Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) is a promising wide-bandgap semiconductor for large-area optoelectronics; however, its intrinsic insensitivity to sub-bandgap photons typically necessitates extrinsic dopants or heterostructures for near-infrared (NIR) photodetection. Here, we report a heterostructure-free and dopant-free broadband phototransistor that achieves intrinsic NIR sensitivity through geometry-driven defect engineering during sputter deposition. Amorphous IGZO thin films with a nominal In: Ga: Zn atomic ratio of ≈ 1:2:1 were deposited using on-axis (vertical) and off-axis (horizontal) sputtering configurations. While on-axis IGZO only exhibited visible-light photosensitivity, off-axis IGZO displayed a pronounced NIR response, enabled by the formation of interstitial oxygen (Oi) shallow states. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and composition-matched density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that these Oi-induced defect states lie 0.1–0.5 eV above the valence band maximum (VBM), effectively narrowing the optical bandgap and enabling sub-gap absorption and photogating under 850 nm illumination. The optimized a-IGZO phototransistor achieves a responsivity of 42.5 A W-1, an external quantum efficiency of 6.2 × 103%, and a specific detectivity of 8.3 × 1011 Jones, all without plasmonic, hybrid, or quantum-dot sensitizers. Moreover, the off-axis process exhibits < 10% device-to-device variation across 5 samples, confirming its robustness and compatibility with large-area fabrication. To validate its practical utility, the off-axis IGZO device was further employed to quantify the sugar content (Brix) of coffee samples under NIR illumination, showing a clear correlation between photocurrent and concentration. This work demonstrates a simple, scalable, and CMOS-compatible approach to extending the spectral response of oxide semiconductors, opening new opportunities for cost-effective broadband photodetectors and integrated photonic systems.

Solid electrolytes for secondary batteries offer advantages over liquid ones, enhancing application range and scalability. While oxide-based solid electrolytes are actively researched for all-solid-state batteries, studies on the atmospheric stability of lithium borosilicate (LBS) glass are limited. Notably, LBS glass green sheets show significant changes in mechanical properties under varying humidity. This study investigates the aging of LBS glass materials, both as powder and green sheets, in controlled humid environments. Analysis using thermal gravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that moisture evaporation and crystal formation occur over time. Both forms reacted with atmospheric H2O, forming new crystal structures, especially under high humidity. In conclusion, LBS glass undergoes structural and chemical changes due to humidity and time, highlighting the importance of considering environmental conditions in practical applications.

Accurate pressure measurements on structures via tubing systems during wind tunnel tests are crucial for precise estimation of wind loads. While calibration studies have traditionally focused on the contribution of tubing configuration to pressure distortion, they often overlook the effects of environmental parameter changes between the measurement of tubing response and aerodynamic pressure on structures. However, higher atmospheric pressure and lower ambient temperature can substantially increase tubing response distortion. To address this, this study introduces a dynamic calibration approach that accounts for such laboratory environmental changes. This method integrates the experimental transfer function, obtained under specific environmental conditions, with numerical estimates of the impact of environmental changes, to derive transfer functions for the desired environmental conditions. The effectiveness of this approach was validated using experimental and numerical transfer functions under two distinct environmental conditions. A case study for outdoor open-circuit laboratories revealed that neglecting environmental conditions during dynamic pressure calibrations could lead to overall average deviations in peak pressures across the channels on a building face of up to approximate to 5%, with local maximum deviations reaching approximate to 10%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed calibration method can significantly enhance the accuracy of pressure measurements via tubing systems, particularly when the tubing response and the pressures are measured under different environmental conditions.

