This study examined the relationship between 403 counseling graduate students' scores on the Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination (CPCE; Center for Credentialing and Education, n.d.) and 3 admissions requirements used as predictor variables: undergraduate grade point average (UGPA), Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General Test Verbal Reasoning (GRE-V) score, and GRE General Test Quantitative Reasoning (GRE-Q) score. Multiple regression analyses revealed that all predictor variables accounted for somewhat limited, yet significant variations in the CPCE-Total scores (R-2 = .21). Results indicated that UGPAs, GRE-V scores, and GRE-Q scores are valid criteria for determining counseling graduate student success on the CPCE.

"We must sadly verify that an adverse and destructive fate has detained the arts in Ecuador" (Alzamora 1957, 47). This statement, or similar words to that effect, is frequently used in this country to describe the history of academic (or "classical") music in Ecuador. In spite of abundant natural resources, either governmental ineptitude, disinterest, or the disastrous economic consequences of natural phenomena (such as El Ninio or earthquakes) have meant that musicians in this country have almost always been relegated to the lowest priority. It is no wonder that Ecuadorian composer Mesias Maiguashca (b. 1938) wryly notes that with very, very few exceptions, every one of this country's composers has come from the lowest economic classes (Maiguashca 1965, 12930). Despite economic hardships or bureaucratic obstacles, however, in recent years the latest generations of Ecuadorian composers have taken important strides, perhaps not economically, but at least artistically, which are worthy of mention. In this article, the author would like to consider that generation of composers born in the 1960s, who truly represent the beginning of a new trend in composition in Ecuador. But before proceeding with these issues, it is perhaps helpful to begin with a summary of the history of composition in Ecuador.

Because individuals in the marketplace directly face opportunity costs, they must balance marginal costs against marginal benefits. In contrast, in politics, the opportunity costs facing decision makers are diluted. Estimates of the social costs of various public programs are generally understated, while the estimates of social benefits are exaggerated This paper places the establishment and expansion of the Redwood National Park within this framework and analyzes it as a public investment decision. It is shown that in the initial creation of the Redwood National Park in 1968, the costs of land acquisition and employment loss were underestimated, while the projections for gains in tourism were excessive. Despite the opposition of local landowners and residents, the Park was further expanded 10 years later in 1978. There was again a misstatement of costs and benefits and also the creation of an expensive new entitlement program to defuse the opposition of labor The experience with the redwood National Park illustrates the results of the political process, which allows decision makers to internalize benefits and externalize costs. Emotion and rhetoric tend to displace a careful weighing of marginal costs and benefits

This chapter discusses selective electrodes that are used to measure the activities of ions in solution, primarily aqueous solutions. The measurement is potentiometric and requires a pair of electrodes—the ion selective electrode (ISE) and a reference electrode—and a high input impedance electrometer. The data obtained provides information concerning ionic activity. Except for very dilute solutions, ionic activity is proportional to ionic concentration. The proportionality factor relating activity to concentration is the activity coefficient. It highlights the activities and activity coefficients that can be measured, so that the measurement is made with a pair of ion selective electrodes, one of the electrodes being selective for each of the two ions involved. One ISE is used with a reference electrode having a liquid junction. The potential measured with the electrode pair then becomes primarily a function of the activity of the ion for which the ISE is selective. The activities and activity coefficients measured in this way are referred to as single ion activities and activity coefficients. The chapter also presents three types of ISE's: glass, liquid membrane, and solid state. Although the ion sensitive element is different in each of the three types, the principle of operation is the same for all—that is, the potential at the interface between the ion sensitive element and the solution in which it is immersed is proportional to the activity of the ions in the solution.

The kinetic properties of a mobile site membrane are analyzed theoretically and the results are compared with experimental data obtained from a simple model system. In the model system the measured response to a step change in electric current is a single relaxation process, in excellent agreement with the theoretically predicted behavior. To this relaxation process corresponds an anomalous capacitance whose properties are obtained by performing a frequency analysis of the system. By plotting the impedance locus of this mobile site membrane, the locus is shown to exhibit a 45 degrees phase angle at high frequencies, a phenomenon which is generally associated with depletion layers.

