Nutritional deficiencies of vitamin E and selenium can occur alone or concurrently. Prolonged and sustained deficiency of either or both nutrients can lead to profound clinical disease. Selenium deficiency can also result in signs of cardiac disease, upper gastrointestinal dysfunction, and abortion or the birth of weak foals. Deficiencies can usually be readily established by evaluating the dietary intake of individuals and by measurement of blood concentrations of these nutrients. Treatment of clinical disease is not always successful and prolonged morbidity and mortality can be encountered; hence, prevention is of the utmost importance.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether Miniature Horse mares are predisposed to hemoperitoneum from nonneoplastic ovarian hemorrhage and report the clinical characteristics of this disorder. ANIMALS 51 equines with hemoperitoneum, including 22 nonminiature mares and 9 Miniature Horse mares, identified by searching medical records of a tertiary large animal hospital for confirmed hemoperitoneum cases between 2012 and 2023. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Signs of hemoperitoneum in miniature mares included lethargy, inappetence, colic, tachycardia, and moderate to severe anemia (PCV ranging from 11% to 19%). Five miniature mares did not survive and were necropsied. RESULTS Miniature Horse mares were markedly overrepresented at 29% of hemoperitoneum mares, and no miniature stallions or geldings with hemoperitoneum were identified. In nonminiature mares, hemoperitoneum was attributed to intestinal strangulation (n = 4), suspected or confirmed neoplasia (11), peripartum uterine artery rupture (2), splenic trauma (3), ovarian hematoma (1), and spontaneous broad ligament hematoma (1). In miniature mares, ruptured corpus hemorrhagicum (n = 4) and ovarian hemorrhage (1) were confirmed at necropsy. The other 4 miniature mares survived with no definitive cause of hemoperitoneum identified on extensive diagnostics; 1 was treated for hemoperitoneum again 6 years later, at which time a corpus hemorrhagicum was suspected on ovarian ultrasound. Two miniature mares in first-trimester gestation during treatment for hemoperitoneum subsequently produced normal foals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ovarian hemorrhage is an uncommon cause of hemoperitoneum in equines; however, it should be considered a likely differential diagnosis for hemoperitoneum in miniature mares, including during pregnancy. Reproductive tract assessment should be performed in equine hemoperitoneum cases, particularly for miniature mares.

This report describes the diagnosis and successful management of a yearling filly with Coombs-positive anemia, thrombocytopenia, and fungal pneumonia. Diagnostic procedures, including thoracic ultrasonography and radiography, respiratory pathogen PCR testing, and evaluation of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage samples established multi-pathogen lower respiratory tract infection including a fungal agent. Orally administered voriconazole was a key component of treatment in this case to successfully eliminate fungal infection, alongside therapies for managing hematologic disease. This case demonstrated the importance of comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and reliance on current literature to successfully resolve a complicated medical situation that was expected to have a poor prognosis. Key clinical message: The pharmacokinetics of orally administered voriconazole have been established in horses. This drug can be economic and effective for the treatment of some fungal respiratory infections of horses.

Clinical disease caused by infection with Listeria monocytogenes is rare in adult horses, and there is a paucity of ante-mortem clinicopathologic changes for this species reported in the literature. Confirmatory diagnosis is difficult and often requires post-mortem sampling of the brainstem. This report details a case of meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in an adult American quarter horse gelding presenting with central neurologic signs. Pre-mortem analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed a mononuclear, primarily lymphocytic, pleocytosis, which is a reported finding in other species with listeriosis. Post-mortem histopathologic changes of the brainstem were characteristic of listeriosis, and infection was confirmed with immunohistochemical labeling and bacterial culture. Key clinical message: Listeriosis should be included as a differential diagnosis in neurologic horses with mononuclear pleocytosis identified on cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

