[Objective]To investigate the acute effects of compound air pollution on children's respiratory function.[Methods]Using panel group study design,223 students in five classes of grade 4 from two primary schools(a,b)in Xuhui and Hongkou districts of Shanghai were randomly selected to measure pulmonary function and exhaled nitric oxide(FeNO).The first three tests were carried out from May to June in 2020,and the fourth test was carried out from September to December in 2021.At the same time,the daily and hourly mean values of PM2.5,PM10,SO2,NO2,O3 and CO was collected from the nearby air quality monitoring points of the two schools during the same period,as well as meteorological monitoring data(temperature,humidity,wind speed and atmospheric pressure).The linear mixed effect model was used to analyze the effects of air pollution on pulmonary function and respiratory inflammation in the summer.[Results]The results of single pollutant model showed that PM2.5,PM10,SO2 and NO2 were positively correlated with FeNO,and the effect was reflected in lag0,lag1 and lag3(P<0.05).PM2.5,PM10 and NO2 were negatively correlated with the changes of lung function FEF25%,FEF50%,FEF75%,FeF25%-75%,PEF,FVC,FEV1 and FEV1/FVC,and the effect was reflected in lag0 to lag3 days(P<0.05).The results of the dual pollutant model showed that the concentration changes of SO2 and NO2 were significantly correlated with the decrease of FEV1 when combined with O3 or PM2.5(P<0.01),and the concentration changes of PM2.5 was significantly correlated with the increase of FeNO when O3,SO2 and NO2 were combined respectively(P<0.01).The effects of the dual pollutant model were greater than the effect of PM2.5 single pollutant model.[Conclusion]The health effects of different air pollutants on children's respiratory tract function indexes in summer are different.The combined effects of two pollutants on the lung function of children increased to different degrees.Although air pollution is light in summer,it still has an impact on children's respiratory tract function index and inflammation index,and the combined effect of dual pollutants is more significant than that of single pollutant.

The air in the metro or subway system, which is a major form of public transportation in many metropolises, contributes to the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, 18 aerosol samples were collected from two typical Shanghai subway stations (A and B) in the summer, transition, and winter seasons. Bacterial communities and their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Metagenomic analysis approaches and random forest classification were used to compare and screen the distribution of key target species and ARGs. Bacteria were the predominant microbial kingdom with a relative abundance of 88.28%. In total, 5303 bacterial species were identified in subway stations A and B. The top three abundant bacterial species were unclassified_Pseudomonas, Ewingella_americana, and Halalkalicoccus_subterraneus. Microbial diversity analysis revealed that the microbial communities significantly varied between the three seasons (P < 0.05). Additionally, factors, such as temperature, relative humidity, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) significantly regulated bacterial community structure (P < 0.05). The random forest algorithm was used to screen bioindicators in bacterial communities. Some of these bacterial communities, which were primarily derived from environmental sources, may pose health risks. In total, 312 ARG subtypes related to 20 ARG classes were identified in subway stations A and B. Random forest classification results revealed 20 indicative types of ARGs, including those involved in metabolizing aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, multidrug, and rifamycin-type antibiotics. This study provides novel insights into microbial communities and ARGs in typical subway micro-environments and their dissemination in subway environments.

