This study provides an analysis of the endemic plant Mattiastrum paphlagonicum Bornm.(Synonym Paracaryum paphlagonicum (Bornm.) R.R. Mill), focusing on enzyme activity, secondary metabolite content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), as well as phenolic and flavonoid levels, all within the context of a hydroethanolic extract prepared from M. paphlagonicum and its biodiversity, for the first time. Rosmarinic acid and rutin were identified at concentrations of 87.56 ± 0.09  and 0.96 ± 0.15 mg/g of the plant extract, respectively. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured as 0.85 ± 0.004 mg gallic acid equivalent/mL and 0.077 ± 0.014 mg rutin equivalent/mL. The extract exhibited exceptionally strong DPPH radical-scavenging activity, with a value of 231.746 ± 0.009 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/mL extract, and high ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reaching 168.229 ± 0.004 mg AAE/mL extract. The percentage inhibition for tyrosinase and carbonic anhydrase by the extract was 97.6 ± 0.011% and 77.07 ± 0.996%, respectively. The extract is a rich source of bioactive compounds and has considerable inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and carbonic anhydrase enzymes. These findings highlight the plant's potential for neuroprotective and renoprotective pharmacological applications.

Stimuli-responsive polymers have attracted considerable attention because they can alter their chemical structures or physical properties in response to external triggers. Such smart polymers have found applications in various fields, including sensors, drug delivery, water purification, recyclable catalysis, separation, and more. Polymers exhibiting stimuli responsive behavior have been synthesized in response to various stimuli to date. In this study, the relatively new PET-RAFT polymerization technique was employed to synthesize and characterize both homo- and copolymer brushes on silicon disc surfaces. Brushes consisting of a single polymer segment (poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)) and two polymer segments ((PAA-co-PNIPAm), denoted as P1, P2 and P3) were prepared using SI-PET-RAFT polymerization to analyze their stimuli responsive behavior for the first time. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements revealed pH- and temperature-triggered transitions. PAA brushes showed a distinct transition around pH 5-6, with the WCA decreasing by approximately 35° as pH increased from 4 to 6. PNIPAm brushes exhibited a thermal transition near 30 °C, with the WCA increasing by about 10° as the temperature increased from 28 °C to 32 °C. The copolymer brushes displayed composition-dependent tunable responses. P1 (PAA-rich) presented a sharp pH transition around pH 5, with the WCA decreasing by approximately 46° as pH increased from 4 to 6. P2 (equimolar PAA/PNIPAm) showed a slightly less sharp pH transition around pH 5-6, with WCA decreasing by around 39° over pH 4-6. P3 (PNIPAm-rich) exhibited a transition around pH 5, with WCA decreasing by roughly 36° over the same range. Although the sharpness of the pH-induced transition slightly decreased from P1 to P2 and P3 as the PAA fraction decreased and PNIPAm fraction increased, a clear pH response was retained. Thermally, P1 and P2 underwent transitions around 29 °C, with WCA increasing by about 10° and 7.5° respectively, as the temperature increased from 28 °C to 32 °C. P3 showed a slightly shifted transition around 31 °C, with WCA increasing by about 10.5° over the same range. These findings demonstrate that dual responsive behavior can be tuned by monomer composition, thereby offering potential for controlled drug delivery and other bio-related applications.

The proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and biofilm formation on implantable material surfaces causes negative results in many medical treatments and infections. Despite the measures taken against unwanted bacteria with modern and advanced sterilization, infections due to contamination during the storage of implants are still an important problem. In order to overcome these problems, it has become necessary to develop synergistic systems to increase antibacterial performance and prevent biofilm formation. Polymer brush systems are among the strategies that can prevent bacteria and biofilm formation by keeping cell-surface or bacteria-surface interactions to a minimum. In this study, temperature-sensitive poly (di(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) (PDEGMA) brush systems were synthesized on implant surfaces using the photoinduced-electron transfer reversible addition dissociation chain transfer polymerization (PET-RAFT) technique. Vancomycin (Van) antibiotic conjugation was achieved by covalently binding PDEGMA brushes to the carboxylic acid functional end groups. At the same time, Van release studies were performed in this system by utilizing the temperature-sensitive feature of PDEGMA. Antibacterial properties were determined after examining the implant-bacteria interaction for both cases. In particular, such synergistic systems will shed important light on implant studies for researchers thanks to their antibacterial capacities.

Thermoplastic orthodontic appliances have been used as retention devices for years and gaining popularity as aligners, alternative to fixed orthodontic mechanics. This study aims to assess Bisphenol-A (BPA) release from thermoplastic orthodontic appliances exposed to different beverages. The appliances in this study were enrolled from aligners of Invisalign, ClearCorrect, and thermoplastic retention device, Essix ACE. Five different beverages (pure water, whole milk, coke, orange juice, filtered coffee) were determined and 5 glass tubes containing 10 ml of each beverage formed experiment groups. Appliance samples from each brand (with 0.50 ± 0.0082 g weight) were inserted in glass tubes and left in room temperature for 1 h. Later, samples were removed and Flow Injection Liquid Chromatography/Mass-Mass Spectrometry (FIA-LC/MS-MS) analysis was performed to evaluate BPA release. Five glass tubes for each beverage group, which did not contain any appliance, were also analyzed with the same technique to detect the possible pre-existing BPA levels in the liquids. FIA-LC/MS-MS analysis showed no measurable amount of BPA in pure water and any beverage group. BPA was also not detected in samples without appliances. BPA release was not detected from thermoplastic orthodontic appliances after 1 h of incubation in beverages. Within the limitations, different types of beverages were not found to affect BPA release from thermoplastic orthodontic materials. From a clinical perspective, further in-vivo studies will be useful with larger samples and longer term investigations.

