Cannabis sativa L. is an important medicinal plant with high commercial value. In recent years, the research interest in cannabidiol (CBD) and terpene-rich cannabis has been rapidly expanding due to their high therapeutic potential. The present study aims to explore the phytocannabinoids and terpenes diversity in C. sativa collected from different parts of northern India. Our findings revealed that the cannabinoids and terpenes synthesize together in capitate stalked and capitate sessile glandular trichomes, whereas bulbous glands synthesize only terpenes. The North Indian C. sativa is mainly dominated by tetrahydrocannabinol. The CBD-rich plant diversity is nominal (1.11%) in studied north Indian C. sativa. The essential oil profiling reveals (E)-caryophyllene (10.30%-36.80%) as the major constituent, followed by α-humulene (0.50%-15.29%) and α-bisabolol (0.00%-16.40%) in the North Indian population. The cannabinoids and terpenes content showed significant diversity among and within the five studied populations. The correlation analysis between cannabinoids and terpenes indicates that α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene positively correlated with CBD content. Similarly, α- and β-selinene correlate positively with tetrahydrocannabinolic acid content. This study could help to identify the key cultivars from India and establish a consistent chemotype for future breeding programs.

Astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside) is a naturally occurring flavonoid that has long been utilized as a critical food ingredient and an essential template for developing novel drugs. The main aim of this paper is the method development and quantitative determination of astragalin in the leaf of 42 accessions of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis collected from different regions. Instrumental thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed with an optimized liquid‒liquid separation and mobile phase comprising ethyl acetate‒ethanol‒water‒acetic acid (10:1.25:0.25:0.25, V/V). Densitometric evaluation was conducted in CAMAG TLC Scanner 4 armed with winCATS software. The RF value of astragalin was 0.57 ± 0.01, and the linear regression data for the calibration plots showed a satisfactory linearity relationship with R2 = 0.9994. The limits of quantification and detection were 23.76 ng/spot and 72 ng/spot, respectively, and the accuracy of the method was 96.12

Cannabis sativa L. has been an important medicinal and recreational plant since ancient times due to the presence of cannabinoids. Recently, there has been resurgence in cannabis research on account of phytochemical cannabidiol (CBD) oweing to its immense medicinal properties. This study reports the morphological, anatomical, phytochemical and molecular characterization of C. sativa collected from different regions in North India for diversity analysis and high-CBD accessions. The plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and number of primary branches significantly differed (p < 0.05) among the accessions. There is considerable diversity in the size, shape and surface ornamentation of C. sativa seeds. However, the shape, size and annulus diameter of the pollen grains exhibited a narrow range in subtropical climates. The collenchymatous tissue revealed diversity among the accessions, producing wavy stems in most male accessions. The northern Indian cannabis populations are dominated by intermediate chemotypes, where both CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are present. CBD-rich fibre-type accessions are rarely found in nature. We found one CBD-rich accession with 0.19

Heterostyly is a specialized reproductive system associated with self- and intramorph incompatibility. It reinforces the intermorph breeding system in heterostylous plant species. However, distyly has not been comprehensively studied in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The present study demonstrates the floral traits, breeding system, fruit and seed set, and morph ratio in distylous N. arbor-tristis. The length of style and filament showed reciprocal herkogamy between long style (L-morph) and short style (S-morph). Flower size, corolla tube size, stamen and anther length, ovary length, and pollen diameter were larger in S-morph. However, the style was longer in L-morph. Our results demonstrated strongly incompatible self- and intramorph pollination combinations. The intermorph pollination was compatible, showing normal pollen tube growth throughout the style and ovary. The embryo formation was also higher in intermorph interaction. Moreover, the fruit setting was higher when the intermorph plants grew in the vicinity of natural conditions. Collectively, all data indicate that N. arbor-tristis is a distylous species with a self-incompatible breeding system, resulting in less seed formation in nature.

Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér is an important aromatic plant. The essential oil is secreted in the glandular trichomes distributed mainly on the leaves. In India, P. graveolens is growing only in specific climatic conditions due to the susceptibility of plants to rainfall, high humidity and waterlogging stress. This study aims to analyze rainfall-induced premature senescence in P. graveolens at six phenotypic leaf senescence stages. The physiological and biochemical parameters, cell viability, trichomes density, essential oil yield and variation in chemical constituents were evaluated. Results show a significant increase in chlorophyll-a and b, and a decrease in anthocyanin content. Also, the protein content, MDA, SOD, H2O2, catalase, electrolyte leakage was significantly higher, and cell viability decreased with the progression of senescence. The gland density on leaves was reduced during the advancement of senescence. The GC and GC-MS analysis showed that the senescence significantly modulates oil constituents and oils yield (0.048 to 0.123 %) at different senescence stages. Overall, this study confirms that rainfall induces premature senescence in P. graveolens, significantly affecting essential oil yield and constituents.

Cannabis sativa L., an industrially important plant, is a source of medicinally important cannabidiol (CBD) and & UDelta;9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC). C. sativa is mainly a dioecious plant. However, rarely monoecious plants with hermaphrodite inflorescence were also reported naturally. The monoecious C. sativa plant research is still inadequate compared to dioecious plants. The present study aims to evaluate four monoecious C. sativa acces-sions (CH-1, CH-2, CH-3 and CH-4) for organ-specific (leaves, male flowers, and female flowers) distribution of trichomes, histochemical localization phytocannabinoids in trichomes, and phytocannabinoids content and antioxidant potential. Results showed that morphological traits differed in all the accessions (p < 0.05). The phytocannabinoids are produced in capitate sessile and capitate stalked glands. The highest density of phyto-cannabinoids synthesizing glands was found in female flowers (46.67-57.01 mm-2), followed by male flowers (30.73-33.98 mm-2) and leaves (12.37-23.64 mm-2) in different monoecious accessions. The female flower produces the maximum content of total phytocannabinoids. In the same way, the female flower shows the highest free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity compared to other studied plant parts. In conclusion, the CH-1 accession is superior to the other in terms of morphological characters, phytocannabinoids synthesizing glands and cannabinoids content. Moreover, the levels of phytocannabinoids are higher in female flowers than the male flowers and leaves. The approach towards monoecious accession with higher cannabinoid content has enormous potential for industrial applications.

