Complex study using direct structural and spectroscopic methods allowed to obtain the data on polymorphous transformations, taking place during mechanical activation of CaGlu. It was revealed the formation of two-dimensional structures (i.e., plane 2-D structures, nanotubes) in the process of mechanical treatment of calcium gluconate monohydrate

Different spatial structures that arise due to rotation around simple bonds without violating the integrity of the molecule (without breaking chemical bonds) are called conformations. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of the spatial structure of calcium gluconate in the aqueous solution has been carried out. It was shown that molecules of calcium gluconate exist in the form of two conformations: zigzag 1-P and cyclic 3 G +. The results of homonuclear 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy indicate the predominantly zigzag conformation. It was found that the intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed and the spatial structure of molecules changes at the increase in the solution concentration. The observed concentration behavior of the conformation of calcium gluconate is also associated with the presence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds –O(C4)H··O(C2).

Complex studying of functional condition of small intestine at bile stone disease and analyzing connection of small intestine functional disorders with formation of lithogenic bile. 123 patients with Bile stone disease were examined at pre-stone stage. Examinations done include ultrasonic exam of gallbladder, biochemical examination of bile, studying of bile acids in the bile by method of mass-spectrometry, morphological examination of duodenal mucous membrane, functional examination of small intestine with loading test.RESULTS:As the survey showed, a biliary sludge was found at 86,2% of the patients at ultrasonic examination of gallbladder In the patients' bile there were noticed changes of both general pool of bile acids and of ratio of their separate fractions. 82% of patients with bile stone disease at pre-stone stage had disorders of digestive and absorbing functions of small intestine, connected with reducing of general pool of bile acids in bile.

The physical mechanisms of the deformation-induced structural transformations in molecular crystals, including morphological changes, amorphization and molecular polymorphous conversions in nano-dispersed bioinorganic compounds are discussed in this work. Integrated study using direct structural and structure-sensitive spectroscopic methods allowed obtaining the data on polymorphous transformations, taking place during mechanical activation in calcium gluconate monohydrate (CG). One of the possible reasons for lattice polymorphous transformations and amorphization, observed in the course of mechanical activation of low-symmetry molecular crystals, might be the spatial molecular isomerization. In this case, the disappearance of the translational invariance of the lattice is conditioned by the simultaneous coexistence of the reactants and reaction products, which have different stereoorganization of the molecular structure.

The methods of X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and laser diffractometry are employed to study the changes in the structure and phase transformations that accompany mechanical alloying of Si and 57Fe used in an atomic ratio of 99: 1. It is established that the process comprises the development of a nanocrystalline state of Si with crystallite sizes smaller than 10 nm; the formation of an amorphous phase of Si at particle surfaces and in near-boundary distorted zones of interfaces in Si nanostructure; the penetration of 57Fe atoms along grain boundaries; and the formation of Si-Fe clusters, the local environment of Fe atoms in which is typical of a deformed α-FeSi2 phase, with these clusters being located in the interfaces.

Методами рентгеновской дифракции, мессбауэровской спектроскопии, инфракрасной спектроскопии и лазерной дифрактометрии изучены структурно-фазовые превращения при механическом сплавлении Si и 57Fe в атомном соотношении 99 : 1. Установлено, что процесс включает в себя формирование нанокристаллического состояния Si с размерами кристаллитов менее 10 нм, образование аморфной фазы Si вблизи поверхности частиц и в приграничных искаженных зонах интерфейсов наноструктуры Si, проникновение атомов 57Fe по границам зерен, формирование в интерфейсах кластеров Si–Fe с локальным окружением атомов Fe, характерным для деформированной фазы -FeSi2.