BackgroundThe use of heating and ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) in public places is conducive to improving indoor air quality and increasing the users comfort level. However, HVAC may also become potential carriers of indoor airborne microbial contamination.ObjectiveTo understand the characteristics of microbial pollution and distribution of related pathogenic microorganisms in HVAC of star-rated hotels, and to provide a basis for effective control of such pollution.MethodsAccording to the requirements of the Hygienic specification of central air conditioning ventilation system in public buildings (WS 394-2012), two sets of HVAC in two star-rated hotels (A and B, inaugurated in 2002 and 1998, respectively) in the central area of Shanghai were randomly selected on September 9, 2020 for the hygienic evaluation of microorganisms in the air supply and respirable particulate matter (PM10) in the air supply, dust accumulation and microorganisms on the inner surface of the ducts, as well as Legionella pneumophila in cooling water and condensate water. At the same time, 3 samples from the inner surface of ducts, 1 sample from the surface of the filter, 1 sample from the condensate, and 1 sample from the cooling water were collected from each set of HVAC, a total of 12 sample from 2 sets of HVAC, for Illumina HiSeq metagenomic sequencing，and the samples are divided into 3 groups according to their types: duct group, filter group, and water sample group. The α-diversity indices (Shannon index, Simpson index, Chao1 index, ACE index, and goods_coverage index) were calculated to reflect the microbial community composition; and the β-diversity of the three groups were studied by principal component analysis to determine the similarity of the microbial communities.ResultsThe maximum total number of bacteria and fungi in the air supply of the HVAC were 1158 CFU·m−3 and 344 CFU·m−3 for Hotel A respectively; and 2000 CFU·m−3 and 532 CFU·m−3 for Botel B respectively. β-hemolytic streptococci were negative in all samples; the respirable particulate matter, microorganisms and dust accumulation on the inner surface of air ducts, Legionella pneumophila IN cooling water and condensate samples all met the standards. The results of Illumina HiSeq sequencing showed that a total of 17322 microorganisms were reported in the 12 samples, with bacterial microbiota accounting for 97.31% of the classified genes and the remaining 2.69% were from fungi, viruses, and parasites. At the species level, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas, Alternaria, and Malassezia were the dominant microbial taxa measured in this survey. The results of α-diversity analysis showed that the values of Shannon index, Simpson index, and Chao1 index for the three groups of samples were duct > filter > water sample. The goods coverage indices of all sample groups s were close to 1. The principal component analysis showed that the contributions of two principal components were 19.27% and 14.25%, respectively, in which the samples of the filter and duct groups were better clustered into one category.ConclusionThe overall hygiene conditions of the two hotels are good, except for the serious microbial contamination in the air supply of HVAC. Metagenomic sequencing reveals complex microbial communities of HVAC, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. The species composition vary by sample groups, particularly the species compositions of the samples from filters and ducts are close and dominated by pathogenic microorganisms of human origin, suggesting that the potential biosafety hazards of HVAC should not be ignored.

[目的]对《上海市建设项目集中空调通风系统卫生学评价规范(试行)》(以下简称"《规范》")的实施效果进行评价.[方法]采用"集中空调通风系统卫生评价报告评分表",比较《规范》实施前后空调卫生评价报告质量.[结果]《规范》实施后,空调卫生评价报告总分较实施前显著提高(t=3.164,P=0.002);在各项目评分中,格式、总论、工程分析和建议结论的评分均高于实施前(t=3.701、2.012、2.152、2.450,均P＜0.05);《规范》实施前后,评价过程的评分差异无统计学意义(P=0.465).[结论]《规范》实施后,空调卫生评价报告质量显著提高.

[背景]展会室内污染主要来源于布展材料和部分展品,尤其大型展会布展材料种类多,数量大,无法预留挥发时间,加上大量参展人群聚集在一起,大型展会的室内空气污染可能带来健康风险.[目的]了解大型展会室内空气污染状况及从业人员健康风险,为控制大型展会室内空气质量并制定有效管控措施提供科学依据.[方法]分别于2019年、2020年的7-9月对上海某大型会展中心9个展馆室内空气污染物中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)进行监测,并依据GB 37488-2019《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》进行评价,运用美国环境保护局健康风险评估模型开展从业人员健康风险评估.同时,对不同的通风状态和展品的监测结果进行分析比较.[结果]本次监测的上海某大型会展中心室内空气总合格率为96.3％(182/189),合格率较低指标主要有甲醛(98.4％)、氨(99.5％)、TVOC(98.4％)."全新风+开启馆门"的通风方式下甲醛、氨、苯和TVOC质量浓度(后称:浓度)的M(P25,P75)分别为0.041(0.033,0.047)、0.028(ND,0.039)、0.006(ND,0.020)、0.100(0.062,0.190)mg?m-3,"新风+回风+馆门关门"的通风方式下4者浓度分别为0.050(0.038,0.063)、0.040(0.035,0.070)、0.019(ND,0.028)、0.155(0.095,0.253)mg·m-3,"全新风+开启馆门"的通风方式下上述污染物浓度水平均低于"新风+回风+馆门关门"的通风方式.甲苯、二甲苯浓度均低于最低检出限,在不同的通风模式下差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).展示服装、鞋类展馆的甲醛浓度为0.087(0.079,0.091)mg·m-3,高于展示游戏、动漫周边产品的展馆[0.053(0.045,0.057)mg·m-3](Z=-5.45,P＜0.001);氨、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、TVOC在不同展品展馆内的浓度差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).健康风险评估结果显示:男性、女性的致癌风险分别为4.2×10-5、3.8×10-5,属于可接受水平,为低风险;男性、女性的总危害商值分别为0.0250、0.0219,属于低风险.[结论]本研究显示大型展会部分室内污染物存在一定的超标现象,通风模式、展品类型对室内污染物浓度均会产生影响,从业人员致癌风险和非致癌风险都处于可接受水平.