Interest in high-permittivity dielectric materials suitable for classical systems has been increasing, and competition for commercial applications continues. However, despite the development of such dielectric materials, additional compositional improvements are still required to achieve low-temperature sintering that would allow co-firing with Cu internal electrodes in multilayer structures, and research in this area remains insufficient. In this study, we aimed to optimize a low-temperature sintering composition based on Pb0.94La0.06(Zr0.83Ti0.17)O-3, which, in preliminary experiments, exhibited a dielectric constant above 1,300 at sintering temperatures exceeding 1300 degrees C. As the amount of Na ion addition increased, low-temperature sintering was effectively promoted. However, the dielectric constant simultaneously decreased. When K ions were further added to the Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT)+Na composition, the low-temperature sintering properties were maintained or improved, and the dielectric constant increased compared with Na-only addition. To precisely readjust the MPB region under the influence of large additive content, the Zr ion fraction was varied from 0.84 to 0.92. Within this range, the MPB composition was found to shift slightly as the Zr content increased. As a result, the optimal composition among the PLZT ceramics sintered at 950 degrees C was determined to be Zr 0.86, which exhibited a dielectric constant of approximately 900 and an energy storage density of about 2 J/cm(3). These findings suggest that such a composition could be applicable for low-temperature co-firing with Cu electrodes in Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs) for classical systems.

As the operating environment in semiconductor processes becomes demanding, research is being conducted to manufacture dense alumina substrates without defects after sintering to ensure high durability of electrostatic chucks, which are critical components in semiconductor equipment. Therefore, in this study, in order to manufacture green sheets with a high filling ratio for implementing a high-density substrate, alumina powders with average particle sizes of 2.07 μm (L) and 0.37 μm (S) were mixed in ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, and 6:4, respectively, and green sheets were manufactured and the filling ratio and sintering behavior were observed. Green sheets were fabricated by preparing a slurry using organic materials in Al2O3 powders of different particle sizes. The packing density of the green sheet mixed with L and S alumina powders with different average particle sizes in a ratio of 7:3 before and after binder burn-out showed the highest values of 3.19 g/cm3 and 2.87 g/cm3, respectively. As a result of observing the sintered density based on the mixing ratio of alumina powders revealed that the alumina sheet mixed at a 6:4 ratio of L and S powders, sintered at 1,700℃, exhibited the best sintering characteristics with a density of 3.96 g/cm³.

A study on anti-ferroelectric (PbLa)(ZrTi)O3 (PLZT) for electric vehicles (EV) applicable to DC-link was conducted. Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) for DC-link require high-electric field properties and reliability. Oxygen vacancies are a major cause affecting insulation properties and reliability. There are acceptors and donors as methods for controlling the mobility and concentration of oxygen vacancies. The mobility and concentration of oxygen vacancies were simultaneously controlled, rather than individually controlled. Mn4+ was selected as the acceptor and Dy3+ was selected as the donor. After fixing Mn4+ = 5.0 mol

In recent years, wind design, particularly for high-rise buildings, has seen a paradigm shift from a code-based descriptive method to a more specific performance-objective-based design. This new approach, known as the Performance-Based Wind Design (PBWD), aligns with community needs and goals. Achieving an economical and safe level of performance-based design necessitates a more rigorous data-driven analysis, as outlined in the PBWD Prestandard. NIST has developed a Database-Assisted-Design (DAD) method for tall buildings that reliably estimates peak combined wind effects and wind directionality at a building site by utilizing time-domain analysis and local climate data given the wind tunnel pressure measurements. The most recent improvement of the DAD method, a product from collaboration between NIST and industry partners, involves the integration of a Python-based platform and the use of ETABS. This development improves the practicality of DAD in design practice. Preliminary comparison results with the code-based method demonstrate the effectiveness of the DAD method and its significant potential for PBWD.

