This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) to chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) on planktonic Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces israelii, Candida albicans, and their single-species biofilms by agar dilution and broth microdilution test methods. Both agents inhibited the growth of all planktonic species. On the other hand, CHX exhibited lower minimum bactericidal concentrations than EEP against biofilms of A. actinomycetemcomitans, S. aureus, and E. faecalis whereas EEP yielded a better result against Lactobacilli and P. intermedia. The bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations of both agents were found to be equal against biofilms of Streptecocci, P. gingivalis, A. israelii, and C. albicans. The results of this study revealed that propolis was more effective in inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative bacteria in their planktonic state and it was suggested that EEP could be as effective as CHX on oral microorganisms in their biofilm state.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of implant design and bioactive glass (BAG) coating on the response of bone to fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) implants. Three different FRC implant types were manufactured for the study: non-threaded implants with a BAG coating; threaded implants with a BAG coating; and threaded implants with a grit-blasted surface. Thirty-six implants (six implants for each group per time point) were installed in the tibiae of six pigs. After an implantation period of 4 and 12 wk, the implants were retrieved and prepared for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), push-out testing, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Micro-CT demonstrated that the screw-threads and implant structure remained undamaged during the installation. The threaded FRC/BAG implants had the highest bone volume after 12 wk of implantation. The push-out strengths of the threaded FRC/BAG implants after 4 and 12 wk (463°N and 676°N, respectively) were significantly higher than those of the threaded FRC implants (416°N and 549°N, respectively) and the nonthreaded FRC/BAG implants (219°N and 430°N, respectively). Statistically significant correlation was found between bone volume and push-out strength values. This study showed that osseointegrated FRC implants can withstand the static loading up to failure without fracture, and that the addition of BAG significantly improves the push-out strength of FRC implants.

OBJECTIVE:The displacement of the hyoid bone (HB) is a critical biomechanical component of the swallowing function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the swallowing-induced vertical and horizontal displacements of the HB in subjects with 2 different magnitudes of skeletal Class III malocclusion, by means of real-time, balanced turbo-field-echo (B-TFE) cine-magnetic resonance imaging.METHODS:The study population comprised 19 patients with mild skeletal Class III malocclusion, 16 with severe skeletal Class III malocclusion, and 20 with a skeletal Class I relationship. Before the commencement of the study, all subjects underwent cephalometric analysis to identify the nature of skeletal malformations. B-TFE images were obtained for the 4 consecutive stages of deglutition as each patient swallowed 10 mL of water, and the vertical and horizontal displacements of the HB were measured at each stage.RESULTS:At all stages of swallowing, the vertical position of the HB in the severe Class III malocclusion group was significantly lower than those in the mild Class III and Class I malocclusion groups. Similarly, the horizontal displacement of the HB was found to be significantly associated with the severity of malocclusion, i.e., the degree of Class III malocclusion, while the amount of anterior displacement of the HB decreased with an increase in the severity of the Class III deformity.CONCLUSIONS:Our findings indicate the existence of a relationship between the magnitude of Class III malocclusion and HB displacement during swallowing.

