A survey of streptomycin resistance in the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, conducted in pear, apple, and quince orchards in Israel during 1998 to 2001 revealed a decrease in the frequency of locations with streptomycin-resistant strains, from 57% in 1998 to 15% in 2001. In 2001, streptomycin-resistant strains were detected in only five locations in two restricted areas in western Galilee and the Golan Heights, compared with 16 locations found in 1998 throughout the northern part of the country. Since the use of streptomycin for fire blight control was terminated in 1997, this antibiotic has been replaced with oxolinic acid (Starner) in commercial orchards. Strains resistant to oxolinic acid were isolated from two pear orchards in the northern part of Israel in 1999. In a nationwide survey conducted during the spring and winter of 2000 and 2001, 51 and 47 pome fruit orchards, respectively, were sampled. Oxolinic acid-resistant strains were detected in several orchards located in two restricted areas in northern Galilee. Strains with resistance to both streptomycin and oxolinic acid were not found during 2000 to 2001. Results of this survey are used in managing fire blight with bactericides.

This study was initiated to determine whether differences in genotypic diversity among populations of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., as detected using neutral genetic markers, were related to the ecological conditions in which apples are grown in Israel. Since sexual reproduction in this fungal pathogen has an obligate requirement for sustained low winter temperatures, and since these requirements in Israel are met only on the Golan Heights, we were interested in whether lower elevation populations of this pathogen might be comprised of asexual clonal lineages. Unlike temperate apple growing regions, where the primary spring inoculum is ascosporic derived from overwintered pseudothecia, Israeli apple orchards at lower elevations in the Hula Valley and along the coastal plain rarely if ever experience low winter temperatures and pseudothecia have never been recovered. Two orchards were sampled from the Golan Heights (El Rom and Ortal, n = 38) and three orchards from the Hula Valley and coastal plain (Sede Eliezer, Ginaton and Be'er Tuvia, n = 40). Microsatellite, primers were used to analyze population structure and the resulting binary data analyzed by both cluster and parsimony analysis. Populations from the coastal plain were genetically uniform within each of the orchards sampled, whereas populations from the Golan Heights showed levels of genotypic diversity ten times as high. The data support field observations that this pathogen does not reproduce sexually in regions characterized by the absence of low winter temperatures and is instead composed of clonal lineages. This may have bearing on control strategies for the disease in Israel.

In the framework of efforts to introduce Tuber melanosporum as a cultivated crop to Israel, spores of the truffle, obtained from fruit-bodies procured in Italy and France, were used to inoculate oak seedlings and hazel suckers. Typical T. melanosporum mycorrhizas were observed 3 months after inoculation on roots of both plant species. One- to two-year-old mycorrhizal seedlings were outplanted at a number of experimental sites and irrigated regularly. Two sites characterized by alkaline soil but differing in soil composition and climatic conditions were chosen for the present study. DNA of ascocarps used for inoculation, DNA of re-isolated cultures and fungal DNA taken from tree mycorrhizas 4 years after outplanting were compared with T. melanosporum reference cultures by molecular methods. All T. melanosporum profiles proved to be identical except for one belonging to a reference culture, which exhibited an unusual HinfI ITS-RFLP pattern. A single base substitution, responsible for the different HinfI restriction site, distinguished the ITS region of this culture from a published T. melanosporum ITS sequence. ITS restriction polymorphism analyses determined that roots of all potted plants tested and many 4-year-old trees from the two experimental plots (irrespective of soil and climatic differences) were colonized by T. melanosporum.