目的 探讨上海市主要大气污染物对小学生呼吸道功能指标的急性影响.方法 在上海市虹口区选择1所学校,随机抽取三年级某班级的28名学生为研究对象,分别于2019年5、6月和12月进行5次肺功能和呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)重复检测,同时收集检测当月及检测前24 h虹口区大气PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO以及O3等6种污染物浓度的监测数据.采用重复测量方差分析小学生肺功能和FeNO的变化趋势,采用混合效应模型分析大气污染物与FeNO的关联性.结果 2019年5、6月和12月的环境监测数据显示,上海市虹口区PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3的月均浓度均符合国家二级标准,但O3在5、6月存在个别天数超标,PM2.5和NO2在12月存在个别天数超标.2019年5、6月O3浓度明显高于12月,其他5种大气主要污染物浓度明显低于12月,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).28名小学生5次呼吸道功能检测结果显示,FeNO、用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、呼气流量峰值(PEF)、50％肺活量最大呼气流量(MEF50％)、75％肺活量最大呼气流量(MEF75％)、用力呼气中段流量(FEF25％-75％)均随时间呈线性变化趋势(P＜0.05),FeNO的5次结果呈现逐渐降低趋势(P＜0.05);FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF25％-75％、MEF50％、MEF75％、MEF25％呈现先升高后降低趋势(P＜0.05).混合效应模型分析显示,大气污染物PM10、PM2.5、NO2和O3浓度每增加10μg/m3,在lag0h时小学生FeNO分别增加1.79％(95％CI:0.58％～3.02％),2.03％(95％CI:0.65％～3.42％),3.58％(95％CI:1.15％～6.08％)和减少6.05％(95％CI:2.12％～9.82％),在lag18h时FeNO分别增加5.92％(95％CI:1.15％～10.92％),6.70％(95％CI:1.29％～12.39％),129.77％(95％CI:17.98％～347.50％)和13.88％(95％CI:2.61％～26.39％).结论 夏季至冬季的小学生肺功能和FeNO存在不同变化趋势,尤其FeNO变化明显,PM2.5、PM10、NO2和O3浓度在lag0h和lag18h时与小学生FeNO明显相关.

目的 了解医院集中空调通风系统的卫生状况.方法 参考WS/T 199—2001《公共场所卫生综合评价方法》 的模糊综合评价法,建立医院集中空调通风系统卫生评价指标体系和模糊评判准则,对上海市三家医院的集中空调通风系统进行卫生学评价.结果 抽取A、B、C三家医院共7套集中空调通风系统,卫生状况为Ⅲ级(合格)或Ⅱ级(良好),卫生质量由高到低排序:C医院1#、A医院1#、C医院2#、B医院2#、A医院3#、B医院1#、A医院2#.综合评价结果显示,A医院集中空调通风系统卫生状况为合格,B、C医院集中空调通风系统卫生状况为良好.结论 应用模糊综合评价法能够较全面地评价医院集中空调通风系统的卫生状况,同时可根据评价结果对集中空调通风系统卫生安全状况进行分级管理,有利于提高卫生管理水平.