BACKGROUND:Aegilops biuncialisis tetraploid grass species with UbUbMbMb genome constitution, distributed in Mediterranean and the Middle East. It carries many valuable traits such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, high micronutrient content, which are in demand of wheat breeding. Transfer of genetic material from Ae. biuncialis is not easy due to substantial modification of Ub and especially Mb genomes. Cytogenetic markers permitting easy and reliable chromosome identification will be helpful for successful manipulation with alien genetic material and introgression of useful traits into wheat. Development of chromosome nomenclature is complicated by the significant karyotype diversity of Ae. biuncialis. RESULTS:We used various combinations of eleven DNA probes for studying intraspecific karyotype divergence of Ae. biuncialis by FISH; among them pTa-566, pTa713 and pSc119.2 probes proved to be most informative for chromosome identification and analysis of karyotype evolution. FISH discriminated three chromosomal groups designated A, B and C and showed that the Ub genome of Ae. biuncialis is less modified relative to the parental compared to Mb genome. Based on the obtained results we suggested that Ae. biuncialis originated via multiple hybridization events and the Ub and Mb genomes of group A, B, and C were contributed by different forms of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. comosa. The Mb genome of groups A and C probably derived from Ae. comosa subsp. comosa, whereas in the B-group - from subsp. heldreichii. Divergence of chromosomal groups of Ae. biuncialis was also accompanied by structural chromosome rearrangements. Using multiple DNA probes, we showed that reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1MbL and 7MbL followed by pericentric inversion of modified 1Mb occurred in group A. Intraspecific divergence of Ae. biuncialis was also associated with amplification/ elimination/ redistribution of repetitive DNA families. CONCLUSIONS:Our study revealed complex genome structure of wild tetraploid grass Ae. biuncialis which might have occurred via multiple hybridization events resulting in formation of three distinct chromosomal groups. Their divergence was accompanied by different chromosomal rearrangements which resulted in formation of highly distinct karyotypes. By using FISH markers, we evaluated the relations between chromosomes of the three groups and developed genetic nomenclature of Ae. biuncialis chromosomes.

The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) is characterized by complex taxonomy and controversial phylogeny. This genus includes about a thousand species with worldwide distribution and high ecological, structural, functional and morphological diversity. Because of their high content of essential oils, various Salvia plants are widely used in medicine, as well as in the food, perfume, cosmetic, and paint industries; they also are valuable melliferous resources. The present study reviews the taxonomic history of the genus Salvia and the phylogenetic relationships between the taxa within the subgenera Salvia, Sclarea, and Glutinaria. Among the Salvia species, three basic chromosome numbers, x = 7, x = 8, and x = 11, were most common, although other basic chromosome numbers (x = 6–19) were determined, which was probably due to events of dysploidy, aneupoidy, and/or polyploidy occurring during speciation. Recent molecular cytogenetic studies based on Next Generation Sequencing technologies have clarified the chromosomal organization of several Salvia species. The patterns of chromosome distribution of 45S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and satellite DNAs made it possible to assess their intra- and interspecific chromosome diversity. However, further cytogenetic studies are needed to characterize the chromosomes in the genomes of other Salvia species and specify the genomic relationships among them.

Amaranthus L. includes valuable and promising crops of multi-purpose use, having high morphological diversity and complicated taxonomy. Their karyotypes and genomic relationships remain insufficiently studied. For the first time, a comparative repeatome analysis of Amaranthus tricolor L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. was performed based on the high-throughput sequencing data obtained via bioinformatic analyses using the RepeatExplorer2/TAREAN/DANTE_LTR pipelines. Interspecific variations in the abundance of Ty1 Copia and Ty3 Gypsy retroelements, DNA transposons, and ribosomal and satellite DNA (satDNA) were detected. Based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), chromosome mapping of 45S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and satDNAs AmC9 and AmC70, and unique karyograms of A. tricolor, A. cruentus, Amaranthus paniculatus L., and A. hypochondriacus were constructed. The analysis of the interspecies genome diversity/similarity in DNA repeat contents, sequences of the identified satDNAs, and chromosome distribution patterns of the studied molecular markers indicated that these species might also share a common evolutionary ancestor. However, the genomes of A. cruentus, A. paniculatus, and A. hypochondriacus were more similar compared to A. tricolor, which aligns with the previous phylogenetic data. Our results demonstrate that cytogenomic studies might provide important data on Amaranthus species relationships elucidating taxonomy and evolution of these valuable crops.

Polemonium L. (Polemoniaceae) is a widespread genus native to subarctic and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The taxonomy and genome relationships within Polemonium are still unclear. We analyzed genomes of three species from each Polemonium caeruleum and Polemonium pulcherrimum complex using bioinformatic analysis by RepeatExplorer2/TAREAN pipelines of next-generation sequencing data. The repeatomes of all studied species were similar in type and number of repeats. Satellite DNAs (satDNAs) demonstrated high sequence identity within the studied species. FISH chromosome mapping of 45S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and two satDNAs Pol_C 33 and Pol_C 46 allowed us to construct the species karyograms and assess the genome diversity within the P. caeruleum complex and P. pulcherrimum complex, and also confirm the taxonomic status of P. kiushianum as an independent species. Our findings demonstrate a close genomic relationship among the species from P. caeruleum and P. pulcherrimum complexes, indicating the presence of a common ancestral genome; additionally, our results provide cytogenetic evidence for the monophyletic origin of these sections and also complex evolutionary history of the genus Polemonium. The developed approach may be a valuable framework for further investigation of the chromosomal organization of karyotypes in other species of the genus Polemonium.

The genus Dasypyrum represents a valuable source of beneficial traits for wheat improvement, yet the cytogenetic organization of its genomes, particularly of the satellite repeats, remains poorly understood. This study aimed through comparative analysis of satellite DNA in diploid D. villosum (W6 21717, V genome) and tetraploid D. breviaristatum (PI 516547, VVb genomes) to reveal the evolutionary dynamics of their subgenomes and to identify species-specific chromosomal markers. We performed whole-genome sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Bioinformatic screening identified 14 satellite repeats in the D. breviaristatum genome (CL9, CL95, CL100, CL110, CL127, CL133, CL134, CL135, CL147, CL153, CL165, CL169, CL173, and CL197), which were classified by copy number: one as high-copy (CL9, ≥0.6%) and the rest as low-copy (<0.29%). Their monomer sizes ranged broadly from 118 to 1118 base pairs. Most repeats showed varying degrees of homology with known sequences from the Triticeae family, and one repeat, CL165, had no detectable homologs in existing databases. FISH analysis subdivided repeats into three groups: predominantly terminal (CL100, CL110, CL134, CL135, CL147, CL165, CL169, CL173, and CL197), pericentromeric (CL127 and CL133), and mixed localization (CL9). Significant species-specific differences were revealed, including emergence of tetraploid-specific repeats (CL110, CL134, CL135, CL147, CL165, and CL173) and the reorganization of conserved sequence distribution. Notably, the repeat CL135 was identified as a specific marker for the V subgenome within the allopolyploid D. breviaristatum. The obtained data support the allopolyploid origin of D. breviaristatum and demonstrate that these two species are genetically distinct but evolutionarily closely related. Chromosomal markers developed based on newly discovered satellite repeats open new avenues for investigating genomic architecture and evolutionary relationships within the genus Dasypyrum, as well as for identifying its chromatin in distant hybrids.

