The brewing industry consumes a large amount of water needed for brewing, rinsing, and cooling purposes, and therefore produces huge amount of effluents. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the use of Moringa oleiferra (MO) powder and synthesized 1.0 and 2.0 g TiO2NPs as green synthesized nano-particles for the remediation of brewery wastewater using standard methods. The raw wastewater sample characterization for pH, BOD, COD, Lead and coliform count were: 7.26, 935, 1045, 0.083 mg/L and 136 cfu/100 mL respectively. Results of the UV – Visible spectrophotometer showed the maximum wavelength of 275, 275, 278 and 282.50 nm for 5:20, 10:20, 15:20, 20:20 of MO and TiO2 ratio respectively, while the FTIR results show the presence of oxygen surface complex groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl. The SEM reveals a porous surface area accompanied by several wide opening pores of different sizes and shapes, while EDX shows the concentration of titanium, Sulphur and silicon in percent weight; 85.79, 2.96 and 1.46 % respectively. Results of the wastewater treated with 50 g defatted M. oleiferra revealed the removal efficiency of 47, 93.2, 56.2, 18, 31.3, 97, 76.1, 81 and 71% for Turbidity, COD, EC, Nitrate, Nitrite, BOD, TS, TDS and TSS respectively. Results of wastewater treated with 1.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 97.8, 94.64, 53.5, 34.2 and 35.1% for COD, BOD, EC, Nitrate and Nitrite respectively. That of 2.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 67, 58, and 87% for Cu, Pb, and Ag respectively. Conclusively, M. oleiferra and varying proportions of green synthesized TiO2 NPs were effective in the remediation of the wastewater from brewery industry as it improves its physicochemical properties, but not so much for the heavy metal concentration.

The presence of toxic elements in mining areas has always been a concern for public health worldwide. Previously conducted studies have mainly focused on separate soil or water contamination as routes to potentially toxic elements, conceivably underestimating residents' risks. This study examined the health risks associated with the consumption of Abelmuscus esculentus planted in different sediment compositions; control soil + control water (CSCW), control soil + goldmine water (CSGW), goldmine sediment + control water (GSCW) and goldmine sediment + goldmine water (GSGW). As, Ni, Cr and Cd concentrations in goldmine water were found to be higher than allowable limits. After 21 days, A. esculentus seedlings planted on different soil/sediment compositions were harvested for the determination of elements using an inductively coupled plasma-optical electron spectrometer (ICP-OES). Estimated dietary intakes of minerals and toxic metals were lower than recommended limits. The non-carcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals are minimal, but A. esculentus in GSGW had 131.67 % greater risks of being hazardous. Carcinogenic risks indicate that A. esculentus grown in all soil/sediment compositions had the potential to cause cancer, with GSGW having approximately 63 % higher risks. Farming practices employing goldmine sediment and water present foreseeable hazards to health when not controlled going by findings in this study. Keywords: Abelmuscus esculentus, Carcinogenic risk; Estimated dietary intake; Gold mining; Hazard ndex

The present study was aimed to investigate the impact of pollution on the receiving waters (Iguosa and Ikopba rivers) in Benin City, Nigeia. One of the most critical problems of developing and developed countries is improper management of vast amount of wastes generated by various anthropogenic activities. Though, very pronounced in the developing countries due to availability of potable water sources. More challenging is the unsafe disposal of these wastes into the ambient environment. Effluents and water samples were analysed quantitatively for the presence of lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Nickel (Ni) for both wet and dry season were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Aquatic insects are especially toxic to higher zinc concentrations. (ranatra elongata). A few of the raw materials used by these industries may be rich in these metals, according to the high concentration. Additionally, it was discovered that the metal concentrations in receiving waters were surprisingly lower than those in the effluents that were discharged into them. This might be a result of the receiving waters' dilution effect in part. It is suggested that the effluents from Industries have seriously polluted the receiving water bodies .However, if Industrial activities are not properly controlled or regulated and modified, it might lead to serious environmental pollution and degradation of Ikpoba-Oha and Oluku Rivers in Benin City in the nearest future.

