Background. Adequate sleep ensures a person’s physical and psycho-emotional well-being. Adolescence is one of the critical stages of life. The exclusive attention of specialists and leveling the impact of adverse factors on the body during this period is the key to the proper development and preservation of the health of adolescents. Meanwhile, sleep problems in teenage girls remain poorly understood.The aim. To study the features of the sleep regime and quality of sleep of teenage girls in the city of Irkutsk.Materials and methods. A survey of 422 teenage girls in the city of Irkutsk was conducted using a translated version of a questionnaire about adolescent sleep habits to subjectively assess their sleep and wakefulness. Two groups were formed: group I – girls with sleep problems (n = 171); group II – girls without sleep problems (n = 251).Results. Sleep disorders among teenage girls in the city of Irkutsk occurred with a frequency of 40.52 %. In most cases, a complex effect of various unfavorable factors on the sleep process has been identified. The adolescents with sleep disorders we examined were characterized by higher rates of sleep latency, later bedtime, earlier awakening, decreased time of night sleep, as well as changes in the sleep shift indicator towards its increase. These violations were noted both on weekdays and on weekends.Conclusions. Sleep problems were reported in 40.52% of respondents. The complex impact of various unfavorable factors on sleep quality has been revealed. The features of sleep hygiene of teenage girls are reflected. The group of girls with sleep problems was characterized by increased sleep latency, later bedtime, earlier awakening, reduced sleep time, and an increase in sleep shift.

Background. Menstrual irregularities occupy a leading place among gynecological diseases in girls. It is assumed that there is a connection between reproductive system disorders and sleep in adolescent girls, but to date this issue remains poorly understood.The aim. To study the subjective sleep quality of adolescent girls with irregular and regular menstrual cycles.Materials and methods. A survey of 461 teenage girls living in the city of Irkutsk and the Irkutsk region was conducted in the period from January 2023 to May 2024. Two groups were formed: group 1 – teenage girls with an irregular menstrual cycle (n = 121), group 2 – teenage girls without menstrual disorders (n = 340).Results. Adolescent girls with irregular menstrual cycles had sleep disturbances more often and longer, falling asleep later and taking longer, waking up later, poor sleep and daytime sleepiness. The average duration of sleep on weekdays, regardless of the nature of the menstrual cycle, was below the normal values for this age, which indicates a sleep deficit in adolescent girls.Conclusions. Poor sleep hygiene in adolescent girls, poor quality and short sleep cause disruption of the circadian rhythm that regulates the menstrual cycle. Increasing the duration and improving the quality of sleep are an important component of the formation and maintenance of reproductive health in adolescent girls. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationships between circadian sleep-wake rhythms and the reproductive system in adolescent girls.

Central precocious puberty (СPP) is caused by premature reactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a crucial role in determining the timing of puberty. In recent years, the KISS1, KISS1R, MKRN3, and DLK1 variants have been identified as hereditary causes of CPP. The MKRN3 and DLK1 genes are imprinted, and therefore epigenetic modifications that alter the expression of these genes are also considered as a cause of precocious puberty. With the progression of CPP, epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications of histones and noncoding RNAs can mediate the relationship between the influence of genetic variants and the environment. CPP is also associated with other short- and long-term adverse health effects. This is the basis for research aimed at understanding the genetic and epigenetic causes of СPP. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published data on the molecular genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of the formation of СPP.

