Introduction:Sickle cell anemia is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, and a member of the hemoglobinopathy family. This genetic disease results from the point mutation of a single parental gene leading to the substitution of a glutamic acid in the hemoglobin beta chain for a valine, involved in hemoglobin synthesis. Sickle cell trait is the heterozygous form of sickle cell disease. The physical fitness of athletes with sickle cell trait is a hotly debated research topic. Some studies report normal aerobic fitness, while others suggest intolerance to endurance effort. The aim of this study was to compare the recovery of subjects with sickle cell trait after a 400m race with that of subjects with normal haemoglobin. Methods: This study was carried out on 24 male students from The National Centre for Popular Education and Sport (NCPSE), in the 20-28 age bracket, who play sport regularly. This population was divided into two groups: a group of 12 subjects carrying the sickle cell trait, constituting the experimental group, and another group of 12 subjects with normal hemoglobin, constituting the control group. The principle was to have them run a 400m race, record their heart rates at the finish, then every minute for 5 minutes of recovery, and compare the mean values of the two groups using the T-STUDENT test. Results: The average heart rate values taken each minute during five 5-minute recovery periods were always significantly higher in the students carrying the Sickle Cell trait.

Thinkers such as Dr. Kenneth Cooper well aware of the sedentary nature of people, especially women, who are victims of obesity have set out ways and means to provide a solution. They encourage people to enjoy and practice physical activity through a rhythmic music called aerobics.Today, there is a proliferation of fitness centers in Senegal. There is a large female clientele. Some want to lose weight and improve their physical condition. Others go to the gyms to keep their figure.VO2 max and resting heart rate are among some objective criteria to assess physical fitness. However, we found no studies reporting positive effects of aerobics on body composition and cardiorespiratory variables in sedentary Senegalese women.Objective: To study the effects of a 2-month aerobics program on the weight, body mass index, resting heart rate, blood pressure and VO2 max of sedentary Senegalese women aged between 20 and 50.Methods: The above variables in 12 sedentary Senegalese women aged 20-50 years were assessed before and after a 2-month aerobics program consisting of 3 one-hour sessions per week.Results: After 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, among all the parameters studied, the VO2 max, was the only one that underwent a slight reduction which is not statistically significant.Conclusion: 3 weekly one-hour aerobics sessions over 2 months would appear to be insufficient to significantly modify these variables in sedentary Senegalese women aged 20 to 50.

Objective:Toevaluatetheinfluenceofthemenstrualcycleonthephysicalqualitiesofsome INSEPS students. Method: 15 female students participated in our study. Each subject performed the verticalrelaxation, reaction speed, abdominal endurance and back endurance tests on the third day ofmenstruationand the third oneaftercessation of bleeding. Results: On average, the subjects had better vertical expansion after menstruation (45.13cm) than during menstruation (43.33 cm), with no significant difference (p=0.57). In terms ofreactionspeed,thegirlsperformedbetteronaverageduringmenstruationthanafter(111versus147), with no significant difference (p=0.06). The best average performance in abdominalendurance was achieved during menstruation (390.6 repetitions versus 367.73 repetitions) butthis difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.56). In back endurance, the best averageperformanceforgirlswasachievedaftermenstruation(342.67repetitionsversus337.53repetitions).Thedifferencewas statisticallyinsignificant (p=0.92). Conclusion:Thisstudy showsthatthe menstrualcycle doesnothave a significantinfluence on the vertical relaxation, reaction speed, abdominal endurance and back enduranceofthe INSEPS students inour sample.

In Senegal today, the majority of women do not engage in regular physical activity, either because they are unaware of its health benefits, or because of religious, cultural or customary constraints. Moreover, Senegalese women are sensitive to the rhythmic sounds of tam-tams. Serer women, on the other hand, cant resist the attraction of the Nguel, so irresistible is the rhythm of the tam-tams and the beautiful voice of the singers. As a result, we believe that the Mbayid dance can be a source of motivation for Serer women to engage in regular physical activity. Objective: To study the effects of a traditional Serer Mbayid dance program on the cardiovascular and anthropometric parameters of sedentary young Senegalese women aged 20 to 25. Protocol: A 5-week Mbayid dance program with 5 one-hour sessions every two weeks was endured by 10 sedentary Senegalese women aged 20 to 25. Results: Mean resting values for heart rate and systolic blood pressure fell significantly after the Mbayid program. However, mean values for diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, weight and BMI did not vary significantly. Conclusion: A 5-week Mbayid dance program with 5 one-hour sessions every two weeks significantly reduced the mean values of heart rate and resting systolic blood pressure of 10 sedentary Senegalese women aged 20 to 25. However, it had no significant effect on weight, waist circumference, BMI or resting diastolic blood pressure.