The Raji line of human lymphoblastoid cells, which does not show expression of Epstein-Barr virus, was made resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Within several weeks after removal of the drug, Epstein-Barr virus particles were detected in the cells. The sequence of virus appearance in the 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant cells indicated drug-induced activation of a repressed Epstein-Barr virus genome.

The antibody activity against herpes-type virus (HTV) of heterophile-positive infectious mononucleosis sera and "normal" sera from humans was determined with immunoferritin. The antiviral activity of the mononucleosis sera was associated with the IgM antibodies, while the antiviral activity of the "normal" human sera was associated with the IgG antibodies. It was concluded from these findings that the appearance of antibodies to herpes-type virus in heterophile-positive sera represents a primary immunogenic exposure to this virus, or to a serologically related virus. This conclusion, in turn, suggests that herpes-type virus or a serologically related virus is the etiologic agent of heterophile-positive mononucleosis.

The P3HR-1 line of human lymphoblastoid cells that is Epstein-Barr virus positive was made resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens, but not virus particles, were produced in P3HR-1(BU) cells maintained on 5-bromodeoxyuridine. However, virus particles did appear within 4 days after removal of the drug. Thymidine kinase activity was limited to P3HR-1(BU) cells producing viral antigen, whereas all control P3HR-1 cells showed thymidine kinase activity regardless of viral antigen synthesis. Cellular DNA in most P3HR-1(BU) cells was made via pathways that did not involve thymidine kinase. In cells having a pathway that involved thymidine kinase, a second DNA of density 1.71 g/cm(3), corresponding to Epstein-Barr virus, was detected.IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT: (a) a repressed Epstein-Barr virus genome persists in P3HR-1(BU) cells that do not contain thymidine kinase, with activation of the viral genome being accompanied by productive infection and the appearance of enzyme, and (b) thymidine kinase activity in P3HR-1(BU) cells could be used as a marker for viral genome expression.

MURINE and feline RNA-containing C-type viruses can replicate in human fibroblast-like cell monolayers with the establishment of virus shedding carrier cultures1–4. We describe here the establishment of virus shedding carrier cultures in human lymphoblastoid cell suspensions with a murine sarcoma virus (MSV) and a feline sarcoma virus (FSV).

Reports concerned with reptilia-associated viruses are few in number compared to those on viruses of the other four major vertebrate classes. The amphibia have generated numerous virus-related publications, restricted in general to frog viruses involved in the initiation of Lucké renal adenocarcinoma and the polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus system. Fish virology has progressed to a considerable extent in no small measure because of the economic importance of these animals to humans. Virological studies, utilizing avian and mammalian host systems, have all but dominated animal virology during the past decade in part because of the heightened emphasis in recent years on scientific "relevance." The argument for studying viruses of warm-blooded vertebrate hosts is essentially an applied one— namely, that such hosts naturally provide closer analogies, and perhaps even homologies to human infectious processes than those of ectothermic systems. Reptilian virological studies vary considerably in their degree of completeness. No single reptilian virus has been completely characterized and none of the viruses described have been irrevocably implicated in disease causation. Many reports, for example, demonstrate the presence of virus in a particular host by means of electron microscopy (EM) or serological analysis without further characterization of virus-host interaction. While these studies are interesting, and thus are briefly considered in this chapter, the major emphasis of this chapter is more on complete studies. Furthermore, reports are frequently published in journals that are not considered strictly virological in emphasis, such as those concerned with tropical medicine, hygiene, entomological, veterinary, and cancer research. Thus, the basic thrust of this chapter is to gather pertinent information from these various sources, with emphasis on in-depth studies in the hope of stimulating interest in a largely neglected area of virological research.