Особенности сна девочекподростков в различные фазы менструального циклаНесмотря на неуклонный рост интереса к проблеме сна, причины и механизмы развития его расстройств, последствия для здоровья до сих пор полностью не изучены.Особый интерес вызывают сон и его нарушения у детей и подростков.Это обусловливает необходимость еще более пристального внимания специалистов к данной проблеме и более широкого проведения скрининга на наличие распространенных нарушений сна.Расстройства сна являются чаще прерогативой взрослых, а детям и подросткам уделяется недостаточно внимания.Тем временем имеется множество подтверждающих данных о том, что некачественный и непродолжительный сон напрямую связан с наличием заболеваний и нарушений психоэмоциональной сферы.К тому же исследования, как правило, проводятся на мужчинах, в то время как женщины чаще страдают различными расстройствами сна, а механизмы их формирования у женщин гораздо более сложны и многофакторны.Все это обусловливает необходимость проведения дальнейших исследований, которые позволят получить больше новых данных и лучше понять происходящие в женском организме процессы, тонкие механизмы их взаимного влияния и принять меры по снижению риска развития различных патологических состояний, связанных со сном и менструальным циклом.В нашей работе проведен анализ литературных данных об особенностях сна у девочек в различные периоды менструального цикла, их взаимосвязи, основных механизмов регуляции этих процессов, их взаимном влиянии.Особое внимание уделено наиболее важному и уязвимому периоду для формирования репродуктивного здоровья женщины -периоду полового созревания

The aim of the work is to study the state of health and peculiarities of metabolic reactions in adolescents, representatives of the small Siberian ethnos - tofalars and caucasians. Materials and methods. Clinico-biochemical examination of children and adolescents, representatives of a small ethnic group – Тofalars and Caucasians, permanently residing in the territory of Tofalaria in the Irkutsk region. The metabolic status of adolescents was assessed using spectrophotometric (total cholesterol, diene conjugates), fluorometric (superoxide dismutase activity, α-tocopherol and retinol levels), immunoenzymes (determination of thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations, free fractions of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, cortisol). Results . An increased incidence of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, as well as diseases of the endocrine system and eating disorders – among Тofalars; diseases of the genitourinary system – among Сaucasians. For practically healthy Тofalar teenagers, in contrast to Сaucasians of the newcomer population, adaptive metabolism reactions are characteristic, which is expressed by a reduced level of total cholesterol and increased values of antioxidant factors (the level of fat-soluble vitamins – α-tocopherol and retinol), and adaptive changes in the system of neuroendocrine regulation. Сonclusion . An assessment of the health status of children and adolescents in Tofalaria has shown the need for more intensive monitoring of the incidence rate in the specified region, with the obligatory consideration of the ethnic factor for the development of regional ethno-specific preventive measures.

Психические расстройства у девушек

Background. Currently more than 119 obesity-related polymorphisms is known to participate in adult obesity. One of them is LEPR Q223R. Many researches shown association of this polymorphism with adult obesity. However, the role of LEPR Q223R in adolescent overweight and obesity is the matter of dispute. Aim: to determine association of polymorphism Q223R of LEPR gene with some biochemical and hormonal measurements of blood in female adolescents with normal weight and with overweight and obesity. Materials and methods. A total of 103 female adolescents (14-17 years of age) was examined. All girls were divided into 2 groups: 43 girls with normal weight (SDS BM 10.311 ± 0.585), and 65 girls with overweight and obesity (SDS BMI 2.255± 0.739) (р < 0.0001). Height, weight, BM1, SDS BM1 were measured. Laboratory tests included triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fraction, TTH, free thyroxin and leptin. All girls were genotyped on carrier of LEPR Q223R. Statistical analysis was provided by software Statistica 8.0 using nonparametric Mann - Whitney methods and Chi-square test with Yates correction. Results. Significant association of carrying RR-genotype with increase of SDS BM1 (p = 0.006), THS (p = 0.006) and decrease of free thyroxin was shown in control group. Conclusion. Our results showed the association of R-allele with increase of SDS BM1, THS and decrease T4 free in control group.