Equine Veterinary JournalEarly View EDITORIAL Science in brief: The Dorothy Havemeyer International Workshop on poor performance in horses: Recent advances in technology to improve monitoring and quantification Cristobal Navas de Solis, Corresponding Author Cristobal Navas de Solis crisnavasdes@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-315X College of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Correspondence Cristobal Navas de Solis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Email: crisnavasdes@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorTim Gabbett, Tim Gabbett Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMelissa R. King, Melissa R. King Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USASearch for more papers by this authorRobert Keene, Robert Keene Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, Duluth, Georgia, USASearch for more papers by this authorErica McKenzie, Erica McKenzie orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-5238 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USASearch for more papers by this author Cristobal Navas de Solis, Corresponding Author Cristobal Navas de Solis crisnavasdes@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-315X College of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Correspondence Cristobal Navas de Solis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Email: crisnavasdes@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorTim Gabbett, Tim Gabbett Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMelissa R. King, Melissa R. King Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USASearch for more papers by this authorRobert Keene, Robert Keene Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, Duluth, Georgia, USASearch for more papers by this authorErica McKenzie, Erica McKenzie orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-5238 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 July 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13608Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Diagnosing the cause of abdominal disease in goats can be challenging. Clinical history, physical investigation, and laboratory findings do not always allow definitive identification of intra-abdominal disease or the underlying cause. Multidetector CT (MDCT) has become more readily available and now often replaces or augments other abdominal imaging techniques. The objective of this retrospective, observational, descriptive study was to investigate the clinical utility of MDCT for evaluation of the abdomen in goats with suspected abdominal disease involving the urinary, gastrointestinal, reproductive tracts and abdominal wall. Medical records (1/2009-12/2017) were reviewed for all goats undergoing an abdominal MDCT. Signalment, clinical history, examination and MDCT findings and outcome were recorded and categorized by abdominal organ system and wall lesion. Clinical problems and MDCT findings were compared in the various abdominal categories. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic odds ratio (OR) were calculated for MDCT, using clinical examination findings as the reference standard. A total of 85 goats underwent an abdominal MDCT examination. The sensitivity of MDCT for detecting urinary, gastrointestinal, reproductive tract, and abdominal wall abnormalities in goats with clinical problems related to these body systems was high at 94.7 %, 78.3%, 94.1%, and 100%, and the specificity was high at 95.6%, 96.7%, 93.9%, and 100%, respectively. The PPV was 94.7%, 90.0 %, 80.0%, and 100.0%, the NPV was 95.6%, 92.1%, 98.4%, and 100%, and the OR were 387.0, 104.4, 248.0, and infinite. In conclusion, findings supported the use of MDCT as an adjunct diagnostic test for assessing goats with abdominal disease.

Selective breeding and discipline specific training has led to equine breeds adept at various athletic disciplines. Breed-specific skeletal muscle adaptations have been studied in many breeds but not Warmbloods (WB). We evaluated gluteal muscle contractile muscle fiber types and citrate synthase activity (CS), a marker for mitochondrial volume density, in WB trained for dressage (second level-Grand Prix) contrasted with Quarter Horses (QH). Gluteus medius muscle biopsies from 14 unfit/18 fit dressage-trained WB and 20 unfit/16 fit reining/working cow QH were analyzed fluorometrically and fiber types determined by ATPase activity. Comparisons were made by one-way ANOVA. Unfit and fit WB had significantly higher % type 1 and lower % type 2X fibers than QH. Unfit WB had significantly higher CS than unfit QH but CS did not differ between fit WB and fit QH. CS was only significantly higher in fit versus unfit QH, not fit versus unfit WB. In conclusion, WB gluteal muscle has an inherently high % type 1/low % type 2X fibers and high mitochondrial content whether unfit or trained for dressage, contrasting QH with an inherently low % type 1/high % type 2X and low mitochondrial content, that was enhanced in fit QH. Similar CS activity in fit WB versus QH despite a two-fold difference in % type 2X fibers indicates that mitochondrial volume density cannot accurately be predicted from contractile fiber type composition.

s of the 11th International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology, Uppsala, Sweden, Sunday June 26 to Friday July 1, 2022. A total of 192 abstracts cover a wide range of topics relevant to athletic horses, including biomechanics, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal responses to exercise, genetics, and training and nutrition, as well as emerging technologies, physiotherapy, rehabilitation and equitation science. The goal of the International Committee of ICEEP in publishing these abstracts is to disseminate current scientific information to veterinarians, physiotherapists, trainers, owners, and riders, and to foster advances in equine health, welfare and performance.

