ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDA healthy preK‐12th‐grade school environment is critical to student well‐being and success. As role models, school employees play a significant part in creating a healthy environment. Research suggests that employee wellness programs (EWPs) may help school employees adopt healthier lifestyles and, therefore, be healthier, more productive, and serve as healthy role models for students. This article describes the process by which a school district in central Texas partnered with a local university to plan, develop, and implement an affordable EWP.METHODSA university‐led leadership team sought input from employees, including administrators, and conducted a 4‐week trial. These resulted in an EWP that provided health risk appraisals, fitness testing, group exercise classes, education seminars, online wellness resources, and blood draws/analysis.RESULTSDuring the first 4 years, membership ranged from 107 to 384 (10–37%), and the annual cost of the program ranged from $49 to $116 per participating employee.CONCLUSIONSUniversity‐led EWP programs can support, at a low cost, the health of school employees. Despite low employee engagement, need was demonstrated and feedback was positive. Challenges identified include time demands and lack of principals' support. Future considerations include targeting principals, utilizing the Human Resources Office, and strategically building a culture of health.

This study (a) explored whether relationships exist between objectively assessed exercise participation and both controlled extrinsic motivation and amotivation, and (b) investigated the possible mediation of the relationships between satisfaction of the basic needs and objectively assessed exercise participation. Participants (n = 162) were members of a worksite wellness program. Before beginning the program, participants completed a 33‐item survey measuring the constructs of self‐determination theory. Objectively assessed exercise participation was measured via attendance. Path analysis revealed that the net effect of external regulation on attendance was positive. Of the basic needs, only autonomy was a significant predictor of attendance, with no mediation of this relationship. Appealing to participants' external regulation and need for autonomy may enhance exercise participation.

PURPOSE: Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is often used as a framework for understanding patterns of exercise participation, though research has yet to fully validate the relationships between each of the SDT constructs and exercise participation, especially when measured objectively. Objectively-assessed exercise participation has been shown to be related to intrinsic motivation and self-determined extrinsic motivation (e.g., identified regulation), but has not been consistently shown to be related to introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. The first aim was to explore whether relationships exist between objectively-assessed exercise participation and both controlled extrinsic motivation (i.e., external regulation and introjected) and amotivation). In addition, the cognitive evaluation theory, a subtheory of SDT, proposes that both intrinsic motivation and self-determined extrinsic motivation are enhanced by the satisfaction of three basic needs (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness). In theory, environments conducive to satisfying basic needs may enhance these motivational regulations resulting in a greater likelihood for exercise participation. Thus, the second aim was to investigate the possible mediating effects of intrinsic motivation and identified regulation on the relationships between satisfaction of the basic needs and objectively-assessed exercise participation. METHODS: Participants (n=162; M = 12, F = 150) were members of a worksite exercise program offered within a school district in central Texas. Before the program, participants completed a 33-item survey comprised of eight subscales designed to measure the constructs of SDT. Exercise participation was measured via attendance. RESULTS: Bivariate correlations showed introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation to not be significantly associated with attendance. Path analysis revealed, however, that the net effect of external regulation on attendance was positive, while the effects of introjected regulation and amotivation remained non-significant. Of the basic needs, only autonomy was a significant predictor of attendance in this path model with no mediation of this relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies designed to appeal to external regulation and need for autonomy may enhance exercise participation in a worksite wellness program.

Supervision is essential for promoting the professional and ethical competence of substance abuse counselors (SACs). However, supervisors in the addictions field often lack the preparation and resources to provide effective supervision, which may be contributing factors to the continued occurrence of ethical infractions by SACs. To assist those who supervise aspiring SACs and improve the supervision they provide, this article presents the Supervisor Evaluation of the Professional and Ethical Competence of Substance Abuse Counselors (SPEC-SAC). Ultimately, the SPEC-SAC is intended to assist supervisors in addressing the promoting the professional and ethical competence of those they supervise.

This phenomenological study explored the meaning of wheelchair rugby participation as expressed by five athletes. Themes emerged from their stories about perceived positive outcomes in physical health, psychosocial well-being, expression of an athlete identity, and hold meaning related to playing a full contact sport. The study findings demonstrate the importance and value of sport participation for persons with tetraplegia. These findings support the use of adapted sport as an impactful intervention when working with persons with spinal cord injury.