A research work was carried out on the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of Tamarindus indica seeds oil using standard Analytical methods and PYE Unican 304 Gas Chromatography. The physicochemical properties results for seed oil were: acid value (5.10), peroxide value (9.60), free fatty acid (2.05), iodine value (82.50), saponification value (279.20), refractive index (1.467) and specific gravity (0.8423).The results indicated that the oils of Tamarindus indica seed might be useful for domestic consumption due to low acid value, free fatty acid and peroxide value. The fatty acids compositions showed that seed oil contained higher unsaturated fatty acids (74.0%) and low saturated fatty acid (26.0%) with most abundant acid being linoleic acid methyl ester (44.967%), thus making it more nutritionally important.

The potential of nitric acid modified kola nut pod adsorbent (MKNP) in removing selected heavy metals such as lead (Pb2+), cobalt (Co2+), and cadmium (Cd2+) ions from aqueous solution was investigated. FTIR spectra before and after the adsorption indicates the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxylic acid which are responsible for its surface chemistry. The percentage removal largely depends on pH, contact time and temperature. The results showed that metal ions removal at optimum pH, contact time and temperature were: (Pb2+: 89.58, 97.04, 97.11%); (Co2+: 77.53, 75.17, 65.42%), and (Cd2+: 96.99, 97.06, 96.94%) respectively. The thermodynamic studies revealed that the enthalpy change was negative across the initial metal ion concentrations, indicating that the adsorption process was exothermic. The Gibb’s free energy change (∆G) values at all temperatures (298, 313, 328, 343 and 358K) were also negative, indicating that the adsorption process was spontaneous and feasible. Kinetics parameters obtained showed that pseudo-second order was obeyed throughout the adsorption process. In conclusion, from the favorability of the adsorption process, MKNP would be an efficient, eco-friendly and cheap adsorbent in removing toxic heavy metals ions from wastewater and industrial effluents.

The potential of chitosan-oxalic modified kola nut pod modified (COMKNP) to remove selected heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd) ions from aqueous solution was investigated. The batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of variable parameters such as pH, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dose on the removal of heavy metals in wastewater. The results showed that these parametric effects have great influence on the removal of heavy metals ions from aqueous solution. The thermodynamics studies showed that the adsorption of these metal ions was spontaneous except for the removal of cadmium. The positive value of enthalpy (ΔH) change obtained showed that the adsorption process was endothermic.

A comparative study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid profile and physicochemical qualities of oil extracted from the unfermented and fermented seeds of Annona squamosa. A. squamosa powdered, fermented and unfermented seeds were extracted using soxhlet extraction. The fatty acid composition was identified using GC-MS. The physiochemical properties were determined using standard analytical methods. Unfermented oil had a total saturated fatty acid (TSFA) of 37.41%, of which palmitic acid was the most predominant. Total monounsaturated fatty acid (TMUFA) content of the fermented oil sample was 58.48% while total polyunsaturated fatty acid (TPUFA) content was 2.76%. Total amount of unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) found in the fermented oil was greater than TSFA. The main MUFA identified was oleic acid, which ranged from 49.12 to 55.01% for both oils. The physicochemical properties showed that fermented oil had higher free fatty acid, iodine value and peroxide value of 3.810%, 108.508 mgl2/g and 0.830 mMol/kg respectively while unfermented oil had a higher saponification value of 180.112 mg KOH/g. The results indicated that the two oils from A. squamosa contained high amounts of PUFA and MUFA but the fermented oil showed higher TUFA than SFA, indicating suitability for consumption and industrial usage.