Skeletal muscle comprises 40% to 55% of mature body weight in horses, and its mass is determined largely by rates of muscle protein synthesis. In order to support exercise, appropriate energy sources are essential: glucose can support both anaerobic and aerobic exercise, whereas fat can only be metabolized aerobically. Following exercise, ingestion of nonfiber carbohydrates and protein can aid muscle growth and recovery. Muscle glycogen replenishment is slow in horses, regardless of dietary interventions. Several heritable muscle disorders, including type 1 and 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, can be managed in part by restricting dietary nonstructural carbohydrate intake.

Abstract Four, mature, client‐owned goats were presented to referral hospitals for recurrent diarrhea despite treatment for intestinal parasitism. Common clinical findings included diarrhea, poor condition, neutrophilia, and hypoalbuminemia. Testing for common infectious causes of diarrhea in goats was negative. Ultrasonography and computed tomography in 2 cases was suggestive of enteritis, including thickened intestinal walls and fluid filled, dilated small intestines, respectively. Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic enteritis (LEE) was ultimately diagnosed on intestinal biopsy histopathology based on the presence of small intestinal villous blunting and increased numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils predominantly within the lamina propria. Numerous globule leukocytes were also noted on histopathology in 3 cases. All goats responded favorably to corticosteroid treatment with weight gain and resolution of diarrhea and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Relapses occurred, and complete cure was difficult to achieve. Reported in other species, this series describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LEE in adult goats.

Ultrasonography and radiography are the most frequently used imaging techniques to evaluate abdominal pathology in domestic animals. Ultrasonography can often achieve a diagnosis in small ruminants, with ease of use and virtually no contraindications. Radiography also provides a relatively comprehensive overview, but reduced penetration of the abdomen in larger animals and summation of abdominal organs can limit its diagnostic value. Computed tomography is a newer imaging modality that provides summation-free imaging but can have limited availability and financial restrictions.

Four, mature, client-owned goats were presented to referral hospitals for recurrent diarrhea despite treatment for intestinal parasitism. Common clinical findings included diarrhea, poor condition, neutrophilia, and hypoalbuminemia. Testing for common infectious causes of diarrhea in goats was negative. Ultrasonography and computed tomography in 2 cases was suggestive of enteritis, including thickened intestinal walls and fluid filled, dilated small intestines, respectively. Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic enteritis (LEE) was ultimately diagnosed on intestinal biopsy histopathology based on the presence of small intestinal villous blunting and increased numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils predominantly within the lamina propria. Numerous globule leukocytes were also noted on histopathology in 3 cases. All goats responded favorably to corticosteroid treatment with weight gain and resolution of diarrhea and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Relapses occurred, and complete cure was difficult to achieve. Reported in other species, this series describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LEE in adult goats.