The aim of this study was to investigate bone response to bioactive fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) implants under two polymerization conditions. Glass-fiber-dimethacrylate composite was tested as prepolymerized cylinder-shaped FRC implants and as cylindrical FRC implants polymerized in situ with blue light transmitted and scattered by the glass fibers. Ten FRC implants (6 prepolymerized and 4 in situ-polymerized implants) were placed in the right tibias of 3 pigs by means of a press-fit technique. After 12 weeks, light microscopy revealed only mild foreign-body reaction, with no accumulation of inflammatory cells on both the prepolymerized and the in situ-polymerized implants. The prepolymerized implants appeared to be fully integrated, whereas the in situ-polymerized implants were almost completely surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The present study suggests that in situ polymerization of FRC implants results in fibrous capsule formation and prevents integration with bone.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether cervical wear was associated with occlusal wear and clinical periodontal parameters in relatively older adults. A total of 30 patients, with multiple non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) and without a disease or condition that could cause heavy tooth wear, were included in the study. The periodontal parameters including plaque index, probing pocket depth, gingival recession (GR) and tooth mobility were obtained from 641 teeth of which 475 (74·1%) displayed NCCLs. The levels of cervical wear and occlusal wear were determined according to a tooth wear index. Premolars were more likely to develop cervical wear than canines, molars and incisors. Cervical wear was significantly associated with less plaque accumulation and the presence of shallow pockets. The teeth with advanced GR and without increased mobility were 2·583 and 1·715 times more likely to develop deeper cervical lesions, respectively. Age and the level of occlusal wear were not linked to the bucco-lingual depth of cervical wear. In conclusion, the significant association of advanced cervical wear with the relatively healthy periodontal status suggested the role of abrasion and its possible combined action with erosion in the aetiology of NCCLs. The rate of GR and the lack of tooth mobility could constitute predisposing factors for the progression of cervical wear because the exposed root surfaces could be more susceptible to abrasion and/or erosion, and the non-mobile teeth resisting strongly against frictional forces, thus abrasive effects, could possibly develop cervical wear.

OBJECTIVES:The aims of this study were to evaluate bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and the osteoconductive capacity of bioactive fiber-reinforced composite implant (FRC) in vivo.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Threaded sand-blasted FRC implants and threaded FRC implants with bioactive glass (BAG) were fabricated for the study. Titanium implants were used as a reference. Eighteen implants (diameter 4.1 mm, length 10 mm) were implanted in the tibia of six pigs using the press-fit technique. The animals were sacrificed after 4 and 12 weeks. Histomorphometric and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses were performed to characterize BIC.RESULTS:In general, the highest values of BIC were measured in FRC-BAG implants, followed by FRC and Ti implants. At 4 weeks, the BIC was 33% for threaded FRC-BAG, 27% for FRC and 19% for Ti. At 12 weeks, BIC was 47% for threaded FRC-BAG, 40% for FRC and 42% for Ti. Four weeks after implantation, all the implants appeared biologically fixed by a newly formed woven bone arranged in the thin bone trabeculae filling the gap between the implant and the bone of the recipient site. Twelve weeks after implantation, the thickness of the woven bone trabeculae had increased, especially around the FRC-BAG implants.CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that the FRC implant is biocompatible in bone. The biological behavior of FRC was comparable to that of Ti after 4 and 12 weeks of implantation. Furthermore, the addition of BAG to the FRC implant increased peri-implant osteogenesis and bone maturation.