The genus Aegilops L. is the closest wild relative of wheat (Triticum L.), which contributed two of the three genomes to cultivated wheat. The genus Aegilops comprises 23 species differing in ploidy level and genome composition; diploid species possess the C, D, M, N, S, and U genome types, whereas various genome combinations are identified in tetraploid and hexaploid forms. The U genome is present in diploid Ae. umbellulata and eight polyploid species [Ae. triuncialis, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. geniculata, Ae. peregrina, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. columnaris, Ae. neglecta (4× and 6×), and Ae. juvenalis]. Some of these species have a wide distribution range, resulting in high adaptive capacity to various environmental conditions, and can serve as a valuable source of genetic diversity and useful genes for wheat breeding. The U genome is substantially rearranged relative to the genomes of common wheat, which hampers the direct transfer of useful traits from Aegilops to wheat. However, many genes conferring resistance to leaf rust (Lr9, Lr76, Lr57, Lr54, Lr59, Lr58), stripe rust (Yr70, Yr40, Yr37, Yr42), stem rust (Sr53), nematodes (CreX, CreY, Cre7), and various abiotic stresses have been successfully introgressed from Aegilops into the wheat genome. In this review, we describe the status of the contribution of Aegilops species carrying the U genome to wheat improvement, the methods used by different scientific teams to transfer genetic material, and the future prospective of exploitation of their useful traits in practical breeding.

Polemonium caeruleum L. (Polemoniaceae) is a perennial flowering plant native to Eurasia and North America, which is used as a fodder, medicinal, and ornamental plant. Many issues related to the taxonomy and origin of this valuable species still remain unclear. The intraspecific genetic variability of P. caeruleum and chromosomal organization of its genome are insufficiently studied. For the first time, we analyzed NGS genomic data of P. caeruleum using ReapeatExplorer2/TAREAN/DANTE Pipelines. In its repeatome, we identified 66.08% of Class I retrotransposons; 0.57% of Class II transposons; 0.42% of ribosomal DNA; and 0.87% of satellite DNA (six high-confident and three low-confident putative satellite DNAs). FISH chromosome mapping of seven tandem DNAs was carried out in two P. caeruleum varieties and two wild populations. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of using satDNAs Pol_C 46 and Pol_C 33 in combination with 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA for precise chromosome identification. This approach allowed us to study intraspecific chromosomal variability and detect chromosomal rearrangements in the studied accessions of P. caeruleum, which could be related to the speciation process. These novel molecular markers are important for chromosome studies within Polemonium to clarify its taxonomy and phylogeny, and also, they expand the potential of different breeding programs.

Emmer wheat Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl. is among the oldest domesticated cereals. It is classified into four subspecies, each showing characteristic morpho-ecological features and geographic distribution. We used SSAP (sequence-specific amplification polymorphism) method to analyze representative set of 95 genotypes representing 81 emmer accessions studied previously by C-banding that originated from various world regions to uncover their phylogenetic relationships. The results of SSAP and C-banding analyses were fully consistent. Gene pool of emmer split into two main classes, Oriental (1) and Occidental (2) that are further subdivided into clusters: (1) Volga-Balkan and Transcaucasian, (2) Central European, South European and Ethiopian. The T7A:5B translocation was found to be one of the markers that discriminates the Southern and Central European genetic clusters. It has been shown that intraspecific diversity revealed by SSAP and C-banding markers does not always agree with taxonomic classification based on ecological and morphological characteristics. Considering the geographic ranges of different genetic groups, taken together with historical and archeological data, we proposed the routes of T. dicoccum spreading from centers of diversity to various regions of the world. Our results could be used for constructing tetraploid wheat phylogeny, investigating its origin and domestication history, and for emmer breeding programs.

The use of the gene pool of wild relatives for expanding the genetic diversity of common wheat is an important task of breeding programs. However, the practical application of common wheat lines with alien genetic material is constrained by the lack of information on chromosomal rearrangements and the negative impact of the transferred material on agronomically important traits. This research is aimed at studying 14 introgression lines with the T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and the 5S(5D) substitution from Aegilops speltoides obtained from crossing common wheat varieties (Aurora, Krasnodarskaya 99, Nika Kubani) with the genome-substituted form Avrodes (BBAASS). Hybrid lines with different combinations of T2DL.2DS-2SS and T1BL.1RS translocations and 5S(5D) substitution were characterized by resistance to leaf and yellow rusts, productivity components and technological qualities of grain. The assessment of the varieties’ resistance to rust diseases showed that Krasnodarskaya 99, Nika Kubani and the Aurora variety, which is a carrier of the T1BL.1RS translocation, are highly susceptible to diseases, while the presence of the T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and the 5S(5D) substitution, both together and separately, provides resistance to fungal pathogens. The analysis of the lines using markers designed for known resistance genes of Ae. speltoides did not reveal the presence of the Lr28, Lr35 and Lr51 genes in the lines. The results suggest that the genetic material of Ae. speltoides transferred to chromosomes 2D and 5D contains new resistance genes. To determine the effect of the T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and the 5S(5D) substitution on the productivity and technological qualities of grain, the lines were assessed by weight of 1000 grains, grain weight and number of ears per 1 m2, by protein and gluten content, gluten quality and general baking evaluation. A positive effect was determined upon the weight of 1000 grains, protein and gluten content. There were no significant differences in other characteristics. The T2DL.2DS-2SS trans-location and the 5S(5D) substitution did not have a negative effect on the productivity and technological quality of grain, and are of interest for breeding practice.