Skeletal muscle citrate synthase (CS) activity serves as a marker for muscle oxidative capacity. CS activity was compared among Quarter Horses (QH), Arabians (AR), Thoroughbreds (TB), Standardbreds and Warmbloods at various ages and stages of training. Gluteus medius muscle biopsies were obtained at ages 6–23 m (n = 10), 2 y (n = 37), 3 y (n = 44) and >3 y (n = 55). Disciplines included reining (QH n = 17), ≥ 50-mile endurance (AR n = 20), racing (TB n = 47, STD n = 14) and dressage (WB n = 15). CS activity was measured fluorometrically. An unpaired t-test or one-way ANOVA compared age groups within breeds and age groups across breeds. A 2-way ANOVA compared breed and age effects across 2 and 3 y-old QH and TB, 3 and 4–7 y-old WB (insufficient numbers of 2 y-old AR and STD). CS was significantly lower in 2 y-old QH than either 2 y-old TB (43% higher, P < 0.0001) or 3 y-old WB (12%, P = 0.018). CS did not differ between 3 y-old QH and 3 y-old TB and was higher in 3 y-old TB than 4–7 y-old WB (P = 0.046). Within breeds, CS was lower in <2 versus 3 y in QH (44% lower, P = 0.001), 3–6 y in TB (35%, P = 0.02) and 6–19 y in AR (30%, P = 0.051) but not versus ≥5 y old WB (9%, P = 0.39). In all horses in full training, CS activity was not significantly different across breeds (P = 0.099), with mean CS in QH being 20–24% lower versus TB and STD, 17% lower than AR and 4% lower than in WB, and wide individual variation apparent. In conclusion, in horses ≤2 y of age, differences exist in aerobic capacity between breeds. However, effects of age, training and individual variation obscure breed differences in muscle CS activity in horses >3 y in training.

CASE DESCRIPTION:2 Nigerian Dwarf goats (a doe [goat 1] and a wether [goat 2]) with coughing and nasal discharge since they were purchased at an auction 6 days prior were empirically treated for suspected pneumonia and intestinal parasitism. An ivermectin dosing error (intended dose, 0.4 mg/kg, PO; administered dose, 10 mg/kg, PO) was retrospectively discovered, and the owner was urged to return the goats for hospitalization and treatment.CLINICAL FINDINGS:On admission 19 hours after iatrogenic ivermectin overdose, both goats had tachycardia, tachypnea, and absent menace responses. Goat 1 also had vomited in transit, was lethargic and febrile, had slow pupillary light reflexes, and walked into walls and obstacles. Goat 2 was quiet but responsive, not ataxic or febrile, and had pale mucous membranes and a prolonged capillary refill time.TREATMENT AND OUTCOME:Each goat received 20% IV lipid emulsion (2 mL/kg, IV bolus over 15 minutes, followed by 0.008 mL/kg/min, IV) and immediately improved. Activated charcoal was administered by orogastric tube, and 6 hours later, mineral oil was similarly administered. Goat 1 had complete resolution of signs and was discharged by 48 and 72 hours, respectively, after admission. Goat 2 improved but developed progressive respiratory distress after the second orogastric intubation and was euthanized. Necropsy findings were consistent with acute renal tubular necrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome of unknown cause, ruminal tympany, and mesenteric caseous lymphadenitis.CLINICAL RELEVANCE:Results indicated that IV lipid emulsion could be used to successfully treat ivermectin toxicosis in goats. Treatment early in the course of ivermectin toxicosis is advisable to avoid severe clinical signs and secondary complications.

CASE DESCRIPTION 4 alpacas and 2 llamas (11 months to 11 years old) from 2 properties were examined for lethargy (6/6), salivation and regurgitation (4/6), and recumbency (3/6). Signs developed approximately 48 to 72 hours after accidental access to black oil sunflower seeds. CLINICAL FINDINGS 3 alpacas died suddenly prior to treatment and were necropsied. One llama survived, and 1 alpaca and 1 llama died after days of medical treatment. All 3 treated animals had systemic inflammatory signs including tachycardia, fever, and hematologic changes. Biochemical anomalies included azotemia, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hypoalbuminemia. Necropsy identified numerous sunflower seeds in the gastrointestinal tract of all 5 animals that died, with pulmonary congestion (5/5 animals), mild centrilobular vacuolar hepatic degeneration (4/5), and erosions of the esophagus (3/5) and first (3/5) and third (1/5) compartments of the forestomach. Renal tubular necrosis was found in the 2 animals that died on day 4 of treatment. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME One llama responded successfully to intensive medical management including supplemented IV fluid therapy, oral and partial parenteral nutrition, and administration of antimicrobials, furosemide, and insulin and was clinically normal with plasma biochemical analysis values within reference range 12 weeks later. Vitamin D, oxalates, heavy metals, and mycotoxins were excluded as the cause of clinical signs on the basis of screening of uneaten seeds and tissue samples and gastric content from the treated llama that died. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inadvertent large volume black oil sunflower seed ingestion resulted in a high mortality rate in camelids. A specific toxic principle was not identified. Feeding this product to camelids is not recommended to avoid the risk of accidental overingestion and subsequent disease.