Global climate crises are the most significant challenges to be solved these days. As one of the technological endeavors to tackle the issue, radiative cooling is amongst the most attractive approaches for sustainable heat energy regulation, which involves maximizing solar heat reflection and thermal heat emission. These green technologies inevitably require architectural applicability, considering that building facades take a large proportion of the heat-radiating surfaces. For mass-production suitability and durability, radiative coolers (RCs) fabricated in a fully ceramic context are recently suggested, featuring scalable, thermally insulative, and non-shrinking advantages. However, the visual effects are also imperative for architectural instances but are seldom accounted for. In this context, this article suggests the enhanced color-preserving radiative cooling (ECRC) structure for practical architectural applications of glass-infiltrated ceramic RCs. By simply blending ceramic pigment into the uppermost porous alumina layer, the ECRC structure can maintain the physical, and thermal features of all-ceramic RC, while exhibiting color by visible reflectance adjustment. ECRCs exhibit an additional cooling performance of up to approximate to 17.3 degrees C depending on their color, compared to their conventional counterparts. With additional chromatic features, ECRC can further enhance the availability of radiative cooling technology for practically realizing the energy-saving structures in real-world architectural circumstances. Balancing between color exhibition and cooling performance is crucial for color-preserving radiative coolers, which involves engineering visible reflectance. With maintaining the substantial advantages of glass-infiltrated ceramic radiative coolers, the enhanced color-preserving radiative cooler (ECRC) can preserve color exhibition while sufficiently maintaining its passive cooling performance, only with slight adjustments of blending ceramic pigment particles at the uppermost porous alumina layer. image

The physical and chemical state of ceramics are very important for their microwave dielectric properties, especially at high frequencies above GHz. Therefore, the microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of (1-x)Mg(Zr0.05Ti0.95)O3–xSTiO3((1-x)MZT–xST) ceramics were investigated by controlling external variables. The compounds were synthesized through a solid-state reaction mechanism and sintered at relatively low temperatures. A cavity resonator method was employed to analyze the microwave dielectric properties. Optimal sintering conditions significantly enhanced the microwave dielectric performance of MZTST ceramics. The addition of ZnO substantially reduced the sintering temperature and equilibrium sintering time, enabling the activation of optimal conditions and the achievement of temperature-stable microwave dielectrics like NP0: εr ~20.16 at 10GHz, Qf of ~81839GHz at 7.93GHz, and τf close to zero (~0.12 ppm/oC). This enhanced performance was attributed to the optimization of internal variables, including enhanced relative density, homogeneous grain size, optimal phase fraction, and chemical ordering.

Anti-ferroelectric (PbLa)(ZrTi)O 3 (PLZT) is a promising material for use in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) for electric vehicles, as its dielectric and polarization properties are enhanced under high electric fields. To facilitate the commercialization of Cu-MLCCs, sintering in a reduction atmosphere is necessary. In this study, the effect of adding Mn ions in varying concentrations (ranging from a small amount to an excess of 2.0 mol.%, 3.0 mol.%, 5.0 mol.%, 10.0 mol.%, and 20.0 mol.%) on the dielectric constant and breakdown voltage was investigated to understand their behavior under high electric fields. Regardless of the amount of Mn ions added, a single perovskite structure with no secondary phase was observed. These oxygen vacancies originated from the ions occupying the B-site in the perovskite structure, thereby influencing the dielectric properties and breakdown voltage. Interestingly, the breakdown voltage improved significantly, reaching up to 8.0 kV/mm, and no phase transition to the ferroelectric state occurred, regardless of the amount of Mn ions substituted. Overall, it was evident that the anti-ferroelectric properties of PLZT were well maintained.

A verification study was conducted for URANS (Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) simulations of flow around a 5:1 rectangular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 56,700 (based on the cylinder depth) using the k-omega SST (shear stress transport) turbulence model and the gamma - R e theta transition model for three types of grids (a fully structured grid and two hybrid grids generated using Delaunay and advancing front techniques). The grid convergence index (GCI) and least squares (LS) procedures were employed to estimate discretization error and associated uncertainties. The result indicates that the LS procedure provides the most reliable estimates of discretization error uncertainties for solution variables in the structured grid from the k-omega SST model. From the six solution variables of interest, the highest relative uncertainty was typically observed in the root-mean-square (rms) of lift coefficient, followed by time-averaged reattachment length and peak rms of pressure coefficient on the top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder. The solution variable with the lowest uncertainty was Strouhal number, followed by time-averaged drag coefficient. It is also noted that the GCI and LS procedures produce noticeably different uncertainty estimates, primarily due to inconsistences in their estimated observed orders of accuracy and safety factors. To successfully apply the procedures to practical problems, further research is required to reliably estimate uncertainties in solutions with "noisy" grid convergence behaviors and observed orders of accuracy.