The genome-substituted synthetic form Avrodes (AABBSS) was used for transferring resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Eriks.) from Aegilops speltoides Tausch, (2n = 14) to bread wheat. The study involved 24 introgressive lines of bread wheat obtained using the Avrodes form. Yellow rust resistant lines P07-L.02, P07-L.1, P07-L.17, P07-L.43, P07-L.19, AS12-88, AS12-06, AS12-07, AS12- 51, Asp81-21, Asp63-21, Asp053-21, Asp04-21, Asp022-19, Asp023-19 and Asp029-20 were selected and can be used as new donors of disease resistance. The use of differential chromosome staining (C-banding) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified the genetic material of Ae. speltoides transmitted in the form of 5S(5D) chromosome substitution and translocations of T5BS.5BL-5SL, T2DL.2DS-2SS, T5D, as well as translocation of T1BL.1RS from Secale cereale L. The work revealed that the lines with single translocations of T1BL.1RS and T5BS.5BL-5SL were susceptible to yellow rust, while the lines in which the T2DL.2DS-2SS translocation and 5S(5D) substitutions were identified, as well as the lines with translocations of T1BL.1RS, T2DL.2DS-2SS and T5D showed resistance to the disease. Presumably, the selected introgression lines, obtained by means of crosses with Avrodes, may carry new genes or loci for yellow rust resistance.

Synthetic intergeneric amphydiploids and genome-substituted wheat forms are an important source for transferring agronomically valuable genes from wild species into the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome. They can be used both in academic research and for breeding purposes as an original material for developing wheat-alien addition and substitution lines followed by translocation induction with the aid of irradiation or nonhomologous chromosome pairing. The chromosome sets and genome constitutions of allopolyploids are usually verified in early hybrid generations, whereas the subsequent fate of these hybrids remains unknown in most cases. Here we analyze karyotypes of five hexa- (2n = 6x = 42) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) amphydiploids of wheat with several species of the Aegilops, Haynaldia, and Hordeum genera, and six genome-substituted wheat-Aegilops forms, which were developed over 40 years ago and have been maintained in different gene banks. The analyses involve C-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with pAs1 and pSc119.2 probes. We have found that most accessions are cytologically stable except for Avrodes (genome BBAASS, a hexaploid genome-substituted hybrid of wheat and Aegilops speltoides), which segregated with respect to chromosome composition after numerous reproductions. Chromosome analysis has not confirmed the presence of the N genome from Ae. uniaristata Vis. in the genome-substituted hybrid Avrotata. Instead, Avrotata carries the D genome. Our study shows that octoploid hybrids, namely AD 7, AD 7147 undergo more complex genome reorganizations as compared to hexaploids: the chromosome number of two presumably octoploid wheat-Aegilops hybrids were reduced to the hexaploid level. Genomes of both forms lost seven chromosome pairs, which represented seven homoeologous groups and derived from different parental subgenomes. Thus, each of the resulting hexaploids carries a synthetic/hybrid genome consisting of a unique combination of chromosomes belonging to different parental subgenomes.

Here, we provide an updated set of guidelines for naming genes in wheat that has been endorsed by the wheat research community. The last decade has seen a proliferation in genomic resources for wheat, including reference- and pan-genome assemblies with gene annotations, which provide new opportunities to detect, characterise, and describe genes that influence traits of interest. The expansion of genetic information has supported growth of the wheat research community and catalysed strong interest in the genes that control agronomically important traits, such as yield, pathogen resistance, grain quality, and abiotic stress tolerance. To accommodate these developments, we present an updated set of guidelines for gene nomenclature in wheat. These guidelines can be used to describe loci identified based on morphological or phenotypic features or to name genes based on sequence information, such as similarity to genes characterised in other species or the biochemical properties of the encoded protein. The updated guidelines provide a flexible system that is not overly prescriptive but provides structure and a common framework for naming genes in wheat, which may be extended to related cereal species. We propose these guidelines be used henceforth by the wheat research community to facilitate integration of data from independent studies and allow broader and more efficient use of text and data mining approaches, which will ultimately help further accelerate wheat research and breeding.

Recently, entire genebank collections of wheat have been extensively characterized with sequencing data. We have identified introgressions using these genotyping-by-sequencing and whole-genome sequencing data. On the basis of our results, we provide information about predicted introgressions at 1-Mb resolution for 9,172 wheat samples as a resource for breeders and scientists. We recommend that all plant genetic resources, including genebank collections, be characterized using a combination of variant calling and introgression prediction. This is necessary to identify potential duplicates in collections efficiently and reliably, and to select promising germplasms with potentially beneficial introgressions for further characterization and prospective breeding application.

