Determining the maximum possible magnitude of fluid-induced earthquakes requires to understand rupture arrest within or outside a fluid-pressurized patch. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of incorporating rupture physics into the study of injection-induced earthquakes. We perform 3D dynamic simulations of spontaneous ruptures propagating across a pressurized fault, stimulated by fluid injection within the nucleation zone. Our simulations unveil two end-member models describing a fluid-induced micro-earthquake: a self-arresting rupture that decelerates spontaneously and a run-away rupture that terminates abruptly at the fault edge. We compute synthetic waveforms radiated from both models and invert them using a probabilistic spectral inversion approach to identify characteristics that distinguish between the two rupture types. We find that self-arresting ruptures radiate less high-frequency waves (with gamma> 3) and lack the typical P/S corner frequency shift. In contrast, run-away ruptures conform to the omega(2) model (gamma similar to 2, f (p)(c)/f (S)(c) similar to 1.3). We interpret these differences as primarily arising from the rupture arrest mechanism, smooth arrest results in gradual variations in the moment-rate function, whereas abrupt arrest at a barrier causes a sharp changes in the moment-rate function. This abrupt arrest generates high-frequency radiation and a back-propagating stopping phase, playing a critical role in controlling the rupture duration and the radiated seismic waves. Our results demonstrate that spectral features such as high-frequency decay and P/S corner frequency shift may provide observational diagnostics to distinguish rupture arrest mechanisms, even in the absence of direct evidence from rupture kinematics.

Understanding the dynamics of microearthquakes is a timely challenge with the potential to address current paradoxes in earthquake mechanics, and to better understand earthquake ruptures induced by fluid injection. We perform fully 3D dynamic rupture simulations caused by fluid injection on a target fault for Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures experiments generating Mw ≤ 1 earthquakes. We investigate the dynamics of rupture propagation with spatially variable stress drop caused by pore pressure changes and assuming different slip‐weakening constitutive parameters. We show that the spontaneous arrest of propagating ruptures is possible by assuming a high fault strength parameter S, that is, a high ratio between strength excess and dynamic stress drop. In faults with high S values (low rupturing potential), even minor variations in Dc (from 0.45 to 0.6 mm) have a substantial effect on the rupture propagation and the ultimate earthquake size. Modest spatial variations of dynamic stress drop determine the rupture mode, distinguishing self‐arresting from run‐away ruptures. Our results suggest that several characteristics inferred for accelerating dynamic ruptures differ from those observed during rupture deceleration of a self‐arresting earthquake. During deceleration, a decrease of peak slip velocity is associated with a nearly constant cohesive zone size. Moreover, the residual slip velocity value (asymptotic value for a crack‐like rupture) decreases to nearly zero. This means that an initially crack‐like rupture becomes a pulse‐like rupture during spontaneous arrest. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of small induced earthquakes, which differ from solutions obtained from conventional crack‐like models of earthquake rupture.

We present the first application of Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI) for a radially anisotropic 3D velocity model of the lithosphere beneath central Italy. The retrieved model CI23 constrains P-wave (V-PV, V-PH) and S-wave velocities (VSV, VSH) in the period range 8-50 s. CI23 model correlates well with regional lithological formations and highlights a negative radial anisotropy anomaly (V-SHV-SV) is observed in the area affected by the 2009 L'Aquila (AQ) seismic sequence. We interpret the velocity anomalies in terms of local tectonic structures, particularly the Olevano-Antrodoco-Sibillini (OAS) thrust-Gran Sasso Thrust (GST) systems, while also considering possible evidence of overpressured fluids and fluid migration. Additionally, the observed anomalies may reflect transient velocity variations induced by the ANV and AQ seismic sequences.