Prolonged submaximal exercise relies on the steady delivery of oxidizable substrates to the working muscle, with the sources of those substrates either stored reserves or food absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract during exercise. Fat oxidation could be advantageous for this type of exercise because of potentially greater reserves, but recent studies suggest that athletic dogs remain highly dependent on carbohydrate to fuel exercise despite ingesting a high fat diet. The purpose of this study was to characterise the pattern of exercise-induced hormone and substrate concentrations as they relate to carbohydrate and fat metabolism during prolonged submaximal exercise in dogs. Two studies (a 10-dog pilot study and a subsequent primary study using 54 Alaskan sled dogs) were conducted with the dogs running 160 km/day for 4 or 5 days. Blood samples were obtained within 60 min of cessation of daily exercise and in the second study within 30 min of the start of the next day of exercise. Samples were analysed for key hormones and substrates. Results demonstrated the development of a strong hormonal stimulus for glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis that coincided with sparing and replenishment of muscle glycogen. The stimulus for glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis tended to diminish during rest periods in the early stages of the exercise challenge, but remained increased during later rest periods and for several days after the conclusion of exercise. These data support the hypothesis that in the face of a high-fat diet, ultra-endurance racing sled dogs rely on large amounts of hepatic glucose output to support prolonged submaximal exercise.

Selenium or alpha-tocopherol deficiency can cause neuromuscular disease. Beta-carotene has limited documentation in horses. To evaluate the effect of owner practices on plasma beta-carotene concentration and risk of selenium and alpha-tocopherol deficiencies. Three-hundred and forty-nine adult (≥1 year), university and privately owned horses and mules. Cross-sectional study. Whole blood selenium, plasma alpha-tocopherol, and plasma beta-carotene concentrations were measured once. Estimates of daily selenium and vitamin E intake, pasture access, and exercise load were determined by owner questionnaire. Data were analyzed using t tests, Mann-Whitney tests, parametric or nonparametric analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman's correlation and contingency tables ( P < .05). Nearly 88% of the horses received supplemental selenium; 71.3% received ≥1 mg/d. Low blood selenium concentration (<80 ng/mL) was identified in 3.3% of horses, and 13.6% had marginal concentrations (80-159 ng/mL). Non-supplemented horses were much more likely to have low blood selenium (odds ratio [OR], 20.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.26-42.7; P < .001). Supplemental vitamin E was provided to 87.3% of horses; 57.7% received ≥500 IU/d. Deficient (<1.5 μg/mL) and marginal (1.5-2.0 μg/mL) plasma (alpha-tocopherol) occurred in 15.4% and 19.9% of horses, respectively. Pasture access (>6 h/d) and daily provision of ≥500 IU of vitamin E was associated ( P < .001) with higher plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Plasma beta-carotene concentration was higher in horses with pasture access (0.26 ± 0.43 versus 0.12 ± 0.13 μg/mL, P = .003). Suboptimal blood selenium and plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations occurred in 16.7% and 35.5% of horses, respectively, despite most owners providing supplementation. Inadequate pasture access was associated with alpha-tocopherol deficiency, and reliance on selenium-containing salt blocks was associated with selenium deficiency.