Re-examining Marius Sophus Lie’s Ph.D. thesis Over en Classe geometriske Transformationer from 1871 I found that its bearings on the “nature of Cartesian geometry” are that it “translates any geometric theorem into an algebraic one and thus…of the geometry of space a representation of the algebra of three variable quantities” with both the algebraic and “geometrical transformation…consisting of a transition from a point to a straight line as element…through a particularly remarkable transformation” in which “the Plücker line geometry can be transformed into a sphere geometry”, by its “straight lines of length equal to zero” partial derivative elements “turning…into the sphere’s rectilinear generatrices” both as “partial differential equations of the first order” and physical “geodetic curves” under the “general equation system f(x, y, z, dx, dy, dz) = 0” and its “spatial reciprocity” that “relative to the given line complex” in x, y, z “corresponds a certain curve-net” in the simultaneous “line element (dx, dy, dz)”. This is a revolutionary geometric algebra discovery of the constitution of our Universe as a stru ctural phase transition between Straight and Round, transcending Hermann Grassmann’s Ausdehnungslehre (1844/1862) and William Kingdom Clifford’s Space-theory of Matter (1876) by the infinitesimal transformations opening up spherical geometry in its real form identity state later assigned as SO(3). The continuous groups, whose vast field occupied the rest of his all too short life were not mentioned in the thesis but implied both in the term Classe (class) geometriske transformationer and the coverage of their principles in an “unlimited manifold of possible systems”; e.g. “turning rounded curves into rounded curves” and “straight lines into straight lines”, where “one can choose any space-curve which depends upon three parameters as the element of the geometry of the space”, and it “is possible to create a representation of an algebra that embraces an arbitrary number of variables.” Important examples were given, except of course of the still dormant elementary particles. Now, as the prime of matter’s appearance they step forth as the most natural to examine by the true Lie algebras in their original form. When over a long series of years I have scientifically carried out this, the result as here so far concluded is a concrete cellular automaton building kit of the Standard Model and all its features, and their mechanisms and dealings in a structural R 3 ×SO(3) wave-packet organization, both inwards from the elementary particles and outwards via the periodic table of the atoms over the further hierarchical growth of this in molecular and crystal stages to an isotropic space-filling of the whole classical Euclidean Universe in harmonic exchange with its relativistic spherical moiety, and the dark mass and energy collectively worked out in the differential interstice between them.

We have made a direct electron wave-packet modeling of the elements and parameters of the solid state configuration space R3×SO(3) by a structural realization of the SU(3) Lie algebra into a cyclically expanding isotropic vector matrix unfolding of its infinitesimal root vectors, faithful to his prescriptions how these partial derivative “geodetic curves of length equaling zero” interact so that the “Plücker line geometry can be transferred into a sphere geometry” by trigonometrically projecting its “straight lines into space R’s spheres’ rectilinear generatrices” and vice versa, where “x, y, z are perceived as parameters and dx, dy, dz as direction cosines”. This outlines a unit lattice cell of the two interconnecting root vector sets, spanning an interior spacefilling 12-step one-octahedron/two-tetrahedrons SO(3) electron helical loop walled in and coordinated by the likewise 12-edged and by itself three-dimensionally close-packing parallelepiped infinitesimal ground eigenelement of R3. By a hierarchically accumulating coherent brick-laying of this wave-packet hybrid in a recurring Bohr orbital sequence order, the primordial hydrogen plasma phase of the universe and its self-inflation and turn into the full atomic and periodic table organization with all its static and dynamic, single as well as collective characteristics is replicated as observed in reality.

From a brief recapitulation of the foundational works of Marius Sophus Lie and Herrmann Gunther Grassmann, and including missing African links, a rhapsodic survey is made of the straight line of extension and existence that runs as the very fibre of generation and creation throughout Nature's all utterances, which must therefore ultimately be the web of Reality itself of which the Arts and Sciences are interpreters on equal explorer terms. Assuming their direct approach, the straight line and its archaic and algebraic and artistic bearings and convolutions have been followed towards their inner reaches, which earlier resulted in a retrieval of the baryon and meson elementary particles and now equally straightforward the electron geodesics and the organic build of the periodic system of the elements.

Subjective wellbeing is an important issue on the preventive medicine and political agenda and for mutual communication, information, and interaction in society and its individuals "requires new tools for measuring phenomena previously believed unmeasurable, as well as conceptual frameworks for interpreting such measurements…considering both happiness and misery." The task is difficult, however, due to the great span of parameters and variables of age and gender, settings, socioeconomic conditions, wellness and illness, activities and functions, roles and habits, thoughts and feelings, and experiences and expectations involved over the panorama. HealthOmeter is a clinically tested and validated instrument with design and capacity in distinct coherent chapters to meet the new measurement and interpretation demands both contentwise and operationwise. Over the range of subjective and objective health it enables, in a uniform normalized layout in quintile balance between positive and negative, an all-round self-assessment and counsel in multimedia, preferably computer/mobile app distribution including storage, collation, and follow-up in full integrity and secrecy on the individual and aggregated level.

Santilli's revolutionary iso-, geno- and hypermathematics have provided the original straight line Lie groups and algebras with a span and coherence in all dimensions, and thus already at the infinitesimal level an extension in the Cartesian sense, allowing a continuous self-similar cyclical realization of matter from the elementary particle threshold level via the atomic to molecular and visible scale where it meets and marries with modern nanotechnology in the form of an isotropic vector matrix of space-filling octahedron-tetrahedron composition. This is distributed as an electron transition matrix with Bohr shell model stratified signature and is here directly outlining a new, centrally coordinated organic composition and chart of the periodic system as specifically exemplified by the noble gases.

In the immediate intuitive as well as penetrating logical contemplation, the universe stands forth as an ever-present entity; consisting solely of itself, and fulfilling solely itself.A truism and a truth, and also a conclusion by proxy because its shape expressions are covered by curvilinear mathematical functions which completely exhaust their solution spaces, displacing any 'parallel' universes to isolates of less perfection since the fundamental formative categories of straight and round are thereby already consummated by our version.My first impression, under the northern light upon the velvet screen in starry polar nights of childhood Lapland, still holds, then, of the shining moon continuously swirling along with me and everything else from our preceding moment into our next, with the advancing now-slice flanked by the blackened archive of used and pending slices always restoring precisely enough room for the whole past and future at the one and same time.This vision and its lingering question may here be resolved by a facts and findings-based scientific testing which I feel is facilitated by my meantime experience as a rational researcher in a related field of descriptive natural history as well as by another archetypal arctic apprehension hard to miss when witnessing the instant change of water to ice from hence isotropically dispersed origins at once inflated over the entire surface of a freezing lake: it is a phase transition, where one uniform element alone is simultaneously spanned into an alternative principal form of space-filling alignment and where dynamics flares up in that timeless quantum fluctuation.Like the partial derivatives of differential equations the irreducible unit in question is the infinitesimal straight line undergoing the classical three-dimensional Euclidean space Lie algebra transformation of its orientation "between the Plücker line geometry and a geometry whose elements are the space's spheres."Coming back later to the ontology and prescribed machinery of this, the fully and easily reproducible outcome comprises the complete observed elementary particle spectroscopy with detailed mass numbers, charge levels and angular momentums organized in a continuously space-filling polyhedral space frame lattice architecture that over sequential levels of self-expansion meets up with presently disclosed nanotechnological structures so as to directly making up matter in a binary digital mode which is essentially that of dialectics and logic, too, consorting the Cartesian cut between concrete and abstract; matter and mind; structure and language from the very start.As actual realization as well as computational method, the only, and prior, and equally definite and uncircumventable parallel is professor Santilli's revolutionary iso-.geno-and hypermathematics, whereas for structure the only parallel to straight is-straight, leaving scant latitude at least for a simpler workable universe.

Emulating Nature by observation and ground-up application of its patterns, structures and processes is a classical scientific practice which under the designation of Biomimetics has now been brought to the Nanotechnology scale where even highly complex systems can be replicated by continuous or cyclically reiterated assembly of the respective self-similar real-world eigen-elements, modules and algorithms right from their infinitesimal origin. This is actually quite akin to the genuine mathematical art and can find valuable renewed use as here exemplified by an one-dimensional prime-number line and a three-dimensional Diophantine Equation Universe embodiment.

Earlier work has clarified the hadron family of elementary particles and given definitive clues of a digital lattice constitution of the leptons which is here carried forth to a structural plan how the nucleon and electron are reciprocally conjugated into this as pivot and perimeter parts, respectively, and together periodically outline the atom.