This study investigated the proximate, phytochemical and nutritive composition of Bitter gourd (Memordica charantia) seed flour using appropriate standard techniques. The proximate composition in (%) were; moisture 8.50 + 0.15, ash 2.90 + 0.01, crude protein 14.30 + 0.50, crude fibre 2.44 + 0.01, crude fat 20.57 + 0.10 and carbohydrate 51.29 + 0.10. The mineral composition (mg/100g) of seed flour revealed that Iron (371.50 + 0.00) was the most abundant miner, followed by magnesium (205.10 + 0.50), phosphorous (17.10 + 0.05), sodium (11.42 + 0.50), calcium (8.90 + 0.15), while potassium (5.27 + 0.05) was the least. The phytochemical contents of the seed flour were; Alkaloids (14.41 + 0.05 mg/100g), Flavonoid (12.09 + 0.10 mg/100g), Tannin (6.20 + 0.50 mg/100g), saponin (3.42 + 0.01 mg/100g) and Cyanide 2.10 + 0.01 mg/100g). However, the low cyanide content indicated that the seed flour would be save for consumption. The results of functional properties in (%) were; Bulk Density 0.0451, Swelling capacity 103.87, least gelatinous capacity 1.75, Water absorption capacity 241.40, Oil absorption capacity 297.40 and Solubility was in the range of 2.93 to 10.75. The high swelling, water absorption, oil absorption capacity, least gelation and Solubility reported in this study suggested that the seed flour contained high amount of carbohydrate, protein, and oil which made it suitable for domestic consumption and weaning food formation. The results obtained in this study showed that the bitter gourd seed flour contained an appreciable amount of essential nutrients and phytochemicals and could be incorporated into existing foods, to solve the problems of malnutrition and micronutrients deficiency.

Carica Papaya is an economically important tropical herbaceous plant with numerous biological activities. In local medicine, different parts of C. Papaya (leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and seeds) are utilized in the treatment of various ailments. The seeds are rich in fibre and thus have the ability to regulate our bowel movements, removing toxins from the body and maintaining a healthy gut. The carpain present in Carica papaya helps kill bacteria and parasites thus keeping our digestive system healthy. This study investigated the phytochemicals, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid characterization of oil extracts of Carica Papaya (Papaw) Seed flour. Fatty acid composition was determined using a Gas chromatograph (model 8700; Perkin Elmer) and phytochemicals as well as physicochemical properties were determined using standard analytical methods. The results of the physicochemical properties of the oil were 2.810 ±1.040 mg KOH/g for acid value, iodine value 22.000 ±8.000, peroxide values 17.000 ±2.646b, Free fatty acid (FFA)0.180 ±0.009a mEq/kg, refractive index1.335 ±1.010aand specific gravity 0.895 ±0.052a. The low acid, free fatty acid and peroxide value suggested the edibility of oil and stability to oxidative rancidity during storage. The fatty acid profile revealed that the oil contained appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids such as Oleic acid (13.420 ±0.026%), Linoleic acid, 24.640 ±0.040 %, Linolenic Acid 4.750 ±0.026 c%, Arachidonic acid, 2.950 ±0.160b and Palmitoleic acid 2.290 ± 0.173 % with Linoleic acid, being the most abundant fatty acid. However. the result of total fatty acid composition showed that seed oil contained relatively the same amount of unsaturated fatty (48.05 %) and saturated fatty acid (51.95%), thus making it nutritionally important if properly refined and industrially valuable. The results in this study suggested the C. papaya seed might be incorporated into existing foods, to solve the problems of malnutrition and other health related issue.

Background: Centuries after its introduction in Africa, the western-style logistics system has not replicated the same results as it has in other parts of the world. The continent continues to grapple with poor logistics infrastructure and low intra-Africa trade at a time when governments in Africa are committed towards the expansion of trade and manufacturing through the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement. There is a pressing need, therefore, for the development of a logistics system designed for the African socioeconomic environment and the peculiarities of the people. Methods: This paper examines the operations of the Indigenous Logistics Systems (ILS) in pre-colonial Nigeria and its development over time through qualitative data gathered from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria and a review of literature. Results: ILS in Nigeria is the cultural creation of the people through the efficient management of available resources and the use of indigenous knowledge. The system derives its strengths and effectiveness from its availability, simplicity, affordability, and trust. Conclusions: The paper concludes that if improved with the application of simple technology, ILS has the answers to the challenges of logistics and Supply Chain Management (SCM) in Africa.