Since cholesterol triggers many diseases, many methods have been developed for its determination. In this study, an alternative system for cholesterol determination was developed by preparing amperometric biosensors. In the development of the biosensor, Pt/polypyrrole-polystyrene sulfonate film was prepared by electropolymerization of polypyrrole in polystyrene sulfonate medium using platinum surfaces. The cholesterol oxidase enzyme was immobilized on the prepared platinum/polypyrrole-polystyrene sulfonate electrode. For molecular determination in the prepared cholesterol biosensor, a series of enzymatic reactions were performed on the enzyme electrode surface at +0.40 V by utilizing the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. The effects of environmental conditions such as temperature and pH that affect the performance of the biosensor were investigated, and the most suitable conditions for the biosensor were determined. The linear working range of the amperometric biosensor for cholesterol determination was determined. In enzyme immobilization, calculations were made for the Michaelis-Menten constants Km and Vmax values. Storage life and reproducibility of cholesterol biosensor were determined. Cholesterol determination in biological fluid (blood) was performed with the prepared biosensor. The fact that the fabricated amperometric-based cholesterol biosensor can be used for the diagnosis of many diseases is important in terms of early diagnosis in the future.

The Caryophyllaceae family, commonly utilized in traditional medicine, exhibits various effects revealed by ethnopharmacological studies. Thus, the diuretic effect of the leaf and stem of three Gypsophila taxa endemic to Türkiye was evaluated for the first time by comparing their bio-metabolic profiles, antioxidant capacities, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, and infrared spectra. The leaf and stem of Gypsophila taxa were macerated in 50% ethanol and 50% water, bio-metabolic profiles were performed by a new validated ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method and spectrophotometric methods, the antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays, and the in vitro diuretic activity was evaluated by carbonic anhydrase inhibition. The results show that the G. simonii leaf exhibited the highest quantity of rutin and total polyphenols content (TPC). On the other hand, the G. germanicopolitana leaf showed the highest quantity of rosmarinic acid, and the G. eriocalyx leaf contained the maximum total flavonoids content (TFC). The antioxidant results indicated that G. eriocalyx has the highest capacity. The G. germanicopolitana leaf strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. The ATR-FTIR spectra showed that the general chemical composition in the leaf and stem parts was preserved after the extraction process. Band intensity changes may be due to the extraction process and the amount of substances. In conclusion, the species of Gypsophila taxa show considerable potential for utilization in the pharmaceutical area.

The rapid development in biomedicine presents both challenges and opportunities for macromolecules and polymers development. In this regard, click chemistry emerged as a powerful platform for constructing diverse and innovative materials tailored for biomedical applications. Light (photon)-driven click reactions proceed generally under near-ultraviolet (UV), mid-UV light or visible light are known as photoclick reactions. These reactions are non-invasive, have high spatiotemporal control, air tolerant, moisture tolerant with high selectivity and yields. The combination of click and photoclick reactions can link functionalized small molecules and macromolecules and produce cyclic, branched and network polymers. This review discusses introduction and mechanism of photoclick reactions, types of initiators used for the reactions, and modification needed for biopolymers to make them photocrosslinkable constituents. Moreover the preparation and uses of photocrosslinkable polymeric biomaterials (including hydrogels, scaffolds, and copolymers) including their uses with mesenchymal stem cells during the last five years (2019-2025) are described.

AIM or PURPOSE Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor chemical frequently used in plastic based products. This study aims to assess BPA release from thermoplastic orthodontic appliances exposed to different beverages. MATERIALS and METHOD The samples in this study were enrolled from as received aligners of Invisalign, ClearCorrect, and thermoplastic retention appliance brand, Essix ACE. Five different groups were created with pure water and beverages (whole milk, coke, orange juice, filtered coffee), and 5 glass tubes were provided per group. 10 ml of each liquid was prepared in each glass tube. One piece of thermoplastic appliance (0.5g weight) was placed per glass tube, and left at the room temperature for 1 hour Five glass tubes of each beverage, which did not contain any sample, were also analyzed to detect the possible pre-existing BPA levels of the beverages. Later, samples were removed and Flow Injection Liquid Chromatography/Mass-Mass Spectrometry (FIA-LC/MS-MS) analysis were performed to evaluate BPA release. RESULTS FIA-LC/MS-MS analysis showed no measurable amount of BPA in pure water and any beverage group. Beverages did not cause BPA release from the thermoplastic orthodontic appliances in the short term. BