The interactions of a drug with the solvents render imperative information in respect of its behaviour and operation in various areas. The anti-diabetic drug metformin hydrochloride (MF) interacts with water and dulcitol in aqueous solutions, and these interactions have been studied through volumetric, ultrasonic, conductometric, and UV-visible methods. The density (rho), sound velocity (u), and molar conductance (Lambda m) of MF in water and aqueous dulcitol (2, 4, and 6 % w/v) have been recorded at four different temperatures to elucidate the interactions of MF with the solvents. The measured parameters were then interpreted in terms of partial molar volume (phi 0v) using Masson's equation, adiabatic compressibility (beta) using Newton- Laplace equation. In addition to this many other thermodynamic parameters including partial molar volumes of transfer (Delta tr phi 0v), and Walden's product were also calculated. These parameters were interpreted to draw insight into MF-MF and MFsolvent interactions. Hepler's constant and Walden's temperature coefficient was utilized to determine the structure-making/breaking behaviour of MF in water and aqueous dulcitol solvent systems. In addition to this, spectroscopic analysis using UV-visible spectrophotometer has also been carried out to support the results obtained by various parameters. The rise in intensity and a shift in UV-visible absorption maxima with an increase in MF concentration in the studied solvent systems, suggests that MF interacts strongly with solvents. Moreover, the structure-making nature of MF in the studied solvent system of water and aqueous dulcitol was confirmed by Walden's product and Hepler's constant.

The primary goal of the current investigation is to explore the molecular interactions between aspirin (2-Acetoxybenzoic acid) and normal saline (0.9% w/v aqueous NaCl) at various concentrations (0.001-0.010) m and temperature (T= 300.15-315.15) K. To understand the various possible molecular interactions, volumetric, acoustic, conductometric and viscometric parameters were evaluated using experimental measured values of densities (rho), ultrasonic velocities (u), specific conductance (kappa), and viscosities (eta). The results derived from these parameters have been examined in terms of drug-solvent and drug-drug interactions. The results of physicochemical studies indicate that aspirin exhibits strong interactional and structure-forming behaviour in normal saline. These results were well supported by UV-visible spectral studies which indicate the existence of intense aspirin-normal saline interactions in the form of modification in absorption maximum and absorption wavelength. The cyclic voltammetric studies were also performed to explore the oxidation/reduction behaviour and effect of aspirin on hemolysis. The experimental analysis of these studies provides valuable insights for better drug design, drug delivery, compatibility, potential safety, and biological relevance for the pharmaceutical and health industries.

Abstract The experimental values of density, ρ and speed of sound, u of doxycycline hyclate drug (0.002–0.014) mol kg−1 in water and (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4) mol kg−1 of aqueous galactitol solutions at temperatures T = (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K and at atmospheric pressure have been reported in the present communication. From the experimental values, various derived parameters such as apparent molar volume (Φ V), apparent molar isentropic compression (Φ K), limiting apparent molar volume ( Φ v o $\phi_{\text{v}}^{\text{o}}$ ), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression ( Φ K o $\phi_{\text{K}}^{\text{o}}$ ), limiting apparent molar volume of transfer (Δ Φ V O $\phi_{\text{V}}^{\text{O}}$ ), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression of transfer (Δ Φ K O $\phi_{\text{K}}^{\text{O}}$ ), limiting apparent molar expansibility ( Φ E o $\phi_{\text{E}}^{\text{o}}$ ), thermal expansion coefficient (α) and acoustic parameters like isentropic compressibility ( κ S ) $({{\kappa}_{\text{S}}})$ , intermolecular free length (Lf), and specific acoustic impedance (Z) were calculated. The structure-making behaviour of DH in aqueous galactitol solution was determined on the basis of Hepler’s Equation i.e. on the basis of sign of ( d 2 Φ V O d T 2 ) P ${\left({\frac{{{{\text{d}}^{2}}\phi_{\text{V}}^{\text{O}}}}{{{\text{d}}{{\text{T}}^{2}}}}}\right)_{\text{P}}}$ . The various derived parameters were utilised to interpret the molecular interactions i.e. solute–solute and solute–solvent existing in the studied system.

Thermophysical properties like density, ultrasonic velocity and viscosity of glycine, glycylglycine in water and in (0.1942, 0.3773, 0.5504 and 0.7142) mol٠kg−1 aqueous tartaric acid solutions as a function of concentration at different temperatures ranging between (298.15 and 318.15) K have been determined. These data have been utilized to calculate apparent molar volume (φv), apparent molar isentropic compressibility (φk), and viscosity B-coefficient values of the studied solutions. The partial molar volumes (φv0), partial molar isentropic compressibility (φk0) and experimental slopes (Sv* and Sk*) derived from the Mason equations have been interpreted in terms of solute-solute and solute -solvent interactions. The viscosity coefficients A and B have been determined from the Jones-Dole equation. From the volumetric and viscometric data, hydration number (nH) has been calculated and further, the structural effects of glycine, glycylglycine in tartaric acid solution has been discussed. The results were explained in terms of structure making and structure breaking properties.

The interactions of Diclofenac Sodium Salt (DSS) with water and aqueous sorbitol as a function of temperature have been investigated by volumetric, acoustic and conductance studies. Densities, speed of sound and conductance of DSS in water and aqueous solutions of sorbitol (0.002, 0.004, 0.006) mol·kg−1 have been measured at temperature (T) = (305.15 K, 310.15 K and 315.15 K) and atmospheric pressure. Density data was used to calculate apparent molar volume (Φv), limiting apparent molar volume (Φvo), slope (Sv) and partial molar volumes of transfer (ΔtrΦvo). The ultrasonic speed was used to calculate adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf), specific acoustic impedance (Z). The Walden's product was calculated from the conductance and viscosity data. The positive values of (∂2Φv0/∂T2)P and positive values of Λm0η0 with temperature suggest that DSS acts as structure maker in water and aqueous sorbitol systems.

The behaviour of Metformin hydrochloride (MH) in water and aqueous glucose solutions was studied to explore molecular interactions at different temperatures. The volumetric, ultrasonic and conductance studies were used for investigating the interactions of drug Metformin hydrochloride in water and aqueous glucose system. The density (rho), ultrasonic velocity (u) and molar conductance of metformin hydrochloride in water and in (2%, 4% and 6%) aqueous solutions of glucose have been measured at (305.15, 310.15 and 315.15 K) temperatures. The density data was analysed with the help of Masson's equation. The positive value of (Pi (0)(v)) for MH indicates solute-solvent interactions The solute-solute interactions were determined from Masson's coefficient (S-v), in water-glucose system at different temperatures. The ultrasonic velocity data of MH in water and water-glucose system were used to determine adiabatic compressibility (beta), intermolecular free length (L-f), and specific acoustic impedance (Z). The structure making/breaking behaviour of MH in water and water-glucose system was determined on the basis of Hepler's equation and Walden's product.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which is being envisioned as one of the building blocks of modern society, has transformed several aspects of the way we live, work, and socialize. As technology is rapidly becoming a vital part of our lives, ICT integration in the field of education is expected. Nevertheless, this integration has also brought a dramatic shift in the pedagogy and delivery practices used in the current higher education system. In this backdrop, the paper has endeavored to shed light on the potential benefits as well as challenges posed in the implementation of ICT in the various phases of higher education. As a final point, the paper has conferred a strategic framework that can be adopted by the government, policy makers, educational institutions, and academicians for the successful implementation of ICT in higher education. Comprehensively, the paper has connoted that ICT in higher education is pertinent for deriving greater efficiencies and enhancing the quality of higher education in India.

