Aim: The aim of this research was to examine the impact of renewable energy consumption (RE), technological innovation (TI), urbanisation (UR), and trade (TR) on carbon dioxide emissions (CE) in Pakistan, utilising an asymmetric (NARDL) approach to understand the dynamics of these factors in influencing environmental quality. Methodology: The study employed the asymmetric Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) approach to analyse the relationship between energy consumption, urbanisation, technological innovation, trade, and carbon emissions in Pakistan. Additionally, the robustness of the results was verified using the Robust Least Squares (RLS) and Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) techniques to assess the persistence of the variables over time. Results: The study found that renewable energy consumption and urbanisation had a negative impact on environmental quality, both in the short and long term. Technological innovation, on the other hand, had a positive impact on environmental quality in the short and long-run estimations. However, the results from robust least squares and GMM analysis indicated that renewable energy use, urbanisation, and trade negatively impacted environmental quality, while technological innovation emerged as a significant factor for improvement. Implications and recommendations: The findings suggest that while renewable energy use and urbanisation contribute negatively to environmental quality, technological innovation can help mitigate these adverse effects. Policymakers should focus on creating favourable legislation that promotes the adoption of green technologies and renewable energy sources. Encouraging further advancements in technological innovation in the green energy sector is crucial for achieving environmental sustainability in Pakistan. Originality/Value: This study provides valuable insights into the role of renewable energy, technological innovation, urbanisation, and trade in shaping carbon emissions in Pakistan, using an innovative asymmetric modelling approach. The research contributed to the literature on environmental economics by emphasising the importance of technology and energy consumption in the fight against global warming.

This article examines the relationship between agrarian institutions and agricultural productivity in interwar Romania, with particular attention to the effects of the 1921 land reform and the structure of land ownership. The economic history and cliometric literature emphasizes the role of institutions in shaping long-term economic performance, yet systematic quantitative evidence for Southeastern Europe remains limited. Romania provides a particularly relevant case study, as agriculture dominated the national economy and land ownership was highly polarized between large estates and a vast number of small peasant holdings. The land reform of 1921 redistributed roughly one-third of the country’s agricultural land to smallholders, representing one of the most extensive agrarian reforms in interwar Europe. The article constructs a new historical dataset at the county level covering the period 1900–1938, integrating information on agricultural productivity, land ownership structures, and key geographic and demographic characteristics. To identify the causal effects of agrarian institutions, the study employs modern econometric techniques, including fixed-effects models and instrumental variable strategies. The findings suggest mixed effects of the reform: while the strengthening of property rights encouraged productive effort and contributed to higher agricultural productivity in some regions, the increasing fragmentation of landholdings constrained these gains, particularly in areas with limited market access and infrastructure. Overall, the results contribute to the broader debate on the role of agrarian institutions in long-term economic development and provide comparative insights relevant to other economies undergoing structural transformation.

Anchored in established theoretical frameworks, this paper tests a serial mediation model that investigates green intrinsic motivation (GIM), green work engagement (GWENG), and environmental commitment as the triple serial mediators of the association between green human resource management (HRM) and organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCB-E). In this paper, a time-lagged study design involving full-time hotel employees from three surveys was used. The paper presents original evidence concerning a triple serial mediation model for ferreting out the mechanisms relating green HRM to green work outcomes. Results suggest that GIM and GWENG or environmental commitment are serial mediators linking green HRM to green work outcomes. More importantly, green HRM practices foster GIM that in turn leads to GWENG at high levels. Highly green work-engaged employees exhibit heightened environmental commitment and are therefore more involved in OCB-E.

He integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in tourism and the principles of the circular economy within the tourism industry is driving significant changes in transformation processes at the operational, strategic, and educational levels. This paper focuses on an analysis of Business Administration students’ perceptions of the role played by AI in tourism, their knowledge of the circular economy, and their expectations regarding future developments in this sector. The study employed a quantitative approach, using a questionnaire administered to a sample of 134 students as the survey instrument. The findings generally indicate a rather positive attitude toward AI technologies, which are perceived as tools for personalization, efficiency, and the reduction of environmental impact. At the same time, students acknowledge the relevance of the circular economy but point to a gap in formal education on this topic. This paper seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by combining the perspectives of emerging economic professionals with recent research on the technology–sustainability nexus in tourism.