Identifying and characterizing the patient's blood samples is indispensable in diagnostics of malignance suspicious. A painstaking and sometimes subjective task is used in laboratories to manually classify white blood cells. Neural mathematical methods as deep learnings can be very useful in the automated recognition of blood cells. This study uses a particular type of deep learning i.e., convolutional neural networks (CNNs or ConvNets) for image recognition of the four (4) blood cell types (neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte) and to enable it to tag them employing a dataset of blood cells with labels for the corresponding cell types. The elements of the database are the input of our CNN and they allowed us to create learning models for the image recognition/classification of the blood cells. We evaluated the recognition performance and outputs learned by the networks in order to implement a neural image recognition model capable of distinguishing polynuclear cells (neutrophil and eosinophil) from those of mononuclear cells (lymphocyte and monocyte). The validation accuracy is 97.77%.

L'objectif de cette etude est de determiner et de predire la capacite de performance du coureur a 10 km des essais en laboratoire et sur le terrain. Les 10 km sont une distance suffisante pour etre un defi, mais ils ne necessitent pas une preparation aussi serieuse et minutieuse qu'une course de marathon. Cela signifie que la fatigue musculaire reste un probleme mineur d’autan plus que l'epuisement de la reserve de glycogene ne se produit pas.L’etude porte sur un nombre de vingt-sept (27) sujets, dont vingt (20) hommes et sept (07) femmes. Grâce a cette etude, nous avons pu evaluer certains des principaux determinants de la performance parmi les facteurs physiologiques, biomecaniques et anthropometriques. La prediction de la performance aerobie chez les coureurs d'endurance entraines utilisant la vitesse aerobie maximale sur une distance de 10 km a ete etablie et des relations mathematiques entre la performance et les parametres physiologiques et anthropometriques ont ete etablies. Les predictions des performances en fonction des parametres physiologiques et anthropometriques sont proches de 75%, voire 80% de correlation. ABSTRACT:The objective of this study is to determine and predict runner performance capability at 10 km from laboratory and field tests. The 10 km is a distance large enough to be a challenge but it does not require preparation as serious and thorough as a marathon race. This means that muscle fatigue remains a lesser problem caused by depletion of the glycogen store does not occur.The study is conducted on subjects of the number of twenty-seven (27) subjects including twenty (20) males and seven (07) females. Through this study, we have been able to evaluate some of the major determinants of performance among physiological, biomechanical and anthropometrical factors. The prediction of aerobic performance in trained endurance runners using the maximum aerobic speed over a distance of 10 km was made and mathematical relationships between performance and physiological and anthropometrical parameters were established. The predictions of the performances according to the physiological and anthropometric parameters are close to 75% or even 80% of correlation.

BACKGROUND Sickle cell trait (SCT) is a benign condition of sickle cell disease. Nevertheless, previous reports showed that SCT carriers have increased blood viscosity and decreased vascular reactivity compared to non-SCT carrier. The benefit of regular exercise on vascular function has been well documented in the general population but no study focused on the SCT population. PURPOSE The aim of our study was to compare arterial stiffness and blood viscosity between trained and untrained SCT carriers, as well as a group of untrained non-SCT. METHODS Arterial stiffness (finger-toe pulse wave velocity) and blood viscosity were evaluated in untrained non-SCT carriers (n = 10), untrained SCT carriers (n = 23) and trained SCT carriers (n = 17) who reported at least 10 hours of physical exercise per week. RESULTS Untrained SCT carriers had higher pulse wave velocity (p = 0.032) and blood viscosity (p < 0.001) than their trained counterparts. In addition, untrained SCT carriers had higher blood viscosity (p < 0.001) than the untrained non-SCT group. A positive association was noted between blood viscosity and pulse wave velocity in the whole study population. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that regular exercise may be beneficial for the vascular function of SCT carriers.

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the presence of peers, and a reduced space, in estimating maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during the twelve minutes run test (12-MRT). Thirty one athletes participated in three tests: Achieving alone the 12-MRT of Cooper on a 400 m track (Alone); Achieving in groups of three the 12-MRT on a 400 m track (In-Group); completing in groups of three the 12-MRT on a 200 m track (Short-Track). At the end of each test, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate [La] were determined. VO2max was higher during In-Group compared to Short-Track (p< 0.05). VO2max was underestimated by 4% in Alone and by 9.3% in Short-Track. Negative correlation was found between VO2max and RPE (r = -0.61, p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found in HR and [La] between tests. RPE was lower (p = 0.4110) during In-Group compared to Alone, and compared to Short-Track (p = 0.0955). Running in a group elicits positive effect which improves VO2max, whereas a reduced space (200 m) impairs significantly VO2max.