Density, sound velocity, viscosity, surface tension, and molar conductivity for DyCl3 center dot 6H(2)O, ErCl3 center dot 6H(2)O, and YbCl3 center dot 6H(2)O from (0.002 to 0.012) mol.kg(-1) in aqueous solutions of (a) citric acid (0.005 mol.kg(-1)) (b) citric acid + human hemoglobin (1 g.kg(-1)) and (c) citric acid + human hemoglobin +1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (0.001 mol.kg(-1)) ([RMIMC1], R = ethyl, butyl, and hexyl) at T = (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K and 0.1 MPa are reported. Densities were used to calculate the apparent molar volumes. The viscosity data are analyzed and interpreted using the extended Jones-Dole equation for lanthanide chloride to calculate viscosity A- and B-coefficient values. The varying trends of the aforesaid physicochemical parameters have been interpreted in terms of the solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. An attempt has been made to investigate the influence of ionic liquid alkyl chain length on the interacting activities of lanthanide chloride with citric acid and the critical role being played by human hemoglobin in decoding the dominance of hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride induced greater conformational changes in the human hemoglobin than 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride due to differences in alkyl chain length with different interacting capabilities.

The behaviour of Doxycycline Hyclate (DH) in aqueous mannitol solution was studied to explore molecular interactions at different temperatures. The volumetric and acoustic studies were used for investigating the interactions of drug Doxycycline Hyclate in water and aqueous mannitol system. The Density (ρ) and ultrasonic velocity (u) of Doxycycline Hyclate in water and in (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4) mol·kg−1 aqueous solutions of mannitol have been measured at (305.15, 310.15 and 315.15K) temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The density data was analysed with the help of Masson's equation. The positive value of (Φv0) for DH indicates solute-solvent interactions The solute-solute interactions were determined from Masson's coefficient, (Sv) in water-mannitol system at different temperatures. The ultrasonic velocity data of DH in water and water-mannitol system were used to determine adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf), and specific acoustic impedance (Z). The structure making/breaking behaviour of DH in water and water mannitol system is determined on the basis of Hepler's equation. The UV spectra for DH in water and water-mannitol system stand in support of molecular interactions between drug and mannitol.

Abstract Densities, ρ and ultrasonic speeds, u of L-histidine (0.02–0.12 mol·kg−1) in water and 0.1 mol·kg−1 aqueous citric acid solutions were measured over the temperature range (298.15–313.15) K with interval of 5 K at atmospheric pressure. From these experimental data apparent molar volume ΦV, limiting apparent molar volume ΦVO and the slope SV, partial molar expansibilities ΦEO, Hepler’s constant, adiabatic compressibility β, transfer volume ΦV, trO, intermolecular free length (Lf), specific acoustic impedance (Z) and molar compressibility (W) were calculated. The results are interpreted in terms of solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions in these systems. It has also been observed that L-histidine act as structure maker in water and aqueous citric acid.

Densities, ultrasonic speeds and viscosities of l-alanine and l-phenylalanine in water and in 0.1mol·kg−1 aqueous citric acid solutions were measured over the temperature range (298.15 to 313.15)K with interval of 5K at atmospheric pressure. From these experimental data apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume and the slope, partial molar expansibilities, adiabatic compressibility, transfer volume, Falkenhagen coefficient, Jone-Dole's coefficient, the temperature derivative of Jone-Dole's coefficient, intermolecular free length, specific acoustic impedance, and molar compressibility were calculated. The results are interpreted in terms of solute – solute and solute-solvent interactions in these systems. It has also been observed that l-alanine acts as a structure breaker whereas l-phenylalanine acts as a structure maker in aqueous citric acid.

Densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, ƞ of glycine and diglycine in water and 0.1mol·kg−1 aqueous citric acid solutions were measured over the temperature range (298.15 to 313.15) K at the interval of 5K at atmospheric pressure. From these experimental data apparent molar volume ФV, limiting apparent molar volume ФVO and the slope SV, partial molar expansibilities ФEO, adiabatic compressibility β, transfer volume ФVOtr, Falkenhagen coefficient A, Jone- Dole coefficient B, the temperature derivative of B coefficient dB/dT, intermolecular free length (Lf), specific acoustic impedance (Z), and molar compressibility (W) were calculated. The results are interpreted in terms of solute–solute and solute-solvent interactions. It was observed that glycine and diglycine act as structure breakers in aqueous citric acid at different temperatures.