ABSTRACT Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from almond, avocado, and strawberry from Israel and isolates of the pink subpopulation from almond from the United States were characterized by various molecular methods and compared with morphological identification. Taxon-specific primer analysis grouped the avocado isolates within the species C. gloeosporioides and the U.S. almond and Israeli strawberry isolates within the species C. acutatum. However, the Israeli almond isolates, previously identified morphologically as C. gloeosporioides, reacted with C. acutatum-specific primers. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction and A+T-rich DNA analyses determined that each population from almond and strawberry was distinct and clonal. Sequence analysis of the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2) revealed a similarity of between 97.03 and 98.72% among almond isolates from Israel, C. acutatum almond isolates from the United States, and C. acutatum strawberry isolates from Israel. Similarity of the above populations to that of C. gloeosporioides of avocado was between 92.42 and 92.86%. DNA sequence analysis of the entire ITS region supported the phylogeny inferred from the ITS 1 tree of 14 different Colletotrichum species. Although morphological criteria indicated that the Israeli isolates from almond are unique, this population was grouped within the C. acutatum species according to molecular analyses.

Five local oak species, Quercus boissieri, Q. calliprinus, Q. cerris, Q. ithaburensis and a. libani were identified as hosts of Tuber melanosporum, the black truffle of Perigord, following inoculation of roots, a. cerris and a. libani developed abundant mycorrhizal roots, similar to the amount found in roots of Q. pubescens, the traditional host of this mycorrhizal fungus. Roots of Q. ilex. Q. hartwissiana and a. pedunculiflora, introduced species in Israel, were also heavily colonized by the mycorrhizal fungus. Mycorrhized hazel (Corylus avellana) roots, were also obtained by the same inoculation procedure. Recovery of T. melanosporum from roots of inoculated oak was improved when chloramphenicol was added to the isolation medium. Recovery varied between 14 and 54% for C. avellana and Q. calliprinus, respectively. Recovery was highest for the two local species, Q. calliprinus (54%) and Q. boissieri (50%), followed by a. pubescens (44%) and Q. ilex (41%). Identification of the isolated fungi was conducted using arbitrarily-primed PCR. Identical band patterns were observed among AP-FCR-amplified DNA extracted from an authentic culture of the fungus, ascocarps (truffles) and cultures isolated from roots. In addition, AP-PCR was reliable for differentiating between representative isolates of T. melanosporum, T. magnatum, T. borchii, T. maculatum, T. dryophilum, T. macrosporum and T. uncinatum.

ABSTRACT Anthracnose, or leaf-curl disease of anemone, caused byColletotrichum sp., has been reported to occur in Australia, western Europe, and Japan. Symptoms include tissue necrosis, corm rot, leaf crinkles, and characteristic spiral twisting of floral peduncles. Three epidemics of the disease have been recorded in Israel: in 1978, in 1990 to 1993, and in 1996 to 1998. We characterized 92Colletotrichum isolates associated with anthracnose of anemone (Anemone coronaria L.) for vegetative compatibility (72 isolates) and for molecular genotype (92 isolates) and virulence (4 isolates). Eighty-six of the isolates represented the three epidemics in Israel, one isolate was from Australia, and five isolates originated from western Europe. We divided these isolates into three vegetative-compatibility groups (VCGs). One VCG (ANE-A) included all 10 isolates from the first and second epidemics, and 13 of 62 examined isolates from the third epidemic in Israel, along with the isolate from Australia and 4 of 5 isolates from Europe. Another VCG (ANE-F) included most of the examined isolates (49 of the 62) from the third epidemic, as well as Colletotrichum acutatum from strawberry, in Israel. Based on PCR amplification with species-specific primers, all of the anemone isolates were identified as C. acutatum. Anemone and strawberry isolates of the two VCGs were genotypically similar and indistinguishable when compared by arbitrarily primed PCR of genomic DNA. Only isolate NL-12 from The Netherlands, confirmed as C. acutatum but not compatible with either VCG, had a distinct genotype; this isolate represents a third VCG of C. acutatum. Isolates from anemone and strawberry could infect both plant species in artificial inoculations. VCG ANE-F was recovered from natural infections of both anemone and strawberry, but VCG ANE-A was recovered only from anemone. This study of C. acutatum from anemone illustrates the potential of VCG analysis to reveal distinct subspecific groups within a pathogen population which appears to be genotypically homogeneous by molecular assays.