Innovativeness is becoming increasingly significant in driving organizational competitiveness and relevance; however, studies advancing the impact of innovation-based human resource management are sparse. In this study, we examine the relationship between innovation-based human resource system (IBHRS), employee proactivity, innovative work behavior, and employee performance, as well as the individual and parallel mediating role of both employee proactivity and innovative work behavior on the relationship between IBHRS and employee performance. Empirical results based on data collected from 247 dyads of passenger-contact employees and their managers in Nigerian airports indicate that IBRHS positively affects employee proactivity and innovative work behavior. In addition, we found that employee proactivity and innovative work behavior fully mediate the relationship, and the significant difference in the mediating effects suggests that innovative work behavior is a more significant mediator of the two. Theoretical contributions and practical implications were discussed based on these findings.

Purpose This paper investigates the interrelationships of destination social responsibility (DSR), emotional attachment, self-congruity, experiential satisfaction and environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 294 visitors to the Guangzhou Zoo in China, this study tested the aforementioned relationships via structural equation modeling. Findings Emotional attachment mediates the effect of DSR on experiential satisfaction, while emotional attachment and experiential satisfaction mediate the effect of DSR on ERB sequentially. Moreover, self-congruity moderates the relationship between DSR and emotional attachment. Practical implications The management of zoos should use DSR communication strategies more proactively to make visitors become well-aware of their economic, philanthropic, environmental and social activities in the host community. This will result in many positive consequences, including visitors’ ERBs. Originality/value The study adds to the DSR literature by introducing multiple mediation mechanisms and paths that lead to visitors’ ERBs.

There are a plethora of empirical pieces about employees' pro-environmental behaviors. However, the extant lit-erature has either ignored or not fully examined various factors (e.g., negative or positive non-green workplace factors) that might affect employees' pro-environmental behaviors. Realizing these voids, the present paper proposes and tests a serial mediation model that examines the interrelationships of job insecurity, emotional exhaustion, met expectations, and proactive pro-environmental behavior. We used data gathered from hotel cus-tomer-contact employees with a time lag of one week and their direct supervisors in China. After presenting support for the psychometric properties of the measures via confirmatory analysis in LISREL 8.30, the abovemen-tioned linkages were gauged using the PROCESS plug-in for statistical package for social sciences. The findings delineated support for the hypothesized associations. Specifically, emotional exhaustion and met expectations partly mediated the effect of job insecurity on proactive pro-environmental behavior. More importantly, emo-tional exhaustion and met expectations serially mediated the influence of job insecurity on proactive pro -envir-onmental behavior. These findings have important theoretical implications as well as significant implications for diminishing job insecurity, managing emotional exhaustion, increasing met expectations, and enhancing eco-friendly behaviors.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to test the interrelationships of green human resource management (GHRM), job embeddedness (JEM), green promotive voice behavior and green prohibitive voice behavior. It assesses JEM as a mediator of the link between GHRM and the aforesaid green voice behavioral consequences. Design/methodology/approach Data obtained from the employees of 11 restaurants in Northern Cyprus were used to gauge the said relationships via the partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings GHRM boosts employees’ JEM. Employees high on JEM exhibit green promotive and prohibitive behaviors at elevated levels. JEM is the psychological mechanism relating GHRM to green work outcomes. Practical implications Restaurateurs should create an environment that enables employees to speak up and share their opinions on the problems and challenges concerning the environmental sustainability and green initiatives of the restaurant. In addition, they should develop and maintain good relations with employees via GHRM practices. These are important implications that would promote eco-friendly behaviors among employees. Originality/value This paper focuses on JEM, green promotive voice behavior and green prohibitive voice behavior as the neglected outcomes of GHRM. That is, there is no empirical evidence reporting that GHRM fosters employees’ JEM. This is also true for JEM as a mediator linking GHRM to the aforementioned dimensions of green voice behavior. With this stated in mind, this study fills in these gaps.