Ion pair chromatography was used for quantifying bendamustine hydrochloride (BH) in its marketed vial. The permissive objective was to investigate time duration for which highly susceptible drug content of the marketed vial remained stable after reconstitution. However, the method could also be used to measure extremely low levels of drug in rat plasma and a pharmacokinetic study was accordingly conducted to further showcase method's applicability. Optimized separation was achieved on C-18 Purospher (R) STAR (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 mu m particle size) column. Mobile phase flowing at 1.5 mL/min consisted of 5 mM sodium salt of octane sulfonic acid dissolved in methanol, water and glacial acetic acid (55: 45: 0.075) maintained at pH 6. Detection was carried out at 233 nm with BH eluting after 7.8 min. Validation parameters were determined as per ICH guidelines. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.1 mu g/mL and 0.33 mu g/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 98-102% in bulk and 85-91% in plasma. The developed method was specific for BH, and utilized for assessing its short-term stability in physiologic solvents and forced degradation products in acid, base, oxidative, light and temperature induced stress environments.

Density (rho), viscosity (eta) and molar conductance (Lambda(m)) for hepta-hydrated zinc suphate (ZnSO(4 center dot)7H(2)O) and penta-hydrated copper sulphate (CuSO(4 center dot)5H(2)O) have been measured in aqueous systems modified with maltose and sodium chloride at different temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K). The above measured parameters were then employed to obtain apparent molar volume (phi(v)), relative viscosity (eta(rel)) and molar conductance (Lambda(m)). The apparent molar volume was fitted in Masson's equation, relative viscosity in Jones-Dole equation and molar conductance into Onsager's equation to obtain secondary thermodynamic functions including limiting apparent molar volume (phi(0)(v)), A and B coefficients of Jones-Dole equation and limiting molar conductance (Lambda(0)(m)). The effects of concentration and temperature on these parameters were studied and discussed in terms of ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions. The variation of ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions and Walden product (Lambda(0)(m)eta(0)) suggested structure-making nature of these electrolytes in aqueous systems modified with maltose and sodium chloride.

Density, viscosity, surface tension, and friccohesity are reported for the hexahydrate nitrate salts of praseodymium, samarium, and gadolinium from 0.025 to 0.155 mol·kg−1 in water and in a 0.1 mol·kg−1 aqueous urea solution at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. From the densities, the apparent molar volumes, limiting apparent molar volumes, and apparent molar transfer volumes have been calculated as were viscosity B coefficients from the viscosities. These physicochemical parameters are discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding and ion–hydrophilic interactions. An attempt has thus been made to investigate the influence of urea on the interaction of lanthanide nitrates with water and the critical role being played by urea as a structure breaker.

Density, surface tension, and viscosity for hexahydrate nitrate salts of praseodymium, samarium, and gadolinium from (0.023 to 0.150) mol·kg–1 in aqueous solutions of: (a) citric acid (1.11 mol·kg–1), (b) citric acid + urea, (c) citric acid + bovine serum albumin, and (d) citric acid + urea + bovine serum albumin at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure are reported. By using densities and viscosities, the apparent molar volumes, limiting apparent molar volumes, apparent molar transfer volumes, and viscosity B-coefficients have been calculated. The varying trends of aforesaid physicochemical parameters have been interpreted in light of the solute–solvent and solute–solute interactions. An attempt has thus been made to investigate the influence of urea on the interacting activities of lanthanide nitrate with citric acid and the critical role being played by bovine serum albumin in decoding the dominance of hydrophilic–hydrophobic interactions.