The fingerprints of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracted from activated and anaerobic granular sludges, were obtained using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to UV (210 nm) or fluorescence (221/350 nm or 345/443 nm) detectors. Fingerprints obtained using a semi-preparative column (Amersham-Biosciences-Superdex-200-10/300-GL) or an analytical column (Agilent-Bio-SEC-300) were compared. The benefit of using two different molecular weight (MW) ranges chromatographic columns connected in series was investigated. High similarities observed on chromatograms lead to the conclusion that both analytical and semi-preparative columns can be used to obtain EPS fingerprints. As it could be expected, the low MW range column added in series to the high MW molecular separation columns only improved significantly the resolution of compounds with MW lower than 10 kDa. The combination of MW distribution and the use of three different detection conditions allowed determining several EPS main components. According to their fluorescence characteristic, low MW (<6 kDa) compounds were mainly ascribed to humic-like substances whereas higher MW (10 to >1000 kDa) were mainly recognized as proteins or probably heteroproteins. (C) 2014 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In the present study, total eight filamentous fungal strains were isolated from metal plating effluent discharged soil. Among the tested isolates, four fungal strains namely Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sydoni, Penicillium janthinellum and Trichoderma viride were exhibited greater tolerance to Ni(II) > Zn(II) > Cr(VI) ions. The mycelium growth order of the fungal strains was observed as A. niger > T viride > A. sydoni > P.Janthinellu m. Fungal strain A. niger is the highly tolerant strain and found minimum inhibitory concentration for Cr(VI) 3.5 mg/mL Ni(II) 4.5 mg/mL and Zn(II) 3.0 mg/mL Maximum dry weight of A. niger was observed 4.59 g/L in Cr(VI), 5.09 g/L in Ni(II) and 5.01 g/L in Zn(II) ions at initial concentration 50 mg/L in broth medium. Further sorption study was carried out to sequestration of Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cr(VI) ions from simulated and real electroplating wastewater with mycelia of A. niger. The sorption performance was evaluated by equilibrium and kinetic studies. After sorption process, the bound metal ions were eluted with 0.1 M HCl solution for reusability of the biosorbent. Functional groups and cell surface morphology were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fingerprints of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from activated and anaerobic granular sludges were obtained by size exclusion chromatography coupled to UV (210 and 280nm) and fluorescence (221/350nm (protein-like molecules) and 345/443nm (humic-like substances)) detection. The total area below the peaks obtained with fluorescence detection is linked to the protein or humic-like substances EPS content. The EPS protein fingerprints, usually recorded with UV-280nm, change dramatically, mainly in the relative size of peaks when they were measured by a florescence detection method. It means that the apparent molecular weight (aMW) distribution of EPS chomatophores and fluorophores is different. Protein-like and humic-like substances were found to be specific fingerprints of the EPS, affected by the type and origin of the bacterial aggregate and improve EPS sample differentiation. The protein-like fraction of EPS displays a wide range of aMW (>600kDa–<10kDa) whereas the humic-like substances fraction is composed of molecules of low aMW (6–<1.2kDa).

This work investigates the ability of EPS extracted by cationic exchange resin (CER) from 3 different anaerobic granular sludges to bind Pb or Cd as a function of pH. EPS display a better binding ability for Pb than Cd as it has been often shown in literature. The experimental sorption data show the presence of a pH sorption edge. The experimental data are well fitted by the Kurbatov model. Nevertheless, the molar ratio of proton exchanged with metal ions underlines that other mechanisms are also involved in metal ion sorption by EPS from anaerobic granular sludges. Moreover, the mineral fraction present in extracted EPS and trapped by the organic fraction or under particle form seems to be involved in the metal ions sorption process. (C) 2011 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The sorption of heavy metals ions by immobilized Trichoderma viride biomass in a packed-bed column was studied. Fungal biomass T. viride was immobilized to Ca-alginate used for removal of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions from synthetic solutions and electroplating effluent. The experiments were conducted to study the effect of important design parameters such as bed height, flow rate and initial concentration of metal ions. The maximum sorption capacity was observed at flow rate 5ml/min, bed height 20cm and metal ions concentration 50mg/L with immobilized biomass. Whereas, breakthrough time and saturation time decreased with increase flow rate and metal ions concentration and an inverse condition was found in bed height. The bed depth service time (BDST) Adams–Bohart model was used to analyze the experimental data. The regeneration efficiency was observed 40.1%, 75% and 53% for Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Zn(II) without any significant alteration in sorption capacity after 5th sorption–desorption cycles.

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In this study, substrate composition was optimized for the growth of Achromobacter xyloxidans and biosorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the function of three independent operating variables, namely, peptone (2.5–10g/L), beef extract (2.5–5.0g/L) and incubation time (24–96h), on dependent variables, i.e. sorption of Cd(II) ions, protein content and biomass growth of A. xyloxidans. The maximum Cd(II) removal efficiency of 69.2%, protein content 1.9mg/L and growth 0.354 optical density was found at optimal conditions of peptone 10g/L, incubation time 60h and beef extract 2.5g/L. The significance of independent variables and interactions between variables were tested by means of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 95% confidence limits and values of “Prob>F” less than 0.0500 indicate that model terms are significant. Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) analysis was used to investigate sorption mechanism and involved functional groups in Cd(II) binding.

The present study was carried out to optimize the various environmental conditions for biosorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) by investigating as a function of the initial metal ion concentration, temperature, biosorbent loading and pH using Trichoderma viride as adsorbent. Biosorption of ions from aqueous solution was optimized in a batch system using response surface methodology. The values of R(2) 0.9716, 0.9699 and 0.9982 for Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions, respectively, indicated the validity of the model. The thermodynamic properties DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees , DeltaE degrees and DeltaS degrees by the metal ions for biosorption were analyzed using the equilibrium constant value obtained from experimental data at different temperatures. The results showed that biosorption of Pb(II) ions by T. viride adsorbent is more endothermic and spontaneous. The study was attempted to offer a better understating of representative biosorption isotherms and thermodynamics with special focuses on binding mechanism for biosorption using the FTIR spectroscopy.