ÖZET Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the potential stimulatory effect of low-level laser irradiation and low-intensity direct current (DC) electrical stimulation on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF). Material and Methods: PDLF obtained from third molar periodontal ligaments were cultured under standard conditions and they were divided into 6 main groups (4 laser irradiation groups, control group and electrical stimulation group). Each laser group were irradiated by 650 nm diode laser, operated at different power outputs. Specially designed culture flasks were used for electrical stimulation which was set up to 10μA. Each group was stimulated for four days. The collagen synthesis of fibroblasts in control, laser and electrical stimulation groups were evaluated by means of hydroxyproline level changes at the end of the 96th hour. Each group was also evaluated with TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). Results: In the electrically stimulated group a slight increase was observed in hydroxyproline levels. Also collagen synthesis was observed in TEM analysis. In laser irradiated groups the basic result was the relevance Amaç: Bu in vitro çalışmanın amacı, düşük güç lazer ışını ve DC elektrik akımının insan periodontal ligament fibrobroblastları (PDLF) üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerini incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: PDLF insan üçüncü molar dişlerin periodontal ligamentlerinden elde edilen hücreler standart şartlar altında kültüre edilmiş ve 6 ana gruba ayrılmıştır (4 lazer grubu, kontrol grubu ve elektrik grubu). Her lazer grubu 650nm lik diod lazerin değişik akımları ile uyarılmıştır. Özel olarak tasarlanmış flaskta 10μA lik DC uygulanmıştır. Her grup dört gün süresince uyarılmışlardır. Gruplardaki kollajen sentezi hidroksiprolin seviyesinin 96. saat sonundaki değişikliği ile değerlendirilmiştir. Her grup ayrıca TEM incelemesine de tabi tutulmuştur. Bulgular: Elektrik ile uyarılmış grupta hidroksiprolin seviyesinde hafif bir artış izlenmiştir. TEM incelemesinde de kollajen sentezi görülmüştür. Lazer uygulanmış gruplarda elde edilen temel sonuç; lazer akımının gücü ile kollajen sentezi arasındaki ilişki olmuştur. Mitokondrial krista oluşumu ve kollajen sentezi lazer akımının gücü fazlalaştırıldığında artmıştır. Hacettepe Dişhekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 29, Sayı: 4, Sayfa: 18-25, 2005 An Assessment of the Effects of LowIntensity DC and Low Level Laser Irradiation on Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts: A Preliminary Study Düşük Şiddetli Doğru Akım ve Düşük Seviyede Laser Işımasının Periodontal Ligament Fibroblastları Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi: Ön Çalışma *A.Eralp AKCA, DDS, PhD, **Cüneyt GÖKSOY DDS, PhD, ***Yusuf TUNCA DDS, PhD, ****Taner ÖZGÜRTAŞ DDS, PhD, *****Candan ÖZOĞUL DDS, PhD, *Atilla ÖZDEMİR DDS, PhD, ***Mehmet KÖSEM, M.S., **Serdar DEMİRTAŞ DDS, PhD *Gulhane Military Medical Academy Center of Dental Sciences Department of Periodontology **Gulhane Military Medical Academy Department of Biophysics ***Gulhane Military Medical Academy Department of Biology and Genetics ****Gulhane Military Medical Academy Department of Biochemistry *****University of Gazi Department of Histology ARAŞTIRMA (Research)

Propolis is an agent having antimicrobial properties, however, its composition can vary depending on the area where it is collected. In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of five propolis samples, collected from four different regions in Turkey and from Brazil, against nine anaerobic strains was evaluated. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared from propolis samples and we determined minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of EEP on the growth of test microorganisms by using agar dilution method. All strains were susceptible and MIC values ranged from 4 to 512 μg/ml for propolis activity. Propolis from Kazan-Ankara showed most effective MIC values to the studied microorganisms. MBC values of Kazan-Ankara EEP samples were ranged from 8 to 512 μg/ml. Death was observed within 4 h of incubation for Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and micros and Lactobacillus acidophilus and Actinomyces naeslundii, while 8 h for Prevotella oralis and Prevotella melaninogenica and Porphyromonas gingivalis, 12 h for Fusobacterium nucleatum, 16 h for Veillonella parvula. It was shown that propolis samples were more effective against Gram positive anaerobic bacteria than Gram negative ones. The organic chemical compositions of EEPs were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main compounds of EEPs were flavonoids such as pinobanksin, quercetin, naringenin, galangine, chrysin and aromatic acids such as cafeic acid. Because of increased antimicrobial resistance, propolis may be kept in mind in the treatment of oral cavity diseases.