KM, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7658-0844; JK, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9983-7630; NBA, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-3110; TVA, https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7264-6115; EDB, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7101-9639; EVB, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-8429; OAC, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0801-8961; AAK, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-3438; TVK, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-9267; VVK, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1872-2223; DAK, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2658-1723; PAK, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1096-6223; TVP, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3661-0719; MGP, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2192-9965; NSP, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3279-4824; YuAP, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-2577; DNS, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-8532; TAS, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9536-7056; JVS, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-5349; MAT, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0307-5919; GVYu, https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5483-3954; OYuZ, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0870-2579; PMZ, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-4568; EYuZ, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1847-5835 Publication of the contributions from Russian scientists cannot be in any way interpreted as support of the current military policy of the Russian Federation either by editors or by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy. *Address for correspondence: [email protected] This research was carried out within the framework of the topic "Theoretical and applied aspects of studying genofunds of natural plant populations and conservation of plant diversity 'outside the typical environment' (ex situ)" (АААА-А21-121011290027-6). All materials CHN; collectors: AA = A.Z. Afinogenov, AP = A.Ya. Pshenichkin, EB = E.V. Banaev, MT = M.A. Tomoshevich; vouchers in NSK. Caragana altaica (Kom.) Pojark., 2n = 24, 32; Russian Federation, Republic of Khakassiya, EB & MT 3001745, EB & MT3001747. Caragana pygmaea (L.) DC., 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva, EB & MT 3001748. Thymus iljinii Klokov & Des.-Shost., 2n = 24, 26; Russian Federation, Krasnoyarskii Krai, AA 3001798. Thymus marschallianus Willd., 2n = 28, 42; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', AP 3001791. 2n = 42; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, AP 3001790, EB 3001792. Thymus serpyllum L. s.l., 2n = 14, 20; Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, AA 3001796. 2n = 24, 26, 28; Kazakhstan, Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya Oblast', EB 3001795. 2n = 26, 28; Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, EB 3001794. 2n = 28; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', EB 3001793. 2n = 28, 32, 36; Russian Federation, Republic of Khakassiya, AA 3001797. Atraphaxis frutescens (L.) K.Koch., 2n = 16, 24; Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva, EB & MT 3001766. Atraphaxis pungens (M.Bieb.) Jaub. & Spach., 2n = 32, 40; Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva, EB & MT 3001763. 2n = 32, 40, 48; Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva, EB & MT 3001761. *Address for correspondence: [email protected] This work was performed using equipment of The Core Facilities Center "Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science" and in the framework of the institutional research projects of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (AAAA-A18-118040290161-3, АААА-А19-119031290052-1). All materials CHN. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC., 2n = 68; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72625 (IRK). Hosta ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn, 2n = 60; Kyrgyzstan, T.V. Kostritsyna 73003 (IRK). Achillea millefolium L., 2n = 64; Russian Federation, Rostovskaya Oblast', A.A. Korobkov 2015-22 (LE). Anthemis cotula L., 2n = 18; Armenia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 2021-12 (LE). Arctium lappa L., 2n = 36; Germany, G.V. Yurlova 72763 (IRK). Artemisia anethifolia Weber ex Stechm., 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Republic of Buryatia, B. Namzalov 2021-01 (LE), B. Namzalov 2021-02 (LE), B. Namzalov 2021-06 (LE). Artemisia capillaris Thunb., 2n = 18; China, Jilin Province, M.O. Burlyaeva & V.V. Kotseruba 2014-111 (LE), M.O. Burlyaeva & V.V. Kotseruba 2014-112 (LE). Artemisia frigida Willd., 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Tyumenskaya Oblast', B.S. Kharitonov 2021-03 (LE), B.S. Kharitonov 2021-07 (LE). 2n = 36; Russian Federation, Tyumenskaya Oblast', B.S. Kharitonov 2021-04 (LE). Artemisia tilesii Ledeb., 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Arkhangelskaya Oblast', 24 Aug 2020, L.A. Konoreva s.n. (LE), L.A. Konoreva 2021-05 (LE). Artemisia vulgaris L., 2n = 16; Germany, G.V. Yurlova 72721 (IRK). Aster alpinus L., 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', D.A. Krivenko 2021-14 (LE). Aster biennis Ledeb. (≡ Heteropappus biennis (Ledeb.) Tamamsch. ex Grubov), 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', D.A. Krivenko 2021-11 (IRK, LE). Erigeron canadensis L. (≡ Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist), 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 2021-17 (LE). Leucanthemum vulgare Lam., 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, V.V. Kotseruba 2013-74 (LE), V.V. Kotseruba 2013-77 (LE). Senecio inaequidens DC., 2n = 40; Germany, G.V. Yurlova 72762 (IRK). Solidago canadensis L., 2n = 18; Germany, G.V. Yurlova 72720 (IRK). Tanacetum leptophyllum (Steven ex M.Bieb.) Sch.Bip. (≡ Pyrethrum leptophyllum Steven ex M.Bieb.), 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, N.I. Dorofeev 2013-73 (LE), V.V. Kotseruba 2013-75 (LE), V.V. Kotseruba 2013-76 (LE). Tanacetum partheniifolium (Willd.) Sch.Bip. (≡ Pyrethrum partheniifolium Willd.), 2n = 18; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 2021-13 (LE). Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (= Pyrethrum glanduliferum Sommier & Levier), 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, D.A. Krivenko 2021-19 (IRK, LE). Tridax procumbens L., 2n = 36; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72633 (IRK). Tripleurospermum elongatum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Bornm., 2n = 36; Russian Federation, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, D.A. Krivenko 2021-16 (IRK, LE). Tripleurospermum parviflorum (Willd.) Pobed., 2n = 18; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 2021-15 (IRK, LE). Xeranthemum annuum L. (= X. squarrosum Boiss.), 2n = 12; Armenia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 2021-18 (IRK, LE). Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth, 2n = 36; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72295 (IRK). Cleome rutidosperma DC., 2n = 30; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72627 (IRK). Acalypha indica L., 2n = 20; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72294 (IRK). Euphorbia hirta L., 2n = 18; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72293 (IRK). Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, 2n = 104; Thailand, E.V. Zhmud 73011 (IRK), E.V. Zhmud 72902 (IRK). Dodartia orientalis L., 2n = 20; Kyrgyzstan, T.V. Kostritsyna 72204 (IRK). Boerhavia repens L., 2n = 52; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72774 (IRK). Oenothera biennis L., 2n = 14; Germany, G.V. Yurlova 72764 (IRK). Chelidonium majus L., 2n = 12; Kyrgyzstan, T.V. Kostritsyna 72210 (IRK), T.V. Kostritsyna 72211 (IRK), T.V. Kostritsyna 72212 (IRK). Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., 2n = 26; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72628 (IRK). Cenchrus echinatus L., 2n = 34; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72629 (IRK). Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., 2n = 18; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72631 (IRK), P.A. Kuzmina 72632 (IRK). Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi, 2n = 20; Thailand, P.A. Kuzmina 72630 (IRK). Clematis vitalba L., 2n = 16; Germany, G.V. Yurlova 72765 (IRK). *Address for correspondence: [email protected] The investigation was carried with the support of the scientific program АААА-А21-121011290024-5 of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Scientific collections of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (USU440537, Herbarium NS) were used in the work. Sample pretreatment with chemical reagents was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia under Agreement No. 075-15-2021-1056 of 28 September 2021 between the BIN RAS and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, also under Agreement No. ЕP/29-10-21-4 of 29 October 2021 between BIN RAN and CSBG SB RAS. All materials CHN; collectors: AS = A. Samdan; DSh = D. Shaulo, EZ = E. Zykova, NK = N. Kimsin, TSh = T. Shemetova; vouchers in NS. Eryngium planum L., 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', EZ EZ865-2119. Pimpinella saxifraga L., 2n = 40; Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, EZ EZ772-1618. Bidens tripartita L., 2n = 48; Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, EZ EZ270-1716. Centaurea scabiosa L., 2n = 20; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', EZ & TSh EZ442-7417. Cirsium setosum (Willd.) M.Bieb., 2n = 34; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', DSh EZ709. Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A.Mey., 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', EZ & TSh EZ376-4317. Pilosella katunensis Tupitz. (= Pilosella echioides (Lumn.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. p.p.), 2n = 27; Russian Federation, Republic of Tyva, NK & AS EZ643. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC., 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, EZ EZ 277-2515. Gypsophila paniculata L., 2n = 34; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', EZ & TSh EZ381-4317. Melilotus albus Medik., 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', DSh EZ712. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', DSh EZ706. Vicia cracca L., 2n = 14; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', DSh EZ715. Mentha arvensis L., 2n = 54; Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, EZ EZ412-6917. Agropyron pectinatum (M.Bieb.) P.Beauv., 2n = 28; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', EZ & TSh EZ377-4417. Ranunculus cantoniensis DC. (= R. chinensis Bunge), 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Krasnoyarskii Krai, DSh EZ644, DSh EZ708. Scrophularia nodosa L., 2n = 36; Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, EZ EZ399-6117. Verbascum nigrum L., 2n = 30; Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', EZ EZ848-2020. *Address for correspondence: [email protected] The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, grant no. 075-15-2020-787 for implementation of Major Scientific Projects on Priority Areas of Scientific and Technological Development (project "Fundamentals, Methods and Technologies for Digital Monitoring and Forecasting of the Environmental Situation on the Baikal Natural Territory"). All materials CHN. Allium ramosum L., 2n = 32; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.A. Chernysheva 68811 (IRK00019661), O.A. Chernysheva 68812 (VLA). Allium schoenoprasum L., 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya kr13 (IRK00014391). Carum carvi L., 2n =20; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 66079 (IRK), O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 66080 (VLA). Asparagus persicus Baker, 2n = 20; Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 65887 (IRK00035896), D.A. Krivenko 65891 (LE), D.A. Krivenko 65890 (PVB), D.A. Krivenko 65889 (VLA). Bidens radiata Thuill., 2n = 48; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13833 (VLA). Carduus crispus L., 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13821 (VLA). Chrysanthemum arcticum L. (≡ Arctanthemum arcticum (L.) Tzvelev), 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13751 (VLA). Lactuca sibirica (L.) Benth. ex Maxim. (≡ Mulgedium sibiricum (L.) Less.), 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13757 (VLA). Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A.Mey., 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan, M.A. Markaryan 65855 (IRK), M.A. Markaryan 65856 (VLA). Sonchus oleraceus L., 2n = 32; Tajikistan, O.T. Rusinek 66249 (IRK), O.T. Rusinek 66252 (IRKU), O.T. Rusinek 66253 (NSK), O.T. Rusinek 66251 (VLA). Symphyotrichum ciliatum (Ledeb.) G.L.Nesom (≡ Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb.), 2n = 14; Russian Federation, Primorskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13765 (VLA). Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch.Bip., 2n = 36; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13820 (VLA). Betula ermanii Cham., 2n = 28; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13748 (VLA). Betula glandulosa Michx. (= B. exilis Sukaczev), 2n = 28; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13746 (VLA). Nonea pulla (L.) DC., 2n = 14; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 68530 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 68531 (VLA). Alyssum lenense Adams, 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya kr20 (IRK). Arabis sagittata (Bertol.) DC., 2n = 32; Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 66072 (IRK). Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, 2n = 14; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13819 (VLA). Dianthus chinensis L., 2n = 30; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', D.A. Krivenko & V.V. Murashko 68708 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko & V.V. Murashko 68709 (VLA). Silene multiflora (Ehrh.) Pers., 2n = 24; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 68479 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 68480 (VLA). Commelina communis L., 2n = 42; Russian Federation, Primorskii Krai, D.V. Mysnik 13795 (VLA). Euphorbia davidii Subils, 2n = 56; Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 65938 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 65940 (VLA). Euphorbia falcata L., 2n = 32; Russian Federation, Kaliningradskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 68830 (IRK), O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 68831 (VLA). Oxytropis revoluta Ledeb., 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13822 (VLA). Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia (Schreb.) Arcang., 2n = 30; Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 66105 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 66106 (VLA). Salvia deserta Schangin, 2n = 14; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 68470 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 68471 (VLA). Linum perenne L., 2n = 18 + 0–2B; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya kr260 (IRK). Malva thuringiaca (L.) Vis., 2n = 44; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 68510 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 68511 (VLA). Peganum harmala L., 2n = 24; Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 65586 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 65587 (VLA). Cymbaria daurica L., 2n = 32; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya kr21 (IRK), O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 65971 (IRK). Papaver alboroseum Hultén, 2n = 28; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13810 (VLA). Papaver ammophilum (Turcz.) Peschkova, 2n = 42; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya kr259 (IRK). Plantago camtschatica Link, 2n = 12; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13767 (VLA). Polemonium boreale Adams, 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13768 (VLA). Atraphaxis frutescens (L.) K.Koch, 2n = 40; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 68552 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 68554 (VLA). Rumex obtusifolius subsp. sylvestris (Lam.) Čelak., 2n = 20; Russian Federation, Kaliningradskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 68861 (IRK), O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 68862 (VLA). Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb., 2n = 20; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 68563 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 68564 (VLA). Androsace septentrionalis L., 2n = 20; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13824 (VLA). Primula kawasimae H.Hara, 2n = 18; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13829 (VLA). Aquilegia sibirica Lam., 2n = 14; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya kr12 (IRK). Ranunculus polyanthemos L., 2n = 16; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 68446 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 68449 (NSK), D.A. Krivenko 68448 (VLA). Ranunculus smirnovii Ovcz., 2n = 28; Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya kr244 (IRK), O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya kr245 (IRK). Argentina anserina subsp. groenlandica (Tratt.) Á.Löve (= Potentilla egedei Wormsk. ex Hornem.), 2n = 28; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13683 (VLA). Filipendula vulgaris Moench, 2n =14; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 68592 (IRK), D.A. Krivenko 68593 (VLA). Geum aleppicum Jacq., 2n = 42; Russian Federation, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13789 (VLA). Urtica cannabina L., 2n = 52; Russian Federation, Republic of Buryatia, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 57673 (IRK00038350). *Address for correspondence: [email protected] All materials CHN; collectors: MP = M.G. Pimenov, OT = O. Tursunov. Aegopodium tadshikorum Schischk., n = 11; Uzbekistan, MP 5-17 (MW). Elwendia intermedia (Korovin) Pimenov & Kljuykov, n = 6; Uzbekistan, MP 4-17 (MW). Ferula penninervis Regel & Schmalh., n = 11; Uzbekistan, MP 7-17 (MW). 2n = 22; Uzbekistan, 28 Sep 2019, MP & OT s.n. (MW). Ferula pratovii F.O.Khass. & I.I.Malzev, 2n = 22; Uzbekistan, 1 Aug 2019, I.I .Malzev s.n. (TASH). Ferula samarkandica Korovin, n = 11; Uzbekistan, MP 8-17 (MW). Ferula tenuisecta Korovin, n = 11; Uzbekistan, MP 9-17 (MW). 2n = 22; Uzbekistan, 27 Sep 2019, MP & OT s.n. (MW). Ferula ugamica Korovin, 2n = 22; Uzbekistan, 29 Sep 2019, MP & OT s.n. (MW). Kamelinia tianschanica F.O.Khass. & I.I.Malzev, n = 5; Uzbekistan, MP 14-17 (MW). Mogoltavia severtzovii (Regel) Korovin, 2n = 20, 20 + 1–2B; Tajikistan, A. Kurbonov & MP 55-15 (MW). Oedibasis platycarpa (Lipsky) Koso-Pol., n = 10; Uzbekistan, MP 1-17 (MW). Paraligusticum discolor (Ledeb.) V.N.Tikhom., n = 11; Uzbekistan, MP 15-17 (MW). Schrenkia golickeana B.Fedtsch., n = 11; Uzbekistan, MP 10-17 (MW), MP 2-17 (MW). 2n = 22; Uzbekistan, 28 Sep 2019, MP & OT s.n. (MW). *Address for correspondence: [email protected] This work was performed using equipment of The Core Facilities Center "Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science" within the framework of the Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences budget projects (no. 122011800672-6, no. 122011900031-0). All materials CHN. Iris ruthenica Ker Gawl., 2n = 42; Russian Federation, Altai Republic, 26 May 2018, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 01228640). 2n = 84; Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, 30 May 2018, P.M. Zhurbenko, A.A. Kechaikin & V.I. Dorofeev s.n. (LE 01228639). Karol Marhold (ed.),1,2 Jaromír Kučera (ed.),1 Nina B. Alexeeva,3 Tatiana V. Alexeeva,4 Ekaterina D. Badaeva,5 Evgeny V. Banaev,6 Olga A. Chernyagina,7 Aleksander A. Korobkov,3 Tatiana V. Kostritsyna,8 Violetta V. Kotseruba,3 Denis A. Krivenko,9 Polina A. Kuzmina,9 Tatyana V. Pankova,6 Michael G. Pimenov,4 Nina S. Probatova,10 Yuliya A. Pshenichkina,6 Dmitry N. Shaulo,6 Tatyana A. Shemetova,6 Julia V. Shner,4 Mariya A. Tomoshevich,6 Galina V. Yurlova,11 Olga Yu. Zavgorodnyaya,9 Peter M. Zhurbenko3 & Elena Yu. Zykova6 1 Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 2 Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Praha, Czech Republic 3 V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Str. 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 4 Peter I Botanical Garden, Biological Department, Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russian Federation 5 N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Street 3, GSP-1 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation 6 Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Zolotodolinskaya Str. 101, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 7 Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Geographical Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Partizanskaya Str. 6, 683000, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii, Russian Federation 8 International Higher School of Medicine, Intergelpo Str. 1F, 720054, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 9 Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontov Str. 132, 664033, Irkutsk, Russian Federation 10 Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Centennial Ave. 