Due to failure in control of fire blight with streptomycin, the distribution of streptomycin-resistant strains of Erwinia amylovora was surveyed in Israel. During 1994-1998 163 pear, apple, loquat and quince orchards were monitored. Streptomycin-resistant strains of Erwinia amylovora were recovered from flowers and from infected branches collected from 25 locations, in the Sharon, Galilee and Golan Heights regions. In the Sharon region, all the isolated strains of E. amylovora were streptomycin-resistant, whereas in the Galilee and the Golan Heights resistant as well as sensitive E. amylovora strains were recovered from different locations. In the southern coastal plain and in the northern Negev no resistance could be detected. In 9 locations, which were monitored during several years, only resistant strains were found, whereas, in 8 locations only sensitive strains were recovered. Streptomycin-resistant strains of E. amylovora did not hybridize with the DNA probe SMP3, and resistance could not be transferred by mating to a sensitive strain, suggesting that streptomycin resistance in Israel is not plasmid-mediated. Since 1997 streptomycin was withdrawn from the recommendations for fire blight control and instead oxolinic acid (Starner) has been recommended. Fire blight symptoms were observed, for the first time on pear blossoms during the autumn of 1994. A high population of 2x10(6)-6x10(7) CFU/flower in the autumns of 1995 and 1996 was correlated with the appearance of blossom blight symptoms. The presence of resistant strains during the autumn in pear and loquat orchards may form a continuous source of inoculum for the spring bloom.