Purpose This paper aims to propose a conceptual model which can be used in tourism and hospitality organizations to nurture human behavior change in favor of people and the planet's well-being. Design/methodology/approach A detailed review of the relevant theories and previous studies was conducted in this study. Findings Eight propositions have emerged in this research illustrating the mechanisms through which spiritual leadership within organizations can lead to a sustainable recovery of people and the planet during and post-pandemic era. Practical implications In line with the United Nation's agenda for sustainable development goals, this paper provides important insights for managers, policymakers, and practitioners on a soft transition toward sustainable business practices as an attempt toward the social, environmental, and economic prosperity for people and the planet. Originality/value This research is one of the few studies exploring the contribution of spiritual leadership in tourism and hospitality organizations to the well-being of people and the planet.

The development of sustainable agriculture is treated as a priority at the EU level, and the importance and role of agriculture, in general, and sustainable agriculture, in particular, is undeniable. The European Commission pushes for sustainability in agriculture in rural areas across the EU through the common agricultural policy (CAP), and the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development targets becomes essential. Through our research, we aimed to investigate the status of sustainable agriculture development in EU Member States by assessing the current level of the achievement of SDG 2 targets, as well as the potential achievement of these targets by 2030. Based on data collected from Eurostat, we forecast the evolution of indicators for each country considered until 2030 using the ARIMA model and dynamic indicator analysis. The results obtained suggest, on the one hand, the existence of positive developments at the level of European countries, but also highlight a number of existing disparities, together with evidence of potentially significant deviations from the targets assumed by the 2030 Agenda.

The goal of sustainability in business is the maximization of resources for long-term productivity at a minimized negative impact for all key stakeholders. Several functions of human resources management are designed to achieve this goal. However, HRM practices can sometimes spiral down and result in the perception of favoritism–a practice that recruits or rewards relationship over merit. Hence, this project was designed to measure the impact of favoritism on the development of a sustainable hospitality workforce through the measures of subjective well-being, psychological capital, and knowledge hiding behavior. With the aid of randomly selected employees and estimation of structural models, the study validates the deleterious impact of favoritism and organizational politics on employee outcomes and by extension the sustainability of the workforce. Practical and theoretical recommendations are provided.

The current pandemic context has led to the rapid transition of all online teaching activities, and the security of all activities has become vulnerable, largely due to limited awareness by students and teachers, creating a security breach through the emergence of channels. more accessible to cybercriminals. The infrastructure and educational platforms made available to students are low in terms of cyber security. The task of ensuring a safe education process for all parties involved in the process is, on the one hand, the state, which should anticipate major security risks, set standards and best practices to guide the actors in the educational process in one direction. with low risks.

I decided to write this paper, highlighting the epodemiological and economic impact caused by the COVID 19 pandemic on tourism activity and, based on the conclusions of a study conducted by Global Questions, to capture some practices and measures for tourism entrepreneurs to survive in conditions crisis. The period we have gone through since the beginning of 2020 and until now has been one with sacrifices from everyone. According to statistics, no economic activity, be it industry, agriculture, trade or services, has remained unaffected by coronavirus, but none is as affected as tourism. However, the first activity that fully feels the impact of any global crisis is the tourism activity, the tourism companies being forced to cease any activity, be it basic, additional or complementary activity, thus being deprived of the means to obtain existence. How it will have to adapt to the new conditions is impossible to anticipate. What is certain is that the tourist activity and everything related to the development of this activity must be rethought in order to find new methods to refresh the market, and for those interested to be safe.