Objective: Exposure of the gingival sulcus and control of hemorrhage are prerequisites to the treatment of cervical lesions and improving the quality of impressions prior to fabricating indirect restorations. Gingival retraction cords saturated with different medicaments are widely used for this purpose. However, the long-term effects of the chemicals in gingival tissues are not clear. The purpose of this study was to compare the histopathologic effects of 2 different retraction solutions in gingival tissue. Methods and materials: In this in vivo study, a solution of 10% aluminum chloride and a solution of 15.5% ferric sulfate were used as retraction medicament in dogs. The saturated cords were allowed to remain in the gingival sulcus of the dogs for 3 minutes. After the removal of the cords, gingival biopsies were taken at 30 minutes, 24 hours, 7 days, and 12 days. For all specimens, histologic evaluation was performed by light microscopy to determine the degree of epithelial loss, alteration of the connective tissue, and inflammation. Results: Histopathologic examination of gingival tissue revealed that the ferric sulfate solution caused significant changes in gingival tissues at the beginning. However, the tissue returned to its normal histologic appearance at the end of day 12. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the biologic effects of ferric sulfate solution are more satisfactory than aluminum chloride solution. However, both medicaments are reliable and can be used in gingival retraction.

PURPOSE:This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of water-activated zinc polycarboxylate cement with adjunctive 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate on the subgingival microbiota in fixed partial dentures.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thirty-six teeth prepared as fixed partial denture abutments in 9 patients were cemented randomly using water-activated zinc polycarboxylate cement (control group) or water-activated zinc polycarboxylate cement, including 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (test group). A total of 108 subgingival plaque samples were analyzed at baseline, immediately before permanent cementation (5 weeks), and 8 weeks later (at 13 weeks).RESULTS:In the control group, the subgingival microbiota altered to closely resemble the flora of chronic gingivitis (increased proportions of gram-negative anaerobes such as Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum) by 13 weeks. In contrast, the microflora at test sites comprised predominantly gram-positive facultative cocci and rods at 13 weeks.CONCLUSION:This study demonstrated that the addition of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate may enhance the antimicrobial action of polycarboxylate cements to ensure the maintenance of a microflora compatible with periodontal health, at least up to 13 weeks post-cementation.

Gingival fibromatosis represents the fibrous hyperplasia of the gingival tissue. Clinical examination reveals enlargement of buccal and palatal gingival tissue. Many forms of gingival fibromatosis are of unknown etiology and termed as idiopathic gingival fibromatosis. However, several authors use various terms such as gingivomatosis and elephantiasis to describe these lesions. Our aim in this case report is to present five patients (one female, four males) with unusual clinical forms of gingival hyperplasia and to discuss the histopathological and clinical features in comparison to similar enlargements. Clinical examinations did not reveal increased periodontal pocket depths, besides plaque and gingival index scores were found to be in normal range. All of the patients were systemically healthy and were not subject to medications, which could lead to gingival hyperplasia. Additionally, clinical appearance of the lesions did not show any signs of trauma. Excisional biopsies were performed in all cases. The pathological examinations of the specimens demonstrated fibroconnective tissue characteristics, which were in accordance with the clinical appearance of all patients. Lesions healed successfully without sequelae or infection, and no recurrence was observed after 1-year follow-up.

Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae (lipoid proteinosis, Urbach-Wiethe disease) is a rare syndrome with autosomal recessive inheritance. The disease is characterized by diffuse deposition of a hyalinelike substance in the dermis, submucosal connective tissue, and various internal organs. In this study, the patient demonstrated classic signs and symptoms of lipoid proteinosis except for gingival infiltration. Gingival infiltration is still an unexplainable feature of this disease. In the context of this case, the diagnostic significance of the microscopic findings of the gingival tissues and the possible factors playing a role in gingival hypertrophy, are discussed.

'The evaluation of the efficiency of guided tissue regeneration in covering the denuded root surfaces has become an important field of study in periodontology. However, the use of non-resorbable barrier membranes can not be used routinely since they need secondary surgical operations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Tutotoplast duramater ® (Pfrimmer-Viggo, Biodynamics, Inc. Germany) membrane in covering of denuded root surfaces and to compare the results of clinical measurements obtained before the surgery and after six months. For this purpose; 20 teeth which have Miller class 1 and 2 defect were included in this study. Initial clinical measurements were plaque index, gingival index, interproximal sulcus depth, interdental papillae width, probing pocket depth, gingival recession depth and width, keratinized tissue width and clinical attachment level. These measurements were repeated at 3rd and 6th months. Initial measurements showed an average of 3.650 mm gingival recession. Following the application of the membrane, the mean root coverage was measured 2.850 mm and at the end of the 6th month, 78% coverage was attained. The clinical attachment level was increased by 3.550 mm and the mean of keratinized tissue width was measured 1.200 mm. The results were found statistically significant when compared with the initial measurements (p