Emulating Nature by observation and ground-up application of its patterns, structures and processes is a classical scientific practice which under the designation of Biomimetics has now been brought to the Nanotechnology scale where even highly complex systems can be realized by continuous or cyclically reiterated assembly of the respective self-similar eigen-elements, modules and algorithms right from their infinitesimal origin. This is actually quite akin to the genuine mathematical art and can find valuable renewed use as here exemplified by the tentatively original Demonstratio Mirabilis of FLT (Fermat's Last Theorem, or, in that case, Triumph) by infinitely ascending sheet-wise cubical crystal growth leading to the binomial 'magic triangle' of his close fellow Blaise Pascal.

Among the first screened 2439 males born in 1926 and 1927, aged 48-49 years at the time of screening and representing 76% of these age cohorts, uncontrolled or partly controlled hypertension was found in 7.5%. Of these individuals, 30% preferred to remain with their physicians, regardless of the degree of control they had achieved. Among those who were referred to the Hypertension Unit (5.2% of the screened population), elevated S-GT levels (greater than or equal to 1.10 mukat/l) were found in 38.3%, against 18.5% in the two cohorts. During 24 months of treatment and follow-up only two men among the entire group of hypertensives referred dropped out, both were heavy drinkers (greater than 80 g alcohol daily). The mean BP after treatment was significantly lower among men with normal than high S-GT values or in those who admitted to heavy drinking. Of the 99 males treated for more than two years, 82 (83%) were responders (supine DBP less than or equal to 95 mmHg). Of the non-responders, 70% were either heavy drinkers or had abnormal S-GT values. The possible role of alcohol in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in middle-aged males is discussed.

Among children earlier having been identified with a hospital or primary care diagnosis of asthma at least once between 0-7 years of age, almost 40 % of their parents reported in the ISAAC-questionnaire as never having had asthma (NA). These are further analysed and compared with the persisting asthma cases (A) in this study. All these children's medical records were scrutinized concerning their asthma diagnose retrospectively.The aim of this study was to analyse possible factors related to the outcome in an Asthma diagnosis reassessment by parental questionnaire at the age of ten of the children earlier having been identified with a hospital or primary health care diagnosis of asthma at least once between 0-7 years of age in a total birth-year cohort in a defined Swedish geographical area.A multiple logistic analysis revealed four significant and independent factors associated to the improvement/non-report of asthma at the age of ten. These factors were; not having any past experiences of allergic symptoms (p<0.0001), only having one or two visits at the hospital for asthma diagnosis in the 0-7 interval (p=0.001), not living in a flat but a villa at the age of ten (p=0.029) and no previous perception of mist or mould damage in the house (p=0.052).In the early postnatal stage, obstructive and bronchospastic symptoms typical of asthma may be unspecific, and those cases not continuing to persisting disease tend to have identifiable salutogenetic factors of constitutional rather than environmental nature, namely, an overall reduced allergic predisposition.

The Nilpotent Universal Computer Rewrite System (NUCRS) has operationalized die radical ontological dilemma of Nothing at All versus Anything at All down to the ground recursive syntax and principal mathematical realisation of this categorical dichotomy as such and so governing all its sui generis modalities, leading to fulfilment of their individual terms and compass when the respective choice sequence operations are brought to closure. Focussing on the general grammar, NUCRS by pure logic and its algebraic notations hence bootstraps Quantum Mechanics, aware that it "is the likely keystone of a fundamental computational foundation" also for e.g. physics, molecular biology and neuroscience. The present work deals with classical geometry where morphology is the modality, and ventures that the ancient regular solids are its specific rewrite system, in effect extensively anticipating the detailed elementary particle spectroscopy, and further on to essential structures at large both over the inorganic and organic realms. The geodetic antipode to Nothing is extension, with natural eigenvector the endless straight line which when deployed according to the NUCRS as well as Plotelemeian topographic prescriptions forms a real three-dimensional eigenspace with cubical eigenelements where observed quark-skewed quantum-chromodynamical particle events self-generate as an Aristotelean phase transition between the straight and round extremes of absolute endlessness under the symmetry- and gauge-preserving, canonical coset decomposition SO(3) x O(5) of Lie algebra SU(3). The cubical eigen-space and eigenelements are the parental state and frame, and the other solids are a range of transition matrix elements and portions adapting to the spherical root vector symmetries and so reproducibly reproducing the elementary particle spectroscopy, including a modular, truncated octahedron nano-composition of the Electron which piecemeal enter into molecular structures or compressed to each other fuse into atomic honeycombs of periodic table signature.