The diagnostic analysis within an economic actor on the market allows us to decide on the state of a fact, a process at a certain moment, from the perspective of the information we collect with the help of a tool that allows us to measure in relation to a certain norm at which we refer to[1]. The paper emphasizes the debate regarding the elaboration of a diagnostic analysis within the companies from any field of activity, the purpose being, in fact, finding efficient ways to reach the long-term or medium-term objectives, within them, the diagnostic analysis being considered the only method by which these goals can be achieved.

Romanian tourism has received a significant boost this year through holiday vouchers Romania is "busy" by holiday vouchers. The holiday vouchers have been this year's absolutely essential support for the Romanian tourism industry, the occupancy rate of the hotels registered after their issuance at the national level, being an unprecedented one in the last ten years, according to the Association of Tourist Promotion Associations from Romania (FAPT) [1]. The present paper makes a positive analysis of the impact recorded in the last 6 months of 2018 as a result of holiday vouchers approved by the Romanian Government in the second quarter of this year.

In tourism, as in any other industry, information plays an extremely important role. If until now some years planning a holiday was made only at the offices of travel agencies, now we have the alternative internet. The multitude of portals, last minute offers, early booking and city breaks can help plan a much dreamed vacation. All at a distance from a few clicks. You just need to be patient and willing to read a lot because the forums are filled with opinions and comments of those who have been in one place or another. Internal and external tourism recorded significant increases amid constant existence of an increasingly number of tourists and diversification of existing offers. According, investigations, this growth is the Internet, which managed to turn aggressive competition and prices. Based on various information about all destinations, routes and accommodation, tourists are increasingly demanding internet site allowing them to "visualize" holiday, and thus obliges travel agencies and hoteliers to provide better service better even at lower prices. This paper highlights the changes made in the tourism sector with remarkable developments of the computer era, and the Internet in particular.

Entrepreneurship has begun to grapple with the global economic and financial crisis, and entrepreneurs have become heroes capable of delivering impetus to fragile economies. Small and innovative companies account for 99% of all Europeu0027s active companies and offer 66% of available jobs. In the context of a worrying unemployment rate that persists in many countries of the world, entrepreneurship has become a viable solution to economic problems. Entrepreneurship can not be defined precisely, and the multidimensionality and homogeneity of the concept makes it very difficult to generalize the conclusions of studies for regions other than those for which they were originally developed. The objective of the present study is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the Romanian entrepreneurial ecosystem and the factors that have the power to stimulate it, thus allowing the design of efficient policies for the development of Romanian entrepreneurship.

The goal of any institution is to have a management that would implement public policies, programs and projects aimed at fulfilling the mission of the institution and the objectives of the government, through the rational use of resources (often limited) and at the same time to satisfy stakeholders. Implement a system of internal control has emerged as a necessity from globalization and liberalization of financial markets, free movement of capital, information, people and goods through the application of internationally recognized standards and to be understood in a uniform manner. The research was focused on the one hand, the literature review Romanian and foreign legislation and internal control management system, providing a theoretical and practical approach, but on the other hand, we considered appropriate to perform a research on the application of internal control management system in member states of the European Union.

As tourism is a key sector of the European economy, which generates more than 5% of EU GDP, entrepreneurship in this area is particularly important in order to increase competitiveness. For this reason, the vast majority of successful businesses are initiated by females, with specialists arguing by concluding studies that women know how to "invent" a job, are willing to risk, and manage to break up between family and service, creating a personal and professional space. Thanks to them today we can talk about female entrepreneurship in the tourism sector and the hospitality industry.

An enterprise evaluation is a central object for Romanian specialists from various fields of activity, not only needed in privatization of commercial companies, but also in the process of transition to market economy. Thus, the problem of knowing the most accurate value a company is placed when a securities issue takes place, o sale of assets or when the reorganization process is triggered legal liquidation of an enterprise; in these situations it is necessary to establish the value of the firm not only in terms of the value of fixed assets and but also depending on the future capacity of the enterprise to generate profit. The case study refers to the evaluation of the Gorj Hotel in Targu Jiu, where the financial situations were relevant and underpinned by the correct evaluation of the SC Gorjul SA patrimony.