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation 11 Institute of Cytology & Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrentyev Ave. 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation *Address for correspondence: [email protected] This research was carried out within the framework of the topic "Theoretical and applied aspects of studying genofunds of natural plant populations and conservation of plant diversity 'outside the typical environment' (ex situ)" (АААА-А21-121011290027-6). * First chromosome count from the given region. *Caragana altaica (Kom.) Pojark. 2n = 24, 32, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Khakassiya, Bogradskii Raion, vicinity of Troitskoe village, 54°15.399′N, 91°07.174′E, 6 Aug 2021, E.V. Banaev & M.A. Tomoshevich 3001745 (NSK). 2n = 24, 32, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Khakassiya, Bogradskii Raion, vicinity of Red Stone village, right bank of the Volchiy log river, 54°08.855′N, 91°15.431′E, 6 Aug 2021, E.V. Banaev & M.A. Tomoshevich 3001747 (NSK). *Caragana pygmaea (L.) DC. 2n = 16, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva, Tandinskii Raion, north shore of Lake Dus-Khol, 51°21.921′N, 94°24.699′E, 3 Aug 2021, E.V. Banaev & M.A. Tomoshevich 3001748 (NSK). *Thymus iljinii Klokov & Des.-Shost. 2n = 24, 26 (mixoploidy), CHN. Russian Federation, Krasnoyarskii Krai, vicinity of Krasnoyarsk city, steppe, 56°01′24.83″N, 92°51′29.25″E, 24 Aug 2017, A.Z. Afinogenov 3001798 (NSK). *Thymus marschallianus Willd. 2n = 28, 42, CHN. Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', Ordynskii Raion, 2 km north of Novopichugovo village, 54°38′24.33″N, 82°20′28.68″E, 10 Aug 2019, A.Ya. Pshenichkin 3001791 (NSK). 2n = 42, CHN. Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, Kamenskii Raion, vicinity of Novoyarki village, 53°35′52.10″N, 80°47′17.73″E, 18 Aug 2019, A.Ya. Pshenichkin 3001790 (NSK); Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, Burlinskii Raion, neighborhood of Petrovka village, on the shore of Lake Bolshoye Topolnoye, 53°21′45.36″N, 78°02′45.09″E, 29 Jul 2020, E.V. Banaev 3001792 (NSK). *Thymus serpyllum L. s.l. 2n = 14, 20, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, Ongudaiskii Raion, сonfluence of Chuya and Katun, steppe, 50°23′47.40″N, 86°40′35.20″E, 15 Aug 2020, A.Z. Afinogenov 3001796 (NSK). 2n = 24, 26, 28, CHN. Kazakhstan, Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya Oblast', Ulanskii Raion, vicinity of Tukul village, 49°42.597′N, 82°06.079′E, 11 Aug 2017, E.V. Banaev 3001795 (NSK). 2n = 26, 28, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Altai, Ongudaiskii Raion, on the steppe slope along the river Aigulak, 50°21′40.01″N, 87°14′39.97″E, 6 Aug 2022, E.V. Banaev 3001794 (NSK). 2n = 28, CHN. Russian Federation, Novosibirskaya Oblast', Karasukskii Raion, vicinity of Blagodatnoe village, 53°50.614′N, 78°01.084′E, 1 Aug 2020, E.V. Banaev 3001793 (NSK). 2n = 28, 32, 36, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Khakassiya, Shirinskii Raion, vicinity of Son village, 54°22′58.35″N, 90°23′52.89″E, 13 Aug 2019, A.Z. Afinogenov 3001797 (NSK). *Atraphaxis frutescens (L.) K.Koch 2n = 16, 24, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva, Tes-Khemskii Raion, right bank of the river Tes-Khem, 50°30.944′N, 94°44.478′E, 4 Aug 2021, E.V. Banaev & M.A. Tomoshevich 3001766 (NSK). *Atraphaxis pungens (M.Bieb.) Jaub. & Spach 2n = 32, 40, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva, Tandinskii Raion, west shore of Lake Dus-Khol, 51°21.852′N, 94°25.734′E, 3 Aug 2021, E.V. Banaev & M.A. Tomoshevich 3001763 (NSK). 2n = 32, 40, 48, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Tuva, Tes-Khemskii Raion, foot of Ahir-Ula mountain on the way to Shara-Nur Lake, steppe, 50°18.943′N, 94°41.635′E, 4 Aug 2021, E.V. Banaev & M.A. Tomoshevich 3001761 (NSK). *Address for correspondence: [email protected] This work was performed using equipment of The Core Facilities Center "Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science" and in the framework of the institutional research projects of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (AAAA-A18-118040290161-3, АААА-А19-119031290052-1). * First chromosome count for the genus. ** New cytotype for the species. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. **2n = 68, CHN. Thailand, Chonburi Province, Sattahip District, Samaesarn sub-districts, Sattahip Military Beach on the eastern side of the Gulf of Siam in the southwestern South China Sea, 12°36′50″N, 100°55′28″E, 13 Feb 2023, P.A. Kuzmina 72625 (IRK) [Fig. 1A]. Hosta ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn 2n = 60, CHN. Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek city, E.Z. Gareev Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, 790 m, 42°51′25″N, 74°35′25″E, Jul 2022, T.V. Kostritsyna 73003 (IRK) [Fig. 1B]. Achillea millefolium L. **2n = 64, CHN. Russian Federation, Rostovskaya Oblast', Taganrogskii Bay of the Sea of Azov, end of long sand-shell spit, elevated area, forb group, 27 Sep 2014, A.A. Korobkov 2015-22 (LE). Anthemis cotula L. 2n = 18, CHN. Armenia, Kotayk Province, on the border with Ararat Province, right bank of the Azat River, Goght village, weed-ruderal plant groups, 1690 m, 40°08′04″N, 44°46′14″E, 28 Jul 2019, D.A. Krivenko & al. 2021-12 (LE). Arctium lappa L. 2n = 36, CHN. Germany, Free State of Bavaria, Munich city, northern part, left bank of the Isar River, weed-ruderal plant groups, 48°12′23.35″N, 11°37′04.98″E, 28 Dec 2021, G.V. Yurlova 72763 (IRK). Artemisia anethifolia Weber ex Stechm. 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Buryatia, Ivolginskii Raion, Selenga midlands, Ivolginskaya basin, vicinity of Khoitobey village, ancient high terrace of the Ivolga River, depression with saline vegetation, 7 Sep 2020, B. Namzalov 2021-01 (LE), B. Namzalov 2021-02 (LE), B. Namzalov 2021-06 (LE). Artemisia capillaris Thunb. 2n = 18, CHN. China, Jilin Province, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Hunchun city, park near Lingbao temple, on hill near to pine plantations, 143 m, 42°53′20.3″N, 130°20′43.7″E, 29 Sep 2013, M.O. Burlyaeva & V.V. Kotseruba 2014-111 (LE), M.O. Burlyaeva & V.V. Kotseruba 2014-112 (LE). Artemisia frigida Willd. 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Tyumenskaya Oblast', Tobolskii Raion, 1.5 km W of Abalak village, along banks of the Irtysh River, steppe, 7 Sep 2020, B.S. Kharitonov 2021-03 (LE); Russian Federation, Tyumenskaya Oblast', Tobolskii Raion, Mt. Alafeyskaya, steppe slope, 28 Aug 2019, B.S. Kharitonov 2021-07 (LE). 2n = 36, CHN. Russian Federation, Tyumenskaya Oblast', Tobolskii Raion, Mt. Alafeyskaya, steppe slope, 28 Aug 2019, B.S. Kharitonov 2021-04 (LE). Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Arkhangelskaya Oblast', Nenets Autonomous Area, Zapolyarnyi Raion, Arctic Ocean, between Pechora and Kara Seas, Vaygach Island, coastal slope, forb meadow, 24 Aug 2020, L.A. Konoreva s.n. (LE), 26 Aug 2020, L.A. Konoreva 2021-05 (LE). Artemisia vulgaris L. 2n = 16, CHN. Germany, Free State of Bavaria, Munich city, northern part, left bank of the Isar River, weed-ruderal plant groups, 48°12′23.35″N, 11°37′04.98″E, 28 Dec 2021, G.V. Yurlova 72721 (IRK) [Fig. 1C]. Aster alpinus L. 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', Olkhonskii Raion, Lake Baikal, Olkhon Island, northwestern part of the island, mountain rocky steppe, 528 m, 53°22′48″N, 107°44′03″E, 17 Aug 2018, D.A. Krivenko 2021-14 (LE). Aster biennis Ledeb. (≡ Heteropappus biennis (Ledeb.) Tamamsch. ex Grubov) 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Irkutskaya Oblast', Olkhonskii Raion, Lake Baikal, Olkhon Island, northwestern part of the island, mountain rocky steppe, 528 m, 53°22′48″N, 107°44′03″E, 17 Aug 2018, D.A. Krivenko 2021-11 (IRK, LE). Erigeron canadensis L. (≡ Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist) 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Altaiskii Krai, Rubtsovskii Raion, left bank of the Alei River, near Zakharovo village, salty meadow, 51°39′02″N, 81°18′40″E, 18 Sep 2018, D.A. Krivenko 2021-17 (LE). Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, Gunibskii Raion, Batsada village, 14 Aug 2012, V.V. Kotseruba 2013-74 (LE); Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, Gunibskii Raion, vicinity of Gunib village, 16 Aug 2012, V.V. Kotseruba 2013-77 (LE). Senecio inaequidens DC. 2n = 40, CHN. Germany, Free State of Bavaria, Munich city, northern part, left bank of the Isar River, weed-ruderal plant groups, 48°12′23.35″N, 11°37′04.98″E, 28 Dec 2021, G.V. Yurlova 72762 (IRK) [Fig. 1D]. Solidago canadensis L. 2n = 18, CHN. Germany, Free State of Bavaria, Munich city, northern part, left bank of the Isar River, weed-ruderal plant groups, 48°12′23.35″N, 11°37′04.98″E, 28 Dec 2021, G.V. Yurlova 72720 (IRK) [Fig. 1E]. Tanacetum leptophyllum (Steven ex M.Bieb.) Sch.Bip. (≡ Pyrethrum leptophyllum Steven ex M.Bieb.) 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, Kurakhskii Raion, Kurakh-chai gorge, vicinity of Kurakh village, eroded northern slopes, narrow washes, 21 Aug 2011, N.I. Dorofeev 2013-73 (LE); Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, Gunibskii Raion, on the way to Batsada village, 14 Aug 2012, V.V. Kotseruba 2013-75 (LE); Russian Federation, Republic of Dagestan, Gunibskii Raion, vicinity of Gunib village, in forest, 15 Aug 2012, V.V. Kotseruba 2013-76 (LE). Tanacetum partheniifolium (Willd.) Sch.Bip. (≡ Pyrethrum partheniifolium Willd.) 2n = 18, CHN. Georgia, Samtskhe-Javakheti Region, Akhmeta municipality, at the southern entrance to the Borjomi gorge, left bank of the Kura River, near Atskuri fortress, forb ruderalized steppefied meadow, 1300 m, 41°42′26″N, 43°08′19″E, 23 Jul 2019, D.A. Krivenko & al. 2021-13 (LE). Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (= Pyrethrum glanduliferum Sommier & Levier) 2n = 18, CHN. Russian Federation, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Elbrusskii Raion, Greater Caucasus, Bokovoi range, foot of Mt. Elbrus, Polyana Azau settlement, sandy-pebbly deposits, 2380 m, 43°16′10″N, 42°28′47″E, 7 Aug 2019, D.A. Krivenko 2021-19 (IRK, LE). Tridax procumbens L. 2n = 36, CHN. Thailand, Chonburi Province, Sattahip District, Samaesarn sub-districts, Sattahip Military Beach on the eastern side of the Gulf of Siam in the southwestern South China Sea, 12°36′50″N, 100°55′28″E, 13 Feb 2023, P.A. Kuzmina 72633 (IRK) [Fig. 1F]. Tripleurospermum elongatum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Bornm. **2n = 36, CHN. Russian Federation, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Elbrusskii Raion, Greater Caucasus, Bokovoi range, foot of Mt.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980764.].