Amaç: Dental işlemlerde siklikla kullanilan dental ekipman- larin dezenfeksiyonunda kimyasal maddeler dünya çapinda siklikla kullanilmaktadirlar. Steril olmayan bir ekipmanin kullanilmasi bakteriyel yayilima ve ciddi enfeksiyonlara yol açabilir. Bu çalişmada, değişik dezenfektanlarin dental ekip- manlar üzerine yayilmiş çeşitli mikroorganizmalar üzerinde- ki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalişmada %2 lik gluteraldehid, %2 lik sodyum hipoklorid, %10 luk polivinil prolidon antimik- robiyal ajan olarak kullanilmiştir. E.faecalis (ATCC 19433), Metisilin Dirençli S.aureus (MDSA), P.aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), B.subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) mikroorganizmalari taşiyici model olarak belirlenen ultrasonik diştaşi temizleyici uçlari, elmas frez ve kanal eğeleri üzerine bulaştirilmiştir. Dezenfektanlarin bu mikroorganiz- malar üzerindeki etkinlikleri iki deney grubu üzerinde değer- lendirilmiştir. Birinci grupta, mikroorganizmalar direk olarak dental ekipmanlar üzerine konulmuştur, ikinci grupta ise, mikroorganizmalar kan ve tükürük bulaştirilmiş ekipmanlar üzerine konulmuştur. Dezenfektan etkinlikleri 1, 15, 30 ve 60. dakikalarda değerlendirilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal ajanlarin ger- misidal etkileri her suşun kontrol ve deney plaklarinda oluşan kolonilerinin karşilaştirilmalari ile belirlenmiş ve sonuçlar log azalmasi (log10) olarak hesaplanmiştir. Aim: Chemical agents are frequently utilized worlwide for disinfection of dental equipment, which are used in dental procedures repeatedly. The use of non-sterile equipment can lead to bacterial spread which can cause serious infections. In this study our aim is to evaluate the effects of different disinfectants on various microorganisms spread over dental equipment. Material and Method: In this study 2 % Glutaraldehyde, 2 % Sodium hypochloride and 10 % polyvinyl prolidone were uti- lized as antimicrobial agents. The microorganisms E.faecalis (ATCC 19433), Meticilline Resistant S.aureus (MRSA), P.aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), B.subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) were spread over the desig- nated conveyor models such as tip of ultrasonic scaler, dia- mond bur and canal file. The effect of disinfectants on these microorganisms were examined in two experimental groups. In the first group, microorganisms were spread directly over the dental equipment, in the second group, dental equip- ment was besmeared with sterile blood and saliva following contamination with the same microorganisms. Disinfectant activities were examined in minutes 1, 15, 30 and 60, after. The germicidal effect of antimicrobial agents was determined comparing the colonies formed in control and experimental plates of each strain and the results were calculated as log reduction (log10). Result: The 2 % glutaraldehyde was found to be more effective on the microorganisms in comparison to the other disinfe- ctants. Nevertheless, disinfectant activity of all agents was reduced when dental equipment was smudged with blood and saliva. Generally, it was determined that all three disinfectants had stronger activity on diamond bur. Furthermore, it has been noted that the disinfectant activity over the test microorga- nisms varied depending on surface properties which dental equipment possess. Conclusion: It has been concluded that cleaning the dental equipment thoroughly prior to disinfection would highly be effective since the microorganisms on dental instruments smudged with blood and saliva were found to be more resis- tant to disinfectants.