originality/value - The current study provides a first theoretical perspective on mobile service quality based on Gronroos's model, which has not yet been examined. This study broadens the understanding of the loyalty toward a mobile-based service, particularly MFDS from the influences of two perspectives of service quality, namely, functional and technical quality.

Eco-designed retail packaging (ECRP) is essential for retailers to respond to increasing environmentally conscious consumerism. However, the conceptualization of ECRP and its measurement scale has not yet been developed. The primary objective of this study is to explore and validate attributes measuring ECRP through a three-stage mixed-method research design. Stage 1 identified dimensions and initial items of ECRP through extant literature review, content analysis of retail packaging designs, expert panel review and pretest. Stage 2 conducted a survey study (n = 200), and an exploratory factor analysis was performed to evaluate the reliability and validity of preliminary items. Stage 3 was carried out through a survey with sample of 410 supermarket shoppers in Vietnam. Confirmatory factor analysis and metric invariance tests were conducted to validate the final 28-item, six-dimension (functional attributes, aesthetic attributes, eco-material attributes, eco-information attributes, eco-production attributes and innovation attributes) scale for measuring ECRP.