Girls and teenaged girls of different ethnic groups living in Tofalaria during different age period were examined. The aim of this research was to establish the peculiarities of functioning of pituitary-thyroid system and metabolism of thyroid hormones in healthy girls and teenagers living under adverse climatic and geographical conditions depending on their ethnicity. It was set that in ethnic Tofs girls and in Europoids girls in age group of 7-11 there were differences in the content of the active fractions of thyroid hormones testifying different mechanisms of maintenance of thyroid homeostasis. These differences remain in age group of 12-14, when changes in pituitary section of the system are added to them. The functioning of pituitary-thyroid system-level of neuro-endocrine regulation in native girls of Tofalaria of 15-18 goes in more economical way. This is actually the result of genetically determined long-term adaptation of natives' organism to extreme climatic and geographical environmental factors.

Girls and teenaged girls of different ethnic groups living in Tofalaria during different age period were examined. The aim of this research was to establish the peculiarities of functioning of pituitary-thyroid system and metabolism of thyroid hormones in healthy girls and teenagers living under adverse climatic and geographical conditions depending on their ethnicity. It was set that in ethnic Tofs girls and in Europoids girls in age group of 7-11 there were differences in the content of the active fractions of thyroid hormones testifying different mechanisms of maintenance of thyroid homeostasis. These differences remain in age group of 12-14, when changes in pituitary section of the system are added to them. The functioning of pituitary-thyroid system-level of neuro-endocrine regulation in native girls of Tofalaria of 15-18 goes in more economical way. This is actually the result of genetically determined long-term adaptation of natives' organism to extreme climatic and geographical environmental factors.

We present the data on physical development, somatic pathology, reproductive disorders in children and teenagers from Tofalaria. Medical documentation and reports were analyzed, specialized surveys of children and teenagers by pediatricians, endocrinologist, gynecologist were carried out. Microscopy, oncocytology, PCR for detection sexually transmitted diseases (chlamidia, mycoplasma papillomavirus 16,18) and colposcopy were done in all teenaged girls. Evaluated morbidity was high. In indigenous Tofalaria population we found significant differences in rates of skeletal and conjunctive tissue disorders (incorrect posture, scoliosis, flatfoot) as well as endocrine disorders and nutrition (incorrect puberty, diffuse nontoxic goiter, growth retardation, hypotrophy). Reproductive health of girls in Tofalaria is characterized by early start of sexual activity, high number of abortion and high STD level and cervix condition is characterized by high rate of columnar epithelium ectopia to an ectocervix with often combination with inflammation. We suppose this situation as a consequences of its reproductive behavior. We believe that the target, long term program of educational, prophylactic and treatment efforts is needed to be developed for preservation of children and teenagers health in Tofalaria.

We present the data on physical development, somatic pathology, reproductive disorders in children and teenagers from Tofalaria. Medical documentation and reports were analyzed, specialized surveys of children and teenagers by pediatricians, endocrinologist, gynecologist were carried out. Microscopy, oncocytology, PCR for detection sexually transmitted diseases (chlamidia, mycoplasma papillomavirus 16,18) and colposcopy were done in all teenaged girls. Evaluated morbidity was high. In indigenous Tofalaria population we found significant differences in rates of skeletal and conjunctive tissue disorders (incorrect posture, scoliosis, flatfoot) as well as endocrine disorders and nutrition (incorrect puberty, diffuse nontoxic goiter, growth retardation, hypotrophy). Reproductive health of girls in Tofalaria is characterized by early start of sexual activity, high number of abortion and high STD level and cervix condition is characterized by high rate of columnar epithelium ectopia to an ectocervix with often combination with inflammation. We suppose this situation as a consequences of its reproductive behavior. We believe that the target, long term program of educational, prophylactic and treatment efforts is needed to be developed for preservation of children and teenagers health in Tofalaria.

The article presents the results of examination of 97 adolescent girls (mean age 14,96 ± 0,26 years) with hyperprolactinemia (PRL levels above 700 IU/ml): 30 adolescent girls with pituitary microprolactinoma (mean age 14,7 ± 3.2 years) and 67 adolescent girls with functional hyperprolactinemia (mean age 14,6 ± 3,4 years). The control group included 35 healthy adolescent girls (mean age 15,8 ± 0,89 years). Hyperprolactinemia (tumor and non-neoplastic) in puberty leads to disorders of sexual development and ovarian-menstrual cycle, followed by neurological symptoms. Elevated concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, DHEA, 17-OH-progesterone and LH/FSH ratio were shown in adolescents with hyperprolactinemia compared to the control group. Macroprolactinemia was estimated in 16,4—20 % of girls with hyperprolactinemia.