Aim. To optimize the conservative treatment of patients with cholelithiasis. Methods. Conducted was a comprehensive in-depth examination and treatment of 87 patients with gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) at the stage of biliary sludge (in the initial physicochemical stage - before stone formation) with associated hypokinesia of the gallbladder. The diagnosis was verified by the means of ultrasound investigation, multifractional duodenal probing and the intensity of biliary sludge was determined by the content of cholesterol, bile acids (spectrophotometrically) and cholate-cholesterol coefficient in the bile. The content of microelements in the bile was estimated by the method of atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. The spectrum of bile acids in the bile was determined by the method of matrix laser desorption ionization. The acid-producing function of the stomach was evaluated by the means of intragastric pH-metry. During endoscopy investigation a targeted biopsy of the mucous membrane of the anterior and posterior walls of the stomach was performed, followed by morphological examination of biopsy specimens. The patients were divided into two groups. Sulfate sodium-calcium mineral water «Uvinskaya» (Udmurtia) and ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursosan) was used in the treatment of patients of the observation group. In the comparison group monotherapy with ursodeoxycholic acid at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight was conducted. Hydrotherapy in the observation group was conducted for 24 days, while medicinal treatment in both groups was continued for another 2 months. The control group consisted of 15 practically healthy individuals. Results. In the course of treatment a marked decrease in the pain in the right hypochondrium, the disappearance or reduction of dyspeptic complaints, loss of echo-positive particulates in the gall bladder and an increase in its contractility was noted in all patients of the observation group, at the same time the signs of inflammation also disappeared and the cholate-cholesterol coefficient increased. Registered was a favourable dynamics of the content of microelements in the bile. Conclusion. The combined use of the «Uvinskaya» mineral water and ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of cholelithiasis with biliary sludge promotes the most rapid elimination of clinical symptoms of the disease, improves the functional state of the gall bladder, reduces the lithogenic properties and normalizes the content of microelements in the bile.

Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry named after A.E. Arbuzov, Kazan, Russia. Aim. To optimize the conservative treatment of patients with cholelithiasis. Methods. Conducted was a comprehensive in-depth examination and treatment of 87 patients with gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) at the stage of biliary sludge (in the initial physicochemical stage — before stone formation) with associated hypokinesia of the gallbladder. The diagnosis was verified by the means of ultrasound investigation, multifractional duodenal probing and the intensity of biliary sludge was determined by the content of cholesterol, bile acids (spectrophotometrically) and cholate-cholesterol coefficient in the bile. The content of microelements in the bile was estimated by the method of atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. The spectrum of bile acids in the bile was determined by the method of matrix laser desorption ionization. The acid- producing function of the stomach was evaluated by the means of intragastric pH-metry. During endoscopy investigation a targeted biopsy of the mucous membrane of the anterior and posterior walls of the stomach was performed, followed by morphological examination of biopsy specimens. The patients were divided into two groups. Sulfate sodium-calcium mineral water «Uvinskaya» (Udmurtia) and ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursosan) was used in the treatment of patients of the observation group. In the comparison group monotherapy with ursodeoxycholic acid at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight was conducted. Hydrotherapy in the observation group was conducted for 24 days, while medicinal treatment in both groups was continued for another 2 months. The control group consisted of 15 practically healthy individuals. Results. In the course of treatment a marked decrease in the pain in the right hypochondrium, the disappearance or reduction of dyspeptic complaints, loss of echo- positive particulates in the gall bladder and an increase in its contractility was noted in all patients of the observation group, at the same time the signs of inflammation also disappeared and the cholate-cholesterol coefficient increased. Registered was a favourable dynamics of the content of microelements in the bile. Conclusion. The combined use of the «Uvinskaya» mineral water and ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of cholelithiasis with biliary sludge promotes the most rapid elimination of clinical symptoms of the disease, improves the functional state of the gall bladder, reduces the lithogenic properties and normalizes the content of microelements in the bile. Keywords: gallbladder hypotension, inflammation, cholelithiasis, ursodeoxycholic acid, mineral water.

Electron and chemical ionization mass spectrometry and MALDI were used to investigate a medicinal preparation, calcium gluconate (CG), and its more active mechanoactivated form (MACG). Admixtures in CG were identified. Mechanoactivation was shown to produce no new compounds. The enhancement of medicinal activity of MACG may be related with its conformational transition.

The physical and chemical transformations in calcium gluconate under the mechanochemical processing were investigated by EPR and IR-spectroscopy. It was shown that paramagnetic centers of free radical nature were formed in samples as a result of such treatment, their concentration depending nonmonotonically on the milling time. Data of IR-spectroscopy testify to a destruction of the molecule of calcium gluconate. The breaking of intermolecular bonds occurs near the calcium atom, followed by the formation of δ-gluconolactone.