Understanding the dynamics of microearthquakes is a timely challenge to solve current paradoxes in earthquake mechanics, such as the stress drop and fracture energy scaling with seismic moment. Dynamic modelling of microearthquakes induced by fluid injection is also relevant for studying rupture propagation following a stimulated nucleation. The ERC-Synergy project FEAR (Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures) in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory (Swiss Alps) at approximately 1500m depth offers a unique opportunity to investigate fluid-induced micro-events on broadband seismic arrays. In this study, we leverage this opportunity to perform dynamic ruptures caused by fluid injection on a target pre-existing fault (50m x 50m), generating a Mw ≤ 1 seismic event. We conduct fully dynamic rupture simulations coupled with seismic wave propagation in 3D using a linear slip-weakening constitutive law, implemented on the supercomputer Leonardo (CINECA) with a multi-GPU distributed system. Stress field and fault geometry are constrained by in-situ characterization, allowing us to minimize the a priori imposed parameters. We investigate the dynamics of rupture propagation and its arrest for a target Mw < 1 induced earthquake with spatially heterogeneous stress drops caused by pore pressure changes and different constitutive parameters (i.e., critical slip-weakening distance, Dc, dynamic friction). We explore different homogenous conditions of frictional parameters, and we show that the spontaneous arrest of a propagating rupture following a dynamic instability is possible in the modeled stress regime by assuming a high fault strength parameter S, that is high ratio between strength excess and dynamic stress drop characterizing the fault before injection. The arrest of rupture propagation in our modeled induced earthquakes depends on the heterogeneity of dynamic parameters caused by the spatially variable effective normal stress, which controls the on-fault spatial increment of fracture energy Gc. Furthermore, in faults with high S values (i.e., low rupturing potential), we find that even minor variations in Dc (from0.45 to 0.6 mm) have a substantial effect on the rupture propagation and on the ultimate size of the earthquakes. Our results show that modest variations of dynamic stress drop determine the rupture mode, distinguishing self-arresting from run-away ruptures. Studying dynamic interactions (stress transfer) among slipping points on the rupturing fault provides insights on the dynamic load and shear stress evolution at the crack tip. The inferred spatial dimension of the cohesive zone in our crack models is roughly ~0.3-0.4m, with a maximum slip of ~0.6cm. Finally, analyzing the radiated synthetic waveforms, we examine the differences in the high-frequency content of simulated waveforms between self-arresting and run-away earthquakes and provide an estimation of the source parameters obtained through the spectral inversion. This estimation is then compared with source parameters of the dynamic forward models. Our results suggest that several features inferred for accelerating dynamic ruptures differ from those observed during rupture deceleration in a self-arresting earthquake caused by the spatial gradients of normal stress and pore-pressure. These results related to rupture arrest integrate those obtained with spatial variations of the initial stress, highlighting the role of the heterogeneities of stress drop and Gc.

The seismic potential of active low-angle normal faults (LANFs, <30° dip) remains enigmatic under Andersonian faulting theory, which predicts that normal faults dipping less than 30° should be inactive. The Alto Tiberina fault (ATF) in the northern Apennines, a partly creeping 17°-dipping LANF, has not been associated with any historical earthquakes but could potentially generate earthquakes up to Mw~7. We investigate the mechanical preconditions and dynamic plausibility of large ATF earthquakes using 3D dynamic rupture and seismic wave propagation simulations constrained by multidisciplinary data from the Alto Tiberina Near Fault Observatory (TABOO-NFO). Our models incorporate the complex non-planar ATF fault geometry, including hanging wall secondary faults and a recent geodetic coupling model. We show that potential large earthquakes (up to Mw~7.4) are mechanically viable under Andersonian extensional stress conditions if the ATF is statically relatively weak (μs=0.37). Large earthquakes only nucleate on favorably oriented, steeper fault sections (dip ≥30°), and remain confined to the coupled portion, limiting earthquake magnitude. These ruptures may dynamically trigger an intersecting synthetic branch but are unlikely to affect more distant antithetic faults. Jointly integrating fault geometry and geodetic coupling is crucial for forecasting dynamic rupture nucleation and propagation.

Abstract We present the first application of Full‐Waveform Inversion (FWI) for a radially anisotropic 3D velocity model of the lithosphere beneath central Italy. The retrieved model CI23 constrains P‐wave (VPV, VPH) and S‐wave velocities (VSV, VSH) in the period range 8–50 s. CI23 model correlates well with regional lithological formations and highlights a negative radial anisotropy anomaly VSHVSV) is observed in the area affected by the 2009 L’Aquila (AQ) seismic sequence. We interpret the velocity anomalies in terms of local tectonic structures, particularly the Olevano‐Antrodoco‐Sibillini (OAS) thrust—Gran Sasso Thrust (GST) systems, while also considering possible evidence of overpressured fluids and fluid migration. Additionally, the observed anomalies may reflect transient velocity variations induced by the ANV and AQ seismic sequences.

On 27 March 2021 a 3‐months lasting seismic sequence struck the Central Adriatic Basin that is part of the Adria plate, a relatively undeformed plate since recent times. Analyzing the waveform data acquired by the Italian and Croatian seismic networks, we computed the location parameters of 160 earthquakes and the focal mechanisms of the Mw 5.2 mainshock and the larger aftershocks. Most events align along a WNW‐ESE trending, 30 km long, narrow belt. The depth distribution of events indicates that the mainshock and a few aftershocks occurred within the upper 4 km, while most aftershocks were located below 5 km within the carbonate platform. We propose that the evolution of the 2021 earthquake distribution is primarily ruled by the top ductile salt layer. Moreover, the presence of a salt layer explains the relatively high VP/VS ratio of 1.83 in the sediment rocks surrounding the salt bodies, as also observed in similar tectonic settings. We suggest that the seismogenic fault likely responsible for the 2021 events is an inherited SW‐dipping normal fault, reactivated by reverse kinematics in response to the regional compressive stress. These results, and the understanding that salt deposits play a key role in focusing deformation and seismogenesis, represent a novel contribution to the long‐standing challenge of seismic hazard assessment of the Central Adriatic Basin, where moderate to large events could have devastating impacts along the densely populated coasts.

Earthquake is one of the greatest natural hazards and a better understanding of the physical processes causing earthquake ruptures is required for appropriate seismic hazard assessment. Kinematic modelling is a standard tool for providing paramount information about the complexity of the earthquake rupture process and for making inferences on earthquake mechanics. Despite recent advances, kinematic models are characterized by uncertainties and trade-offs among parameters (related to the non-uniqueness of the problem). It has been shown that, for the same earthquake, source models obtained with different methodologies can exhibit significant discrepancies in terms of slip distribution, fault planes geometry and rupture time evolution. One of the crucial assumptions in kinematic modelling on causative faults is the source time function, because it contains key information about the dynamics. Such function is nonetheless one of the most poorly observationally constrained characteristics of faulting. Recently, slip velocity time histories have been studied with laboratory earthquakes, and it has been observed that a systematic change of mechanical properties and traction evolution corresponds to a change in the shape of slip velocity. However, in kinematic inversions this function is a-priori assumed using simplified shapes, although functions compatible with rupture dynamics should be preferred. In this work, we run a series of forward and inverse modelling to investigate the effect of the assumed slip velocity function on the ground motion and on the inverted slip history on the fault plane. We generate spontaneous dynamic models and use their ground motion as real events, inverting these data with kinematic models. Kinematic inversions have been conducted using both single-time and multi-time windowing. Uncertainties have been investigated assuming four different source time functions (i.e., triangular, box, regularized-yoffe and exponential functions). In this way we examine how the slip velocity function influences the slip distribution on the fault plane, and test if the inferred kinematic parameters (rise time and rupture velocity) are consistent with the dynamic models. Also, for a dense grid of phantom receivers, we examine the variability of the peak ground velocity (PGV) of synthetic seismograms up to 1 Hz. The latter have been obtained with forward models assuming the same slip distribution, rise time and rupture velocity but changing the source time functions. Finally, we use the retrieved kinematic history on the pseudo-dynamic models to examine how different kinematic assumptions lead to a variability in the shear stress evolution. We focus on dynamic parameters such as breakdown work, stress drop, and Dc parameter. Our results provide a glimpse of the variability that kinematic source time functions (dynamically consistent or not) might have when used as a constraint to model the earthquake dynamics.

&lt;p&gt;Understanding the dynamics of microearthquakes is a timely challenge to solve current paradoxes in earthquake mechanics, such as the stress drop and fracture energy scaling with seismic moment. Dynamic modeling of microearthquakes induced by fluid injection is also relevant for studying rupture propagation following a stimulated nucleation. We study the main features of unstable dynamic ruptures caused by fluid injection on a target preexisting fault (50m x 50m) generating a M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;=1 event. The selected fault is located in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory (Swiss Alps) at &amp;#8776;1000m depth. We perform fully dynamic rupture simulations and model seismic wave propagation in 3D by adopting a linear slip-weakening law. We use the distributed multi-GPU implementation of SeisSol on the supercomputer Marconi100.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;Stress field and fault geometry are well constrained by in-situ observations, allowing us to minimize the a priori imposed parameters. We investigate the scaling relations of stress drop, slip-weakening distance (&lt;em&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;) and fracture energy (&lt;em&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;) focusing on their role in governing dynamics of rupture propagation and arrest for a target &lt;em&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;=1&lt;/em&gt; induced earthquake. We explore different homogenous conditions of frictional parameters, and we show that the spontaneous arrest of the rupture is possible in the modeled stress regime, by assuming a high ratio between stress excess and dynamic stress drop (the fault strength parameter S),&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;characterizing the fault before the fluid pressure change. The rupture arrest of modeled induced earthquakes depends on the heterogeneity of dynamic parameters due to the spatially variable effective normal stress. Moreover, for a fault with high S values (not ready to slip), small variations of &lt;em&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; (&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;#8776;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;0.5&amp;#247;1.2 mm) &lt;/em&gt;can drive the rupture from self-arrested to run-away. Studying dynamic interactions (stress transfer) among slipping points on the rupturing fault provides insight on the breakdown process zone and shear stress evolution at the crack tip leading to failure. The inferred spatial dimension of the cohesive zone in our models is nearly ~0.3-0.4m, with a maximum slip of ~0.6 cm. Finally, we compare stress drop and fracture energy estimated from synthetic waveforms with assumed dynamic parameters. Our results suggest that meso-scale processes near the crack-tip affect rupture dynamics of micro-earthquakes.&lt;/p&gt;

The EU Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE) develops exascale transition capabilities in the domain of Solid Earth, an area of geophysics rich in computational challenges embracing different approaches to exascale (capability, capacity, and urgent computing). The first implementation phase of the project (ChEESE-1P; 2018–2022) addressed scientific and technical computational challenges in seismology, tsunami science, volcanology, and magnetohydrodynamics, in order to understand the phenomena, anticipate the impact of natural disasters, and contribute to risk management. The project initiated the optimisation of 10 community flagship codes for the upcoming exascale systems and implemented 12 Pilot Demonstrators that combine the flagship codes with dedicated workflows in order to address the underlying capability and capacity computational challenges. Pilot Demonstrators reaching more mature Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) were further enabled in operational service environments on critical aspects of geohazards such as long-term and short-term probabilistic hazard assessment, urgent computing, and early warning and probabilistic forecasting. Partnership and service co-design with members of the project Industry and User Board (IUB) leveraged the uptake of results across multiple research institutions, academia, industry, and public governance bodies (e.g. civil protection agencies). This article summarises the implementation strategy and the results from ChEESE-1P, outlining also the underpinning concepts and the roadmap for the on-going second project implementation phase (ChEESE-2P; 2023–2026).

The evolution and state of geological structure at Earth’s surface is best understood with an accurate characterization of the subsurface. Here we present seismic tomographic images of the Italian lithosphere based on ground motion recordings and characterized by compressional and shear wavespeed structure at remarkable resolution, corresponding to a minimum period of ~10 s. Enhanced accuracy is enabled by state-of-the-art three-dimensional wavefield simulations in combination with an adjoint-state method. We focus on three primary findings of our model Im25. It highlights the distribution of fluids and gas (CO 2 ) within the Italian subsurface and their correlation with seismicity. It illuminates Mt. Etna volcano and supports the hypothesis of a deep reservoir (~30 km) feeding a shallower magma-filled intrusive body. Offshore of the eastern Italian coast, it reveals that the Adriatic plate is made of two distinct microplates, separated by the Gargano deformation zone, indicating a complex lithosphere and tectonic evolution.

Moment tensor inversions of broadband velocity data are usually managed by adopting Green's functions for 1D layered seismic wave speed models. This assumption can impact on source parameter estimates in regions with complex 3D heterogeneous structures and discontinuities in rock properties. In this work, we present a new centroid moment tensor (CMT) catalog for the Amatrice‐Visso‐Norcia (AVN) seismic sequence based on a recently generated 3D wave speed model for the Italian lithosphere. Forward synthetic seismograms and Fréchet derivatives for CMT‐3D inversions of 159 earthquakes with Mw ≥ 3.0 are simulated using a spectral‐element method (SEM) code. By comparing the retrieved solutions with those from time domain moment tensor (TDMT) catalog, obtained with a 1D wave speed model calibrated for Central Apennines (Italy), we observe a remarkable degree of consistency in terms of source geometry, kinematics, and magnitude. Significant differences are found in centroid depths, which are more accurately estimated using the 3D model. Finally, we present a newly designed parameter, τ, to better quantify and compare a‐posteriori the reliability of the obtained MT solutions. τ measures the goodness of fit between observed and synthetic seismograms accounting for differences in amplitude, arrival time, percentage of fitted seconds, and the usual L2‐norm estimate. The CMT‐3D solutions represent the first Italian CMT catalog based on a full‐waveform 3D wave speed model. They provide reliable source parameters with potential implications for the structures activated during the sequence. The developed approach can be readily applied to more complex Italian regions where 1D models are underperforming and not representative of the area.

Communicating scientific information about earthquakes is an important and delicate issue in countries like Italy, where seismic risk is high. Furthermore, continuous and scientifically sound communication is needed, especially in recent times when social media have amplified the risk of being biased by misinformation, fake news and conspiracy theories. For this reason, we have developed a communication strategy for earthquake science and risk in Italy, mostly based on social media. The INGVterremoti platform was born between 2010 and 2012 with the goal of increasing scientific information released to the public, and also establishing a two-way communication channel between scientists and citizens. In the past 12 years, the INGVterremoti platform has gained trust and popularity, increasing the number of involved people, which amounts today to several hundred thousand. The platform consists of a coordinated suite of social media channels and a blog-magazine, where updates on ongoing earthquake sequences and posts on scientific topics are continuously published. Our end users are mostly citizens, but also authorities and media. Special attention has been given to interactions with the public, especially on our Facebook page, in order to understand their information needs, identify rumors and fake news, particularly in areas affected by seismic sequences, and address the most pressing requests. In this paper we describe the INGVterremoti strategy, the different media that we use, focusing on their strengths and weaknesses. We concentrate on the experience, carried out in the last few years, of the publication of provisional information on ongoing earthquakes, a long-standing issue strongly requested by our followers. The INGVterremoti platform has played a fundamental role in many seismic sequences of the past 12 years in Italy, starting from the Emilia sequence in 2012, to the central Italy one, started with the deadly earthquake of 24 August 2016 and still ongoing. Besides the periods of high attention after strong earthquakes, we used the INGVterremoti social media as a tool for releasing continuous and sound information to the public, and as a way to involve citizens in the communication arena.

The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) is an Italian research institution with focus on earth sciences. Moreover, the INGV is the operational center for seismic surveillance and earthquake monitoring in Italy and is a part of the civil protection system as a center of expertise on seismic, volcanic, and tsunami risks.INGV operates the Italian National Seismic Network and other networks at national scale and is a primary node of the European Integrated Data Archive for archiving and distributing strong motion and weak-motion seismic recordings. In the control room in Rome, INGV staff performs seismic surveillance and tsunami warning services; in Catania and Naples, the control rooms are devoted to volcanic surveillance. Volcano monitoring includes locating earthquakes in the regions around the Sicilian (Etna, Eolian Islands, and Pantelleria) and the Campanian (Vesuvius, Campi Fregrei, and Ischia) active volcanoes. The tsunami warning is based on earthquake location and magnitude (M) evaluation for moderate to large events in the Mediterranean region and also around the world. The technologists of the institute tuned the data acquisition system to accomplish, in near real time, automatic earthquake detection, hypocenter and magnitude determination, and evaluation of several seismological products (e.g., moment tensors and ShakeMaps). Database archiving of all parametric results is closely linked to the existing procedures of the INGV seismic surveillance environment and surveillance procedures. Earthquake information is routinely revised by the analysts of the Italian seismic bulletin. INGV provides earthquake information to the Department of Civil Protection (Dipartimento di Protezione Civile) to the scientific community and to the public through the web and social media. We aim at illustrating different aspects of earthquake monitoring at INGV: (1) network operations; (2) organizational structure and the hardware and software used; and (3) communication, including recent developments and planned improvements.

The 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence is characterized by remarkable rupture complexity, including highly heterogeneous slip across multiple faults in an extensional tectonic regime. The dense coverage and high quality of geodetic and seismic data allow to image intriguing details of the rupture kinematics of the largest earthquake of the sequence, the Mw 6.5 October 30th, 2016 Norcia earthquake, such as an energetically weak nucleation phase. Several kinematic models suggest multiple fault planes rupturing simultaneously, however, the mechanical viability of such models is not guaranteed.Using 3D dynamic rupture and seismic wave propagation simulations accounting for two fault planes, we constrain 'families' of spontaneous dynamic models informed by a high-resolution kinematic rupture model of the earthquake. These families differ in their parameterization of initial heterogeneous shear stress and strength in the framework of linear slip weakening friction.First, we dynamically validate the kinematically inferred two-fault geometry and rake inferences with models based on only depth-dependent stress and constant friction coefficients. Then, more complex models with spatially heterogeneous dynamic parameters allow us to retrieve slip distributions similar to the target kinematic model and yield good agreement with seismic and geodetic observations. We discuss the consistency of the assumed constant or heterogeneous static and dynamic friction coefficients with mechanical properties of rocks at 3-10 km depth characterizing the Italian Central Apennines and their local geological and lithological implications. We suggest that suites of well-fitting dynamic rupture models belonging to the same family generally exist and can be derived by exploiting the trade-offs between dynamic parameters.Our approach will be applicable to validate the viability of kinematic models and classify spontaneous dynamic rupture scenarios that match seismic and geodetic observations at the same time as geological constraints.

The 2016 Central Italy sequence showed a remarkable complexity involving multiple faults. Highly heterogeneous slip distributions were inferred from kinematic finite source inversions. The coverage and quality of the geodetic and seismic data allow resolving high-resolution details of rupture kinematics of the largest event of the sequence, the Mw 6.5 30 October 2016 Norcia earthquake. Composite fault rupture models suggest that two fault planes may have slipped simultaneously. Nevertheless, kinematic modeling cannot assess the mechanic viability of such multiple fault plane models. Using SeisSol, a software package for simulating wave propagation and dynamic rupture based on the arbitrary high-order accurate derivative discontinuous Galerkin method, we therefore try to generate spontaneous dynamic ruptures models compatible with the two fault planes constrained by kinematic inversions. To this end, we adopt a simple slip-weakening friction law with spatially variable dynamic friction and initial strength parameters along multiple faults, compatible with the slip distributions found in the literature. Although we do not to aim to explore the full parameter space, our approach allows testing the feasibility of kinematic models in conjunction with successfully generating spontaneous dynamic rupture scenarios matching seismic and geodetic observations with geological constraints. Such linking enhances and validates the physical implications of kinematic earthquake source inversion.

Communicating earthquake scientific information is very important in countries like Italy, where seismic sequences are frequent, seismic risk is high, and people’s perception of risk is strongly affected by fear. After the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila (central Italy), which claimed 309 casualties and triggered a long lasting dispute among scientists, journalists, citizens, including a suite of criminal and civil trials involving scientists and civil protection officers, the scientific and risk communication in Italy (not only on earthquakes) was facing a crossroad. The first choice (feared at that time by many reporters) was to minimize or even elude public communication, in order to avoid misunderstandings and involvement in litigations. The second possibility was to increase the efforts in public communication, getting closer to citizens. INGV definitely opted for the second choice. In the past ten years the INGVterremoti platform has augmented and differentiated its activities on the web and social media, substantially increasing the number of involved people, which amounts today to several hundreds thousand. The platform consists of a coordinated suite of social media channels, including Facebook, Twitter, Youtube and a blog (on wordpress), where we publish both updating during earthquake sequences and scientific topics. Our end users are mostly citizens, but also media and authorities. Our tweets on earthquake activity are often in the first pages of web and TV news magazines. In September 2018, we started publishing automatic locations/magnitudes for earthquakes in Italy with magnitude equal to or larger than 3, after a careful analysis of the thresholds and of the best format to use, in order to warrant message understandability and to minimize false or incorrect information. This issue is very critical both to provide the best and fastest information to citizens, and to increase people’s trust in scientific information and institutions. These are often blamed by citizens and by media when contradictory information is offered to the public. We will present an analysis of the first 18 months of this testing phase, which has been widely appreciated by the public.

The DARE platform has been designed to help research developers deliver user-facing applications and solutions over diverse underlying e-infrastructures, data and computational contexts. The platform is Cloud-ready, and relies on the exposure of APIs, which are suitable for raising the abstraction level and hiding complexity. At its core, the platform implements the cataloguing and execution of fine-grained and Python-based dispel4py workflows as services. Reflection is achieved via a logical knowledge base, comprising multiple internal catalogues, registries and semantics, while it supports persistent and pervasive data provenance. This paper presents design and implementation aspects of the DARE platform, as well as it provides directions for future development.