Clinical supervision is a significant contributor to the development of substance abuse counselors and the efficacy of the services they render. This article represents a review of the literature on clinical supervision in the substance abuse field for the purposes of organizing existing data, providing focus for future research, and better informing those who use the literature as a means for professional development. Nine studies were identified, the results of which are discussed and compared, followed by recommendations for future research.

PURPOSE:To compare the effects of 9 weeks of training with a concurrent flow resistance (CFR) device versus a concurrent pressure threshold resistance (CPTR) device on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in wheelchair rugby (WR) athletes.METHOD:Twenty-four male WR athletes (22 with tetraplegia, 1 with a spastic cerebral palsy, and 1 with congenital upper and lower limb deformities) were matched by lesion level, completeness of injury, and rugby classification prior to being randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) CPTR (n=8), (2) CFR (n=8), or (3) controls (CON, n=8). Pre/post testing included assessment of HRQoL as measured by the Short-Form Health Survey Version 2.0 (SF-36v2). Manufacturer protocol guidelines for the CFR and CPTR groups were followed for breathing exercises.RESULTS:Sixteen participants completed the study (CPTR=4, CFR=5, CON=7). The Mann-Whitney U rank order revealed significantly greater reductions in bodily pain (P = .038) and improvements in vitality (P = .028) for CFR versus CON.CONCLUSION:Results from this study suggest that training with a CFR device improves some aspects of HRQoL (eg, vitality and bodily pain) in WR athletes. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to examine the impact of these devices on improving HRQoL for wheelchair athletes.

This study examined the relationship between 403 counseling graduate students' scores on the Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination (CPCE; Center for Credentialing and Education, n.d.) and 3 admissions requirements used as predictor variables: undergraduate grade point average (UGPA), Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General Test Verbal Reasoning (GRE-V) score, and GRE General Test Quantitative Reasoning (GRE-Q) score. Multiple regression analyses revealed that all predictor variables accounted for somewhat limited, yet significant variations in the CPCE-Total scores (R-2 = .21). Results indicated that UGPAs, GRE-V scores, and GRE-Q scores are valid criteria for determining counseling graduate student success on the CPCE.

This article discusses the benefits of and processes for implementing experiential activities into guidance curricula to assist in developing awareness, knowledge, and skills related to diversity for the promotion of multicultural competencies in adolescents. The importance of such activities is discussed, as well as significant considerations when supplementing any guidance curriculum with experiential activities. Several experiential activities are discussed that focus on promoting multicultural competencies and development in adolescents, and resources are included to assist school counselors in identifying activities for use in their schools.

¡A Tu Salud!, a community-based, culturally sensitive program utilizing group exercise, education and supportive counseling, was designed to help overweight Mexican American(MA) women of lower socioeconomic status (SES) achieve a healthier body weight. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether, and to what extent, certain sociodemographic factors (e.g., education, age, employment status) predicted attrition of MA women enrolled in ¡A Tu Salud!. METHODS: Data from 3 separate, 8-week interventions were compiled and analyzed. All participants were encouraged to attend 5, 60-min exercise sessions, one 45-min nutrition education class, and one 30 to 45-min behavioral modification session each week. RESULTS: Fifty-one women finished the program and 30 dropped out. Using the direct logistic regression method, all predictor/independent variables accounted for 12.5% of the variance in program completion, which was not statistically significant (x2=7.782, df= 7, p = .352, R2 Nagelkerke = .125). The overall model "correct" classification results were observed as "fair" with a value of 66.7%. Specifically, the prediction model correctly identified 46 out of the 51 completers (90%) and 8 out of the 30 noncompleters (27%). Thus, the model yielded a moderately high false-positive rate of 32% and low false negative-rate of 9%. Evaluation of Wald statistics for the respective predictor variables revealed that employment status was the only variable that significantly predicted program completion X2 (1, N = 81) = 4.07, p < .05 (i.e., women who were employed at the time of the study were approximately 3.5 times more likely to complete the program). The odds ratio for education also showed that women who completed high school were approximately 2.5 times more likely to complete. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings have important implications for improving culturally appropriate interventions designed to successfully promote physical activity and attainment of healthier weights in MA women. By identifying unemployment and, to a lesser extent, education, interventions can be designed to target unemployed MA women, and to a lesser extent, MA women without a high school education, as being at greatest risk for drop out, future interventions can employ strategies specifically designed for this population.