Pelargonium graveolens L′Hér is a commercially important aromatic plant. The essential oil is used in fragrances, flavour and cosmeceutical industries. The essential oil is secreted in the glandular trichomes distributed mainly on the leaves. In India, P. graveolens is growing only in specific climatic conditions due to the susceptibility of plants to rainfall, high humidity and waterlogging stress. This study aims to analyze rainfall-induced premature senescence in P. graveolens at six phenotypic leaf senescence stages. The physiological and biochemical parameters, cell viability, trichomes density, essential oil yield and variation in chemical constituents were evaluated. Results show a significant increase in chlorophyll-a and b, and a decrease in anthocyanin content. Also, the protein content, MDA, SOD, H2O2, catalase, electrolyte leakage was significantly higher, and cell viability decreased with the progression of senescence. The gland density on leaves was reduced during the advancement of senescence. The GC and GC-MS analysis showed that the senescence significantly modulates oil constituents and oils yield (0.048–0.123%) at different senescence stages. Overall, this study confirms that rainfall induces premature senescence in P. graveolens, significantly affecting essential oil yield and constituents.

Pelargonium graveolens L. or rose scented geranium is an essential oil-bearing plant with extended economic value. It has strong pharmacological and aromatic properties along with its frequent application in perfumery, food, cosmetics, and pharma industries. Seasonal fluctuations in northern India have a detrimental effect on the survival of P. graveolens. Due to its male sterility, the plant is unable to propagate by sexual reproduction, so, vegetative propagation is the only option to grow and protect the mother plant for the next season. To protect the plant in adverse conditions our researchers had developed a protective shed i.e. transparent polythene + green net shed (S) but the reason for the increased survival and growth of the plant in the shed was not well understood. In the present research, approximately 91% of P. graveolens mother plants were protected under the shed compared to open conditions (O). The current study also reported high humidity, increased air temperature and increased microbial infection in open condition, exerting various physiological and chemical changes which further have detrimental effects on plant growth and survival. In shed conditions, a decreased level of antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant metabolites, and elevated level of photosynthetic pigments were observed. Further, an increased density of glandular and non-glandular trichomes and an improved quality and quantity of essential oil were observed in shed conditions. Considering the above observations, polythene + green net shed can be used as an auspicious approach for protecting the P. graveolens mother plant in monsoon season due to its effect on soil moisture, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), trichome morphology/density and yield of essential oil.

Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin produces fragrant flowers. The volatile oil secretary cells, quantity and quality as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the oils extracted from buds and flowers, have been investigated. The distribution of essential oil secretory cell in bud and flower revealed that the density and size of the oil cells were significantly higher in flowers compared to buds. In different floral parts, carpel has a higher oil cell density followed by gynophore and tepal. The histochemical analysis revealed the essential oil is synthesized in oil secretory cells. The volatile oil yield was 0.25 % in the buds and 0.50 % in flowers. GC/FID and GC/MS analysis identified 33 compounds contributing 83.2-83.5 % of the total essential oil composition. Linalool is the main constituent contributing 58.9 % and 51.0 % in the buds and flowers oils, respectively. The essential oil extracted from the flowers showed higher antimicrobial efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, the essential oil isolated from the flowers depicts higher free radical scavenging, and antioxidant activity compared to buds' oil.

This paper illustrates up-conversion mixer with very high linearity and improved conversion gain. CMOS Operational amplifier is used to enhance the overall conversion gain of the proposed mixer circuit. The derivative Superposition technique is applied to improve the linearity of the proposed Up-conversion mixer circuit. The operating frequency of this circuit is 2.4 GHz and it is applicable for the Zigbee transmitter front-end. In this proposed Up-conversion mixer, passive balun circuit is used to convert unbalanced base-band signal to differential balanced signal. The proposed up- conversion mixer converts input base band signal of 100 MHz to radio frequency output signal of 2.4GHz. The local oscillator frequency is 2.3 GHz and a local oscillator power is considered at 2 dBm. The conversion gain of this mixer is 18.86 dB, IIP3 and OIP3 are 15.9708 dBm and 16.4053 dBm respectively. The circuit is simulated on cadence analog and digital design tool at 45nm CMOS technology and rail to rail power supply is ±1.2 V.

In this paper very low power CMOS universal differential difference current conveyor is designed. This is regarded as current mode circuits can be used for wireless communication. The gain, 3db bandwidth ,unity gain bandwidth, slew rate and phase margin at non inverting terminal was calculated as of 32.33dB, 781MHz, 24 GHz, 934V/ms and 47 degree. The gain, 3db bandwidth ,unity gain bandwidth, slew rate and phase margin at inverting terminal was calculated as of 30dB, 756MHz, 15.3 GHz, 934V/ms and 32.4 degree .The circuit was simulated using Cadence analog and digital design tools. The used technology is gpdk 45nm. Keywordsamplifiers (OP-AMPs), Current conveyor (CCII), Differential difference current conveyor (DDCC), Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (CMOS).