Introgressive hybridization is the main method of broadening the genetic diversity of bread wheat. Wild barley Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Hudson (2n = 4x = 28) has useful agronomical traits, such as high resistance to stress factors, that could be a potential source of new genes for bread wheat improvement. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of introgression of H. marinum chromosomes into the genome of bread wheat using an incomplete amphiploid H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum (4x)–T. aestivum (Pyrotrix 28) (2n = 54) carrying the cytoplasm of wild barley. For this purpose, we crossed the line of bread wheat variety Pyrotrix 28 with an incomplete amphiploid, and then selected cytogenetically stable 42­chromosome plants with a high level of fertility in hybrid progeny. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) revealed a pair of H. marinum chromosomes in the genome of these plants. C­ banding analysis confirmed that bread wheat chromosome 4B was replaced by wild barley chromosome 4Hmar. SSR markers Xgwm368 and Xgwm6 confirmed the absence of chromosome 4B, and EST markers BAWU808 and BAW112 identified chromosome 4Hmar in the genome of the isolated disomic wheat­barley substitution line. The study of this line showed that the substitution of chromosome 4B with chromosome 4Hmar resulted in a change of some morphological traits. It included intense anthocyanin coleoptile coloration, specific for H. marinum, as well as a lack of purple coloration of the ears in the leaf sheath, specific for Pyrotrix 28. Line 4Hmar(4B) showed increased performance for several traits, including plant height, number of spikes and tillers per plant, spikelet and grain number in the main spike, grain number per plant, but it had decreased values of 1000­grain weight compared to wheat. Cytogenetic stability and fertility of line 4Hmar(4B) indicated a high compensation ability of barley 4Hmar for wheat chromosome 4B and confirmed their homeology.