Abstract: This work investigated the preparation, modification and characterization of prepared adsorbent from kola nut pod (agro waste).The kola nut pod waste was obtained from Ipetu-Ijesha farm, modified using chitosan-oxalic gel and characterized using Scanning Electron micrograph -Energy dispersive X-ray and FTIR spectrophotometer. The morphological study revealed that the chemically modified adsorbent has high porosity and large surface area for effective adsorption of metal ions in aqueous solution, The EDX analysis revealed that the chitosan-oxalic modified kola nut pod adsorbent contains C (0.01%), N (14.46%), K (7.76%), O (14.48%), Si (0.09%) and Ca (62.24%). The FTIR spectrum shows some adsorption peaks that indicate the functional groups on the adsorbent This further suggested that the adsorbent has potential adsorption sites as represented by the functional groups OH, C-H, C-C, and COOH. The results of Physico chemical properties showed that moisture; 8.32±0.07, Ash; 6.31±0.04, lignin; 12.97±0.03, cellulose; 23.53±0.04, Hemicellulose; 16.76±0.02, pectin; 7.74±0.03 and extractives 24.37±0.04. This results showed that this kola nut pod contains considerable amount of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses thus, will form a very good adsorbent for removal of dyes and heavy metals in wastewaters. Keyword: modification, characterization, chitosan-oxalic, kola nut pod waste, Physico chemical properties, morphological study.

The present study focuses on the determination of physicochemical parameters of brewery industry effluent and receiving water which serves as a source of drinking water, fishing and irrigation for agricultural purpose to the community. The impact of the effluents from a Brewery industry on the water quality of Ikpoba-Oha River was carried out during wet and dry seasons, 2016. Water samples from three selected points in the river were analyzed for pH, temperature, total solids, total dissolved solids, Hardness, BOD, COD, DO, Chlorides, phosphates, sulphates. Samples were collected at three points designated as: point 1 (effluent), point 2 (upstream), and point 3 (downstream). The results of the analysis of the effluent obtained on both seasons were: pH (5.90-8.38), temperature (25.20oC-33.15oC), chlorides (12.0-129.2 mg/l), phosphates (0.9-20.48 mg/l), sulphates (3.30-53.0 mg/l), nitrates (3.8-17.20 mg/l), DO (2.3-4.15mg/l), Total Hardness (12.10-425.6 mg/l), Ca hardness (6.0-296.4 mg/l), Total Solids (44.0-513mg/l), TSS(20-159mg/l) and TDS (24-354 mg/l). The levels of most of the parameters monitored are generally higher at the point of effluent discharged into water bodies and dispersed to less malign conditions downstream due to water dilution effect.

Trade in Africa has been disproportionately affected over the years by a poorly developed logistics and supply chain management system. Few explorative research has been done on indigenous logistics systems across Africa. This study examines the indigenous logistics systems in Nigeria, Africa's most populous country. Qualitative data was gathered from the six zones of the country examining the most popular logistics system, reasons for its popularity, its strengths and weaknesses, and opportunities for scaling up. For the first time ever, this paper defined indigenous logistics systems and supply chain management. The “waybill” system or sending goods through registered vehicles at motor parks is the choice of the majority of the citizens. The system is consistent with the cultural norms and habits of the people, prioritizes the use of local knowledge and resources in an integrated manner, offers competitive advantage to practitioners, and is sustainable. This paper concludes that, if standardized and improved upon, the “waybill” system has the potential of being the sole supply chain management system in Nigeria and across Africa.

Appraisal of body height (Bh) from leg length (LL) and other anthropometric parts of an individual is very important in the identification of human skeletal remains. The objective of this study was to develop a model for the estimation of Bhmale, Bhfemale and Bhcombined. The study was conducted in three selected tertiary institutions in Southwest Nigeria with a total of 324 students (162 male and 162 female) using the snowball techniques where the Bh and LL of the students were measured using stadiometer and sliding caliper. The data were analysed statistically using statistical package for social sciences v 21 software. The result showed mean values of 168.49 ± 9.19 cm of Bhmale, 168.15 ± 8.66 cm Bhfemale and 168.32±8.91 cm Bhcombined. Similarly, the mean values of 96.40±7.29 cm LLmale, 96.27±6.96 cm LLfemale and 96.33 ± 7.12 cm LLcombined were found. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination, R2 was determined as 76.0%, 19.1% and 44.3%, respectively. Three regression models were formulated to determine the Bhmale, Bhfemale and Bhcombined with LLmale, LLfemale and LLcombined as the predictors. It was concluded that this formulated model could be a veritable tool for the development of forensic anthropological studies for Nigerian student population.