In manufacturing industry, finding optimal design parameters for targeted properties has traditionally been guided by trial and error. However, limited data availability to few hundreds sets of experimental data in typical materials processes, the machine-learning capabilities and other data-driven modeling (DDM) techniques are too far from it to be practical. In this study, we show how a versatile design strategy, tightly coupled with physicsbased modeling (PBM) data, can be applied to small set of experimental data to improve the optimization of process parameters. Our strategy uses PBM to achieve augmented data that includes essential physics: in other words, the PBM data allows the inverse design model to 'learn' physics, indirectly. We demonstrated the accuracy of both forward-prediction and inverse-optimization have been dramatically improved with the help of PBM data, which are relatively cheap and abundant. Furthermore, we found that the inverse model with augmented data can accurately optimize process parameters, even for ones those were not considered in the simulation. Such versatile strategy can be helpful for processes/experiments for the cases where the number of collectable data is limited, which is most of the case in industries.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for structural wind engineering applications require a fully developed boundary layer approach flow with horizontal homogeneity and zero pressure gradient for accurate characterization of wind loading on a structure. Previous studies have focused on achievement of such requirements primarily in computational domains whose heights are equal to or less than the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height, despite the need of a computational domain taller than the ABL height for certain applications such as buildings in an urban environment/or topographic surroundings to ensure an acceptably low blockage ratio. Thus, the current study proposes a novel procedure for the generation of the fully developed, horizontally homogeneous and zero pressure gradient flow in a vertically extended computational domain above the ABL height with using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stoke (RANS) simulations. The proposed procedure is applied to simulations with an isolated building and topographic models, respectively, to investigate the blockage effects on the flow field in the vicinity of the models and associated wind loading on their surfaces. The results demonstrate successful creation of the approach flow that satisfies those three requirements for CFD simulations in structural wind engineering and applicability to scale-resolving CFD simulations including large-eddy simulations (LES).

The ASCE 7-16 standard and its previous editions specify wind speeds for structural design that increase monotonically above the Earth's surface up to heights between 200 and 400 m, above which they are considered constant. This model was proposed in the 1960s and based on research completed up to that time. Subsequent research has shown that the model is inadequate and may result in the significant underestimation of wind loads in the higher elevations of supertall and megatall structures. For this reason, a new model for the vertical variation of wind speeds and associated velocity pressure exposure coefficients, Kz, was developed for inclusion in the ASCE 7-22 standard. The purpose of this paper is to present and explain the logic of the new model based on physics-based meteorological research.

The study aimed to investigate the impact of oxygen vacancies on the reliability of perovskite-structured ceramics. In particular, the focus was on anti-ferroelectric (PbLa)(ZrTi)O-3, commonly known as PLZT, which exhibits excellent DC-bias characteristics, making it a promising material for high-power capacitors. To address the issue of oxygen vacancies, Dy3+ was introduced as a donor by substituting it into (Pb0.82La0.12)(Zr0.86Ti0.14)O-3. As the substitution of Dy3+ increased, there was a decrease in the dielectric constant. However, this was accompanied by an increase in both breakdown voltage and reliability characteristics.

The (Al1-xBx)2Mo3O12 ceramics with double phases were prepared by solid-phase sintering method at the temperature from 725 to 800 degrees C for LTCC application. Through XRD pattern and Rietveld refinement analysis, it was confirmed that the (Al1-xBx)2Mo3O12 composition consists of the coexistence of double phase (the monoclinic structure of the P21/a space group and the orthorhombic structure of the Pnca space group), and the orthorhombic phase was increased with boron substitution. The microwave dielectric properties of the (Al1xBx)2Mo3O12 ceramic series were impacted by double-phase formation (crystal structure ratio), which increases the densification and grain uniformity. With the boron substitution, the (Al1-xBx)2Mo3O12 ceramic series demonstrate outstanding microwave dielectric properties (er = 4.04, Q x f = 35870 GHz @ 15 GHz, z & INT; = 4.2 ppm/degrees C) with high relative density (prel & AP; 98.84%) and thermal conductivity lc = 0.88 W/m.K for x = 0.3 at 775 degrees C, indicate that it is a promising candidate for LTCC substrate material.