Following failure in control of fire blight with streptomycin, the distribution of streptomycin-resistant strains of Erwinia amylovora in Israel was surveyed. During 1994–1997 109 pear, apple, loquat and quince orchards were monitored. Streptomycin-resistant strains of E. amylovora were recovered from flowers and from infected branches collected at 18 locations in the Sharon, Galilee and Golan Heights regions. In the Sharon region all the isolated strains of E. amylovora were streptomycin-resistant, whereas in the Galilee and Golan Heights, resistant as well as sensitive E. amylovora strains were recovered at different locations. In the southern coastal plain no resistance could be detected. Streptomycin-resistant strains of E. amylovora did not hybridize with the DNA probe SMP3, and resistance could not be transferred by mating to a sensitive strain, suggesting that streptomycin resistance in Israel is not plasmid-mediated. Fire blight symptoms were observed, for the first time, on pear blossoms during the autumn of 1994. A high population of 2x 10 6 -6x 10 7 CFU/flower in the autumn of 1995 and of 1996 was correlated with the appearance of blossom blight symptoms.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 82, No. 6Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Responsible for Anthracnose Diseases of Various Fruits PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licenseCharacterization of Colletotrichum Species Responsible for Anthracnose Diseases of Various FruitsStanley Freeman, Talma Katan, and Ezra ShabiStanley FreemanCorresponding author: Stanley Freeman, Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; TEL: 972-3-9683537, FAX: 972-3-9683543, E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author, Talma KatanSearch for more papers by this author, and Ezra ShabiSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Stanley Freeman Talma Katan Ezra Shabi , The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel Published Online:22 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.6.596AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 82, No. 6 June 1998SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 22 Feb 2007 Pages: 596-605 Information© 1998 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byAnthracnose Disease of Mango: Epidemiology, Impact and Management Options21 June 2023Morphology, phylogeny, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum siamense associated with leaf blight and pod rot of Theobroma cacao in Malaysia1 March 2023 | Tropical Plant Pathology, Vol. 48, No. 3Identification and Observation of Infection Processes of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Persimmon Anthracnose in Guangxi, ChinaMiaomiao Zhang, Vivian Forte-Perri, Wenxiu Sun, Lihua Tang, Suiping Huang, Tangxun Guo, Xiaolin Chen, and Qili Li8 June 2023 | Plant Disease, Vol. 107, No. 6Colletotrichum theobromicola assigned as the causal agent of anthracnose in feijoa (Acca sellowiana)2 May 2023 | Australasian Plant Pathology, Vol. 38Genetic Diversity of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Grape Anthracnose in Zhejiang, China23 March 2023 | Agronomy, Vol. 13, No. 4Morphometric Analysis of Isolated Conidia of Various Species of Colletotrichum sp. from Avocado and Mango in Côte d'IvoirePlant Pathology Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1Identification and Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Causing Sorghum Anthracnose in Kenya and Screening of Sorghum Germplasm for Resistance to Anthracnose11 January 2023 | Journal of Fungi, Vol. 9, No. 1Effect of Trichoderma Asperellum on the Development of Strawberry Plants and Biocontrol of Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides3 June 2023Aptness of entomogenus fungi with diatomaceous earth against various stored grain insect pests13 February 2022 | Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, Vol. 32, No. 1Colletotrichum species pathogenic to strawberry: discovery history, global diversity, prevalence in China, and the host range of top two species16 November 2022 | Phytopathology Research, Vol. 4, No. 1Colletotrichum truncatum—A New Etiological Anthracnose Agent of Sword Bean (Canavalia gladiata) in Southwestern China2 December 2022 | Pathogens, Vol. 11, No. 12Physicochemical characterisations of nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus globulus oil with gum Arabic and gum Arabic nanocapsule and their biocontrol effect on anthracnose disease of Syzygium malaccense FruitsScientific African, Vol. 18Morphological, Pathological and Genetic Diversity of the Colletotrichum Species, Pathogenic on Solanaceous Vegetable Crops in Bulgaria25 October 2022 | Journal of Fungi, Vol. 8, No. 11Comparison of microscopic and metagenomic approaches to identify cereal pathogens and track fungal spore release in the field20 October 2022 | Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 13Studies on in vitro effect of biological control agents against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of papayaActa Horticulturae, Vol. 5, No. 1349Characterization of Alternaria and Colletotrichum Species Associated with Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Maharashtra State of India30 September 2022 | Journal of Fungi, Vol. 8, No. 10Transcriptome Analysis of Berries of Spine Grape (Vitis davidii Föex) Infected by Colletotrichum viniferum during Symptom Development14 September 2022 | Horticulturae, Vol. 8, No. 9Phylogeny and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum causing anthracnose of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. 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Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were used to determine vegetative compatibility among 34 isolates of Verticillium dahliae from cotton, potato, olive, eggplant, chrysanthemum and tomato from 12 sites in Israel. Based on the formation of complementary heterokaryons, 33 isolates were assigned to two vegetative- compatibility groups (VCGs): one VCG contained 15 isolates from cotton, eggplant, chrysanthemum and olive; and the other VCG contained 18 isolates from potato, olive and cotton. The status of an additional isolate from tomato, which was compatible with both VCGs, remained unclear. In a limited pathogenicity test with 10 isolates, two (from tomato and eggplant) were pathogenic on tomato, eggplant and cotton; most isolates from cotton were pathogenic on cotton and eggplant only; and one from cotton was non-pathogenic. Fewer isolates were pathogenic on tomato than on cotton or eggplant. The diversity of vegetative compatibility found in our V. dahliae collection is comparable to that found in studies of American populations.

EPPO BulletinVolume 27, Issue 4 p. 487-487 Decline of verticillium wilt incidence in almond 1 E. SHABI, Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250 (Israel)Search for more papers by this author E. SHABI, Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250 (Israel)Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1997.tb00670.x 1 Paper presented at the Joint EPPO/MPU Conference on Almond Protection, Valencia (ES), 1996-11-19/21. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume27, Issue4December 1997Pages 487-487 RelatedInformation