This study was carried out to investigate the impact of pollution on the receiving waters (Iguosa and Ikopba rivers) in Benin City. Effluents and water samples were analysed quantitatively for the presence of lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Nickel (Ni) for both wet and dry season were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Heavy metals analysis results for 7-Up Bottling Company showed that Pb (0.06mg/L – 0.97mg/L), Cu (0.12mg/L – 2.84mg/L), Cr (0.5mg/L – 8.16mg/L), Mn (0.88mg/L – 4.36mg/L), Fe (0.55mg/L – 7.55mg/L), Zn (0.38mg/L – 3.97mg/L), Ni (0.27mg/L – 1.66mg/L) and Cd (0.03mg/L – 0.74mg/L) while results for Guinness Nigeria Plc showed that Pb (0.06mg/L – 0.95mg/L), Cu (0.07mg/L – 2.62mg/L), Cr (0.14mg/L – 2.96mg/L), Mn (0.16mg/L – 6.63mg/L), Fe (0.31mg/L – 4.96mg/L), Zn (0.14mg/L – 7.98mg/L), Ni (0.12mg/L – 1.69mg/L) and Cd (0.03mg/L – 0.56mg/L) for both wet and dry season. This showed that the concentrations of the metals were higher during wet season than the dry season except that of lead and cadmium. However, the presence of metals at various concentrations revealed that the effluents from these industries contaminated the stream.

The work investigated the proximate and mineral compositions of Tamarindus indica (Tamarind). Proximate analysis was carried out using standard analytical method recommended by AOAC (2010). The Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the mineral contents of the seed flour. The proximate composition of T. indica seed flour was: moisture (8.00 %), protein (20.90%), crude fibre (2.40%), fat (3.20%), ash (3.4%) and carbohydrate (62.10%). The mineral composition of the seed flour showed that T indica seed flour had significantly higher levels of the following elements (mg/100g): K (852.63), Ca (581.74), P (161.54) Mg (136.31), Na (27.56), Fe (7.94),) Zn (2.94) and Cu (1.45). The results obtained indicated that the seed flour contains relatively high amounts of carbohydrate, protein and essential mineral elements which connote high nutritional value and may be used as food supplements for both domestic and industrial purposes.

Bio-transformer oil from vegetable oil has received quite attention as a substitute to mineral based transformer oil with a view of minimize mineral based oils and reduce greenhouse gases pollution. The seeds of papaya are potential feedstock for bio-transformer production owing to their high lipid contents and available. In this study, papaya seed oils was extracted via soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane and the oil yields were in between 34–35% which is commercially viable. The oil extracted was transesterified using immobilized Candida rugosa lipase as a catalyst at room temperature with various molar ratios of methanol to oil. The highest bio-transformer oil yield for papaya seed oil was found to be 96% at methanol-to-oil ratios of 6:1. The results obtained from the characterization of RPSO bio-transformer oil was analytically compared with that of the transformer mineral oil and ASTM standard requirement. Similarities and differences have been discussed. Owing to comparable results in the RPSO bio-transformer oil, mineral transformer oil studied and the ASTM standard requirement and its increasing breakdown voltage with increasing temperature application. The study revealed that papaya seed oils have the potential of being used as alternative feedstock for bio-transformer production.