Background/Objective: To determine the effect of respiratory resistance training (RRT) with a concurrent flow respiratory (CFR) device on respiratory function and aerobic power in wheelchair athletes.Methods: Ten male wheelchair athletes (8 with spinal cord injuries, 1 with a neurological disorder, and 1 with postpolio syndrome), were matched by lesion level and/or track rating before random assignment to either a RRT group (n = 5) or a control group (CON, n = 5). The RRT group performed 1 set of breathing exercises using Expand-a-Lung, a CFR device, 2 to 3 times daily for 10 weeks. Pre/posttesting included measurement of maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and peak oxygen consumption (V-O2peak).Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant group difference in change for MIP from pre- to posttest (P < 0.05). The RRT group improved by 33.0 cm H2O, while the CON group improved by 0.6 cm H2O. Although not significant, the MVV increased for the RRT group and decreased for the CON group. There was no significant group difference between V-O2peak for pre/posttesting. Due to small sample sizes in both groups and violations of some parametric statistical assumptions, nonparametric tests were also conducted as a crosscheck of the findings. The results of the nonparametric tests concurred with the parametric results.Conclusions: These data demonstrate that 10 weeks of RRT training with a CFR device can effectively improve MIP in wheelchair athletes. Further research and a larger sample size are warranted to further characterize the impact of Expand-a-Lung on performance and other cardiorespiratory variables in wheelchair athletes.

¡A Tu Salud!, a community-based, culturally sensitive program utilizing group exercise, education and supportive counseling, was designed to help overweight Mexican American (MA) women of lower socioeconomic status (SES) achieve a healthier body weight. PURPOSE: This study compared the impact of three separate supportive counseling formats on health-related physical fitness (HRPF). METHODS: Data from 3 separate 8-week interventions were compiled and analyzed. Interventions were identical for all groups varying only by supportive counseling format. All participants were encouraged to attend 5, 60-min exercise sessions/ week and one 30–45 min nutrition education class/week. Differing according to intervention, supportive counseling was fostered through weekly 30–45 min: 1) small group counseling sessions led by a graduate student counselor (Supportive Group Counseling (SGC), n=21); 2) individual counseling sessions led by a graduate student counselor (Individual Counseling (IC), n=13); or 3) “walk-and-talk” sessions led by a Promotora (PR, n=37). The SGC and PR groups were further divided into smaller groups of∼10. The curriculum for all interventions was based on cognitive-behavioral principles focusing on wellness. Pre- and post-testing, including measurements of HRPF, were compared to wait-listed controls (CON, n=20). One-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in baseline characteristics among the 4 groups in all measurements, except CON had greater hang grip strength than SGC (P < .05). RESULTS. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences in magnitude of change in systolic blood pressure (SBP), weight, waist circumference (WC), and push-ups among groups (P < .05). Tukey's post-hoc analysis revealed significant reductions in the following: SBP, weight, and WC in PR versus CON; SBP in PR versus SGC; and weight, WC and push-ups in SGC versus CON. CONCLUSION: Interventions utilizing a supportive group counseling format led by a graduate student counselor and a “walk and talk” format led by a Promotora are comparable in improving aspects of HRPF. For purposes of efficient resource allocation and community involvement, the use of Promotoras may be a preferred modality when striving to promote weight loss with this population.