Background The health workforce has a dynamically changing nature and the regular documentation of the distribution of health professionals is a persistent policy concern. The aim of the present study was to examine available human medical resources in primary care and identify possible inequalities regarding the distribution of general practitioners in Albania between 2000 and 2004. Methods With census data, we investigated the degree of inequality by calculating relative inequality indices. We plotted the Lorenz curves and calculated the Gini, Atkinson and Robin Hood indices and decile ratios, both before and after adjusting for mortality and consultation rates. Results The Gini index for the distribution of general practitioners in 2000 was 0.154. After adjusting for mortality it was 0.126, while after adjusting for consultation rates it was 0.288. The Robin Hood index for 2000 was 11.2%, which corresponds to 173 general practitioners who should be relocated in order to achieve equality. The corresponding figure after adjusting for mortality was 9.2% (142 general practitioners), while after adjusting for consultation rates the number was 20.6% (315). These figures changed to 6.3% (100), 6.3% (115) and 19.8% (315) in 2004. Conclusion There was a declining trend in the inequality of distribution of general practitioners in Albania between 2000 and 2004. The trend in inequality was apparent irrespective of the relative inequality indicator used. The level of inequality varied depending on the adjustment method used. Reallocation strategies for general practitioners in Albania could be the key in alleviating the inequalities in primary care workforce distribution.

Sir, During the past years a significant number of studies from different countries have reported the usefulness of school-based health centres and student health services.1–3 Documentation on this subject is still poor and there is certainly a need for both discussing the assessment instruments and testing the effectiveness of any interventions undertaken. There are also few studies available in Greece restricted to the identification of the risk factors of the students.4–6 The Clinic of Social and Family Medicine at the Medical School of the University of Crete undertook the initiative to commence a …

Background Childhood asthma has risen dramatically not only in the western societies and now forms a major and still increasing public health problem. The aims of this study were to follow up at the age of ten the patterns of asthma symptoms and associations among children with a clinically diagnosed asthma in a sizeable urban-rural community and to in compare them with demographic controls using a standardised questionnaire. Methods In a defined region in Sweden with a population of about 150 000 inhabitants, all children (n = 2 104) born in 1990 were recorded. At the age of seven all primary care and hospital records of the 1 752 children still living in the community were examined, and a group of children (n = 191) was defined with a well-documented and medically confirmed asthma diagnosis. At the age of ten, 86 % of these cases (n = 158) and controls (n = 171) completed an ISAAC questionnaire concerning asthma history, symptoms and related conditions. Results Different types of asthma symptoms were highly and significantly over-represented in the cases. Reported asthma heredity was significantly higher among the cases. No significant difference in reported allergic rhinitis or eczema as a child was found between cases and controls. No significant difference concerning social factors or environmental exposure was found between case and controls. Among the control group 4.7 % of the parents reported that their child actually had asthma. These are likely to be new asthma cases between the age of seven and ten and give an estimated asthma prevalence rate at the age of ten of 15.1 % in the studied cohort. Conclusion A combination of medical verified asthma diagnosis through medical records and the use of self-reported symptom through the ISAAC questionnaire seem to be valid and reliable measures to follow-up childhood asthma in the local community. The asthma prevalence at the age of ten in the studied birth cohort is considerably higher than previous reports for Sweden. Both the high prevalence figure and allowing the three-year lag phase for further settling of events in the community point at the complementary roles of both hospital and primary care in the comprehensive coverage and control of childhood asthma in the community.

AIM:To estimate trends in the inequalities in the distribution of general practitioners in Sweden during the past fifteen years. METHODS:Relative inequality indicators. We plotted the Lorenz curves and calculated the Gini coefficients for the entire country during 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001. RESULTS:During the past 15 years in all a declining trend was noted in the inequalities in the geographical distribution of general practitioners in Sweden, with the lowest level in 1996. CONCLUSIONS:The degree of inequality in the geographical distribution of general practitioners appeared rather stable during the period, although with some increase in the final year studied. Since equality is part of quality, policy makers in all levels--national, regional and local--should pay attention as to how human resources are distributed.