The article presents the results of examination of 97 adolescent girls (mean age 14,96 ± 0,26 years) with hyperprolactinemia (PRL levels above 700 IU/ml): 30 adolescent girls with pituitary microprolactinoma (mean age 14,7 ± 3.2 years) and 67 adolescent girls with functional hyperprolactinemia (mean age 14,6 ± 3,4 years). The control group included 35 healthy adolescent girls (mean age 15,8 ± 0,89 years). Hyperprolactinemia (tumor and non-neoplastic) in puberty leads to disorders of sexual development and ovarian-menstrual cycle, followed by neurological symptoms. Elevated concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, DHEA, 17-OH-progesterone and LH/FSH ratio were shown in adolescents with hyperprolactinemia compared to the control group. Macroprolactinemia was estimated in 16,4—20 % of girls with hyperprolactinemia.

The article presents the results of the study 69 adolescent girls with hypothalamic syndrome of puberty. In 45 (65,2%) of them installed overweight or obesity were observed. Hyperprolactinemia (more then 700 mU / ml) was detected in 43 (62,3 %), pituitary microadenoma in 19 (28%) girls with hypothalamic syndrome of puberty. Macroprolactinemia (based on PEG precipitation with more than 60% of the total serum PRL) was detected in 12 (17,4%), girls with hypothalamic syndrome of puberty, which is significantly lower than the frequency of this phenomenon in the population.

The article presents the results of examination, of 69 adolescent girls with hypothalamic syndrome of puberty. 45 (65,2 %) of them, were overweight or obese, 39 (56,5 %) had. menstrual cycle disorders, pituitary microadenoma was observed in 19 (28 %). The most of girls with hypothalamic syndrome of puberty, who were overweight or obese (n = 43; 62,3 %), had. changes in the levels of gonadotropins, cortisol and. 17-OH-progesterone. Hyperprolactinemia (with, prolactin level higher than 700 mU/ml) was detected, in 43 (62,3 %), and pituitary microadenoma in 19 (28 %) examined, girls with, hypothalamic syndrome of puberty. Macroprolactinemia (level of high-molecular prolactin according to the results of PEG-precipitation was more than 60 % of the total serum. PRL) was observed in 12 (17,4 %) girls with, hypothalamic syndrome of puberty, which is significantly lower than the frequency of this phenomenon in the population.

96 girls of 15-17 years were examined: girls with menstrual cycle disorder and autonomic vegetative dysfunctions (n=41). Girls with regular menstrual cycle and autonomic dysfunctions (n=30), comprise the control group (n=25). All the girls were examined with the help of the general clinical analyses, hormonal and biochemical tests, ultrasonography examination of the inner genital organs and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and cardio-interval-graphy. The girls with menstrual cycle disorder and autonomic dysfunctions demonstrate intensity of sympathetic vegetative nervous system marked already at early stages of development of the disease, when there were no changes in a hormonal and biochemical parameters.

We examined 171 girls aged 11-17 years and revealed that 100% of girls having non-active microadenomas of hypophysis had general and neurologic complaints, 60% patients had signs of delayed puberty, 86% of girls had menstrual rhythm disturbances. Long therapy with dophaminomimetics of girls having non-active microadenomas of hypophysis resulted in improvement of general state of health, recovery of menstrual rhythm disturbances.

In article the basic moments are resulted and economic efficiency of the program of the differentiated supervision. of children and adolescents with arterial hypertension is estimated. As against the similar programs developed for adults the given program is focused on diagnostics treatment and preventive maintenance of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents in view of age features of somatic and psychosomatic status