Due to elevated incidence of overweight and diabetes, there is a clear need for lower socioeconomic (SES) Mexican American (MA) women to have access to preventative health care services. This project was designed to deliver a culturally-sensitive program to this medically underserved population to help participants achieve a healthier body weight by providing physical activity training, nutrition education and supportive counseling. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of 2 different 8-week programs on weight loss of MA women. METHODS: Nineteen MA women volunteers were randomly assigned to an Exercise and Education group (EE, n = 9) or an Exercise and Education plus Supportive Counseling group (SC, n = 1 0). Each week, both groups were encouraged to attend 5 60-min exercise sessions (3 group exercise, 2 walk-fit) and one 30-min nutrition class providing lessons, snacks and recipes. SC also attended one 60-min group counseling session per week. RESULTS: were compared to wait-listed controls (CON, n = 14). Pre and post-testing included measurements of health-related physical fitness and 3-day diet analyses. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no difference in improvement among groups for systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, body mass index, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, aerobic fitness, grip strength, curl-ups, sit-and-reach, or left-shoulder-reach. A significant decrease in body weight (p<.05) and waist circumference (p<.05), and an increase in right-shoulder-reach flexibility (p<.05) was observed for EE and SC but not CON. Post-hoc analysis revealed no difference in the magnitude of improvement between EE and SC for these variables. No significant differences in improvement among the 3 groups was observed for intake of calories, sugar, fiber, protein, fat, sat fat, essential fats, vitamins C, D, and E, folic acid, calcium, iron or potassium. CONCLUSION: This data suggests that an 8-week exercise and education intervention can help lower SES, MA women lose weight, reduce waist circumference, and increase right-shoulder-reach flexibility. According to the results of this study, an 8-week intervention limited to exercise and nutrition education may be sufficient to facilitate weight loss in small groups of lower SES MA women in a culturally sensitive setting. Further research is necessary to elucidate the effect of supportive group counseling. Future trials should include interventions of longer duration, larger sample sizes, and more long-term follow-up assessment to further determine the efficacy of structured interventions in promoting health among groups of lower SES MA women in the US. Supported by HRSA Grant No. H59MC03806

This article features results of a participatory study focused on strategies used by 7 entry‐level assistant professors to negotiate the challenges of writing and submitting successful scholarly research during their 1st year as counselor education faculty members.

Skeletal effects are described for near-lifetime treatment of young, female rats with recombinant human PTH (1-34) (PTH). Rats (5-8 wk of age) were administered 0, 5, 30, or 75 microg/kg x d sc PTH for up to 2 yr, as part of an oncogenicity evaluation, which is required by regulatory agencies for potential chronic therapies. Proliferative lesions were observed in the skeleton as described in Vahle et al. (1 ); in this paper, we describe the quantitative bone data for this study. In the appendicular skeleton, PTH stimulated trabecular and endocortical mineral apposition to the near exclusion of marrow spaces at 5 microg/kg, with some periosteal apposition at 30 microg/kg, followed by considerable periosteal apposition and altered geometry at 75 microg/kg. Increased bone mass was observed for all treatment groups that substantially exceeded normal levels attained by vehicle controls and exceeded skeletal efficacy reported previously for similar doses in shorter-term studies. Dose-dependent increases in osteocalcin levels and a linear increase in wet weight of femora were observed for the entire treatment duration, suggesting nearly continuous PTH stimulation of osteoblasts and skeletal growth throughout life. Histology showed many osteocytes and prominent osteoblasts, but a conspicuous absence of osteoclasts. Morphometry showed a lack of distinction between trabecular and cortical bone. Biomechanics of vehicle controls showed that optimal mechanical integrity for the normal skeleton is observed at about 11 months of age. PTH greatly strengthened and stiffened vertebra and femora; however, the midshaft showed reduced toughness and increased brittleness with treatment, which was not the case for vertebra. Related studies of 6 and 9 months duration showed that the optimal duration for PTH skeletal efficacy was about 6 months in rats, based on toughness, strength, ultimate displacement, and architecture, especially for cortical bone. Therefore, treatment duration is an under appreciated aspect of PTH pharmacology; and PTH skeletal effects are a complex function of dose and duration. Comparative analyses showed that short-term treatment (6 months or less) is more advantageous than near-lifetime treatment, because PTH stimulates skeletal growth throughout life, resulting in abnormal architecture and untoward biomechanical properties in rats.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) remains the most widely utilized approach for the treatment of addictions in the United States. However, due to a need for alternatives within the field of addictions, it is clear that additional. approaches be developed. The following article addresses the specifics of one such approach, Rational Recovery (RR). The theoretical foundations and influences of RR are discussed below, as well as the therapeutic principles and processes proposed by Jack Trimpey, the founder of RR.