The choice of agro waste for the production of briquettes for domestic and industrial cottage utilization depends on the residues’ physical and fuel characteristics. This study investigate the physical and fuel characteristics for both the residues and blends of rice hull, groundnut shell and corncob. The residues were subjected to size reduction process and variance analysis was used to establish the influence of each sample blends.  Different samples of briquettes were produced by blending rice hull (R), groundnut shell (G) and corncob(C) with different ratios of R:G:C respectively using cassava starch as a binder. The residue’ dimensions and densifications of the sample briquettes were determined using standard methods.The results revealed the following ranges of values; For the compressed residues, density (0.075 - 0.099Kg/m 3 ), volume (0.001 - 0.002m 3 ), height (1.0357 - 1.0343m). For the relaxed residues, density (0.049 - 0.210Kg/m 3 ), volume (0.0001 -0.0002m 3 ), height (1.0357 - 1.0343m). The residual density of rice hull, groundnut shell and corncob are 104, 105, and 103 (Kg/m 3 ) respectively. The densification; compressed density (461.22 - 627.24 Kg/m 3 ), relaxed density (285.47 - 393.63 Kg/m 3 ), density ratio (0.56 - 0.66), relaxation ratio (1.52 - 1.79), and compaction ratio (1.46 to 2.01). Blend formulations affected the combustion characteristics of the briquettes, with low moisture briquettes possessing higher calorific values. The briquette formulation containing ratio 50:20:30 of rice hull: groundnut shell: corncob respectively had more positive attributes of biomass fuel such as lower relaxation ratio and high compaction ratio than the control and other formulated briquettes in this study. Generally, significant (p<0.05) differences existed between the samples in almost all the parameters. Keywords : Briquettes, Corn comb, Densification, Fuel Characterization, Groundnut shell, Rice hull.

In view of the numerous problems encountered with the manual method of mixing, an electric motor gear driven dough mixing machine was designed and fabricated from available local materials using standard engineering principles. A step turned shaft of diameters 16 mm and 32.5 mm was attached to speed reducer gearbox which engaged 1hp, single-phase electric motor to transmit torque required to effectively turn and mix the dough in the bowl. The performance evaluation was carried out, the average mixing time for dough of 3.964 kg was 7.67minutes and average mixing efficiency was 94.6% with a mixing capacity of 31 kg/hour operating at 280 rpm of the agitator shaft blade/ arm. The dough produced using the mixing machine was baked into bread and sensory evaluation was conducted and compared favourably with bread baked through hand mixing of dough at 0.05 level of significance. The results further showed that sample B was most accepted followed by sample A (control). Sample C received the least mean score. However, no significant mean difference among the bread attributes at the 0.05 level except for bread texture where samples A and D differ significantly. The cost of fabrication was ₦67,550.00(147dollars) and result of operating cost analysis on per day basis indicated that the owner of the machine can pay back the capital investment in a period of 359 days (1 year) of continuous production.

The chemical composition, nature minerals, anti-nutrients, functional and physicochemical properties of Caesalpina bonduc and Monodara myristica seed flours were determined. The results for proximate compositions in the samples were for Caesalpinia bonduc flour were moisture (7.89%), Ash (2.96%), Crude protein (18.26%), Crude fibre (12.54%), fat content (23.59%) and Carbohydrate (34.76%) while for Monodora myristica flour were: moisture (5.05%), Ash content (2.81%), crude fibre (4.69%), crude protein (24.62%), fat content (7.01%) and carbohydrate (55.82%). The mineral contents in (mg/l) for Caesalpinia bonduc and Monodara myristica seed flours were: K(36.68), (101.87), Ca(40.98), (59.43), Na (475.65), (463.57), Mg (13.20), (14.80), Zn (61.80), (66.20), P (18.5), (23.86), Ni (14.70), (13.40), Fe (12.80), (28.3), Cu (0.06) and (0.08) respectively. These results showed that the seeds samples contained some valuable minerals that are useful in bone formation as well as physiological and metabolic activities. The results of the functional properties for Caesalpina bonduc and Monodora myrictca seeds flours were: gelation capacities (51.40%), (53.80%), water absorption capacities (113.00), (121.50), emulsion capacities(56.25%), (56.00%), swelling capacities(7.10), (6.80) and oil Absorption capacities (137.50%), (115.50) and foaming capacities were (5.05) and (5.00) respectively. The anti-nutritents contents for Caesapina bonduc and Monodora myristica reported in this study were: Phytate (0.406%), (0.37%) Saponin (0.184%), (0.172%), Oxalates (0.068%), (0.056%), Tannins (0.083%) and (0.074%) respectively.This result suggested that the seed flours have low anti-nutritional content and may be useful in food formulations like doughes and baked products. It also confirmed that the seed samples may be good substitutes for wheat flour and Soy flour as extender in binder formulation.