Almond anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata is a major disease of this crop in Israel. The pathogen infects young fruit resulting in fruit rot. Leaf wilting and shoot dieback accompany fruit rot, even though the pathogen cannot be isolated from leaves or twigs. Isolates of G. cingulata from diseased almond fruit were compared using vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG), molecular methods, fungicide sensitivity and pathogenicity assays in order to determine the genetic diversity and host specificity among different populations. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA, using four primers produced uniform banding patterns for all the almond isolates from different geographic locations in Israel. Hae III digestion patterns of A + T-rich DNA, and Southern hybridization of the repetitive nuclear DNA element (GcpR1) to Pst I-digested genomic DNA of almond isolates also revealed no polymorphism. Chlorate-resistant nitrate-nonutilizing ( nit ) mutants were generated and used in heterokaryon tests. Complementary heterokaryons formed between the mutants of different isolates indicated a single VCG. Isolates of G. cingulata from almond had optimal growth temperatures of 20–22°C as opposed to 26–28°C for avocado isolates. In addition, almond isolates of G. cingulata are insensitive to benzimidazole fungicides in contrast to sensitivity of isolates from avocado. In artificial inoculations, almond isolates infected almond, avocado, apple, mango and nectarine fruit at a slower rate than G. cingulata isolates from avocado, apple and mango. Only the anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has been detected on almond in Israel, whereas isolates of G. cingulata from other hosts produce ascocarps.

One hundred twenty isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from avocado (6 U.S. and 57 Israeli isolates) and almond (57 Israeli isolates) fruits were compared by various molecular methods and a pathogenicity assay in order to determine the genetic diversity and host specificity between and among the different populations. DNA from eight additional U.S. almond anthracnose isolates were also compared. PCR amplification of genomic DNA with four primers produced uniform banding patterns for all the Israeli almond isolates from different geographic locations in Israel. DNAs from the U.S. almond isolates were distinct from DNAs of the Israeli isolates. In contrast, the avocado isolates from Israel and the United States were more diverse, with numerous arbitrarily primed-PCR phenotypes being observed. HaeIII digestion patterns of A+T-rich DNA distinguished between the almond and avocado isolates. Southern hybridization of the repetitive nuclear-DNA element GcpR1 to PstI-digested genomic DNA of almond and avocado isolates revealed no polymorphic fragments among the almond isolates, whereas polymorphic fragments were observed among the avocado isolates. Amplification and subsequent restriction enzyme digestion of the internal transcribed spacer 4 and 5 regions between the small and large nuclear subunits of DNA encoding rRNA failed to distinguish between C. gloeosporioides isolates from a diverse host range. In artificial inoculations, avocado isolates produced various lesions on avocado and almond fruits, whereas the almond isolates infected both fruits at a lower rate.

Forty-two isolates ofColletotrichum gloeosporioidesfrom almond, apple, avocado, mango, pecan, and eight isolates ofC. acutatumfrom apple, peach and pecan were compared by molecular analyses and a pathogenicity assay in order to determine genetic variability and host specificity. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA using four different primers andHaeIII digestion patterns of genomic DNA (A+T-rich DNA) grouped theC. acutatumisolates separately from theC. gloeosporioidesisolates. Based on arbitrarily primed PCR (ap-PCR), intraspecies similarity among the isolates ofC. acutatumandC. gloeosporioidesranged from 78 to 93% and from 0 to 38%, respectively. Similarity between the isolates ofC. acutatumandC. gloeosporioidesranged from 0 to 26.5%. A+T-rich DNA grouped theC. acutatumisolates separately from those ofC. gloeosporioides, corresponding to ap-PCR analyses. Artificial inoculations with nine representative isolates on almond, apple, avocado, mango and nectarine fruit showed a variation in levels of infection. TheC. gloeosporioidesisolates from almond grew more slowly, causing significantly smaller lesions on all inoculated fruit than the other isolates. TheC. acutatumisolates from apple and peach caused similar levels of infection on all fruit, but differed significantly from theC. gloeosporioidesisolate from apple. Variation in lesion size was also observed with isolates ofC. gloeosporioidesfrom apple, avocado and mango for most fruit inoculations.