(1-x)LaGaO3-xSrTiO3 (x = 0-0.6) microwave dielectric ceramics were synthesized by using conventional solid-state reaction method and sintered at 1450 degrees C with different sintering conditions. The variations of micro-structure, relative density, and phase formation were observed by different composition and sintering conditions. The microwave properties, such as permittivity/dielectric constant (epsilon r), quality factor (Qf), and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF, tau f) at a high frequency were investigated in terms of lattice distortion, chemical ordering, and chemical homogeneity according to the composition and equilibrium sintering condi-tions. A maximum Qf-64,900 GHz was observed at x = 0, and the best tau f -0 ppm/degrees C was obtained at x = 0.4. Consequently, it was found that the permittivity is related mainly to the lattice distortion, whereas the quality factor is primarily affected by chemical ordering and chemical homogeneity of the microstructure-induced composition.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed advanced Database-Assisted Design (DAD) procedures for the design of structural members subjected to direction-dependent wind loads. Recently, a DAD_ETABS procedure that uses the ETABS software was developed with a view to facilitating the use of the DAD approach in structural engineering practice. DAD_ETABS is a powerful software package enabling DAD's unique safety and economy features to be part of general structural design practice. The purpose of this report is to review the main features of the DAD_ETABS structural design procedure and software and assess them from the point of view of its potential use in structural engineering design practice. The report presents a review of the procedure and the results of testing the performance of the DAD_ETABS software by performing an independent structural design of an example high-rise steel building. An assessment of the software and its potential for routine use in structural engineering design practice is then presented, followed by a set of recommendations on future work aimed at enhancing the software's capabilities as a widely used practical design tool.

It is necessary to develop a low‐loss dielectric material based on the low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) process, which is essential for expanding 5G service. LTCC is designed by mixing SiO2 and glass to secure low dielectric constant. The density, porosity, and average diameter of pores of the sintered specimen are analyzed and evaluated to confirm the change in sintering behavior according to the mixing composition ratio of SiO2 and glass and the heating rate. When the ratio of the mixed filler is 35 vol%, the density is the highest at 2.30 g cm−3, the porosity is the lowest at 4.59%, and the diameter of the pores is also the smallest at about 5.80 μm. Therefore, it is selected as the optimal mixing ratio. When the heating rate is used as a variable, the density is high in 1, 3, and 5 °C min−1, and the porosity and pore diameter are small. However, it is confirmed that as the heating rate increases, the density gradually decreases, while the porosity as well as pore diameter increases. As a result of analyzing the sample under the optimal conditions, the dielectric constant 3.64 and loss 0.01 are shown in 30 GHz.

To fabricate a multilayer actuator by applying Cu paste by the tape casting method, the correlation between the amount of residual carbon from the de-binding process and the sinterability was reviewed and the effect of the former on the piezoelectric properties was observed. The Cu electrode must be fired in a reducing atmosphere to prevent oxidation, but a preliminary de-binding process was performed in an oxidizing atmosphere for effective binder burn-out. After performing a preliminary de-binding process for 24 h in an oxidizing atmosphere, the residual carbon amount was measured with a variation of the main de-binding temperatures in a reducing atmosphere to find the optimal binder burn-out process conditions. As a result of co-firing the specimens (obtained from the two-stage de-binding) in a reducing atmosphere at 900 °C, the maximum sintered density was 7.65 g/cm3. When the final residual carbon amount increased from 0.02 to 0.09 wt%, the capacitance value showed a tendency to decrease from 23.16 to 12.26 nF, and the electrical resistance value increased from 0.2 to 0.8 Ω.