Aegilops comosa Smith in Sibthorp et Smith, 1806 is diploid grass with MM genome constitution occur-ring mainly in Greece. Two morphologically distinct subspecies - Ae. c. comosa Chennaveeraiah, 1960 and Ae. c. heldreichii (Holzmann ex Boissier) Eig, 1929 are discriminated within Ae. comosa, however, genetic and karyotypic bases of their divergence are not fully understood. We used Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with repetitive DNA probes and electrophoretic analysis of gliadins to character-ize the genome and karyotype of Ae. comosa to assess the level of their genetic diversity and uncover mechanisms leading to radiation of subspecies. We show that two subspecies differ in size and morphol-ogy of chromosomes 3M and 6M, which can be due to reciprocal translocation. Subspecies also differ in the amount and distribution of microsatellite and satellite DNA sequences, the number and position of minor NORs, especially on 3M and 6M, and gliadin spectra mainly in the a-zone. Frequent occurrence of hybrids can be caused by open pollination, which, along with genetic heterogeneity of accessions and, probably, the lack of geographic or genetic barrier between the subspecies, may contribute to extremely broad intraspecific variation of GAAn and gliadin patterns in Ae. comosa, which are usually not observed in endemic plant species.

A comparative karyotype analysis of four species of yellow-flowered Eranthis sect. Eranthis, i.e., E. bulgarica, E. cilicica, E. hyemalis, and E. longistipitata from different areas, has been carried out for the first time. All the studied specimens had somatic chromosome number 2n = 16 with basic chromosome number x = 8. Karyotypes of the investigated plants included five pairs of metacentric chromosomes and three pairs of submetacentric/subtelocentric chromosomes. The chromosome sets of the investigated species differ mainly in the ratio of submetacentric/subtelocentric chromosomes, their relative lengths, and arm ratios. A new oligonucleotide probe was developed and tested to detect 45S rDNA clusters. Using this probe and an oligonucleotide probe to 5S rDNA, 45S and 5S rDNA clusters were localized for the first time on chromosomes of E. cilicica, E. hyemalis, and E. longistipitata. Major 45S rDNA clusters were identified on satellite chromosomes in all the species; in E. cilicica, minor clusters were also identified in the terminal regions of one metacentric chromosome pair. The number and distribution of 5S rDNA clusters is more specific. In E. cilicica, two major clusters were identified in the pericentromeric region of a pair of metacentric chromosomes. Two major clusters in the pericentromeric region of a pair of submetacentric chromosomes and two major clusters in the interstitial region of a pair of metacentric chromosomes were observed in E. longistipitata. E. hyemalis has many clusters of different sizes, localized mainly in the pericentromeric regions. Summarizing new data on the karyotype structure of E. sect. Eranthis and previously obtained data on E. sect. Shibateranthis allowed conclusions to be formed about the clear interspecific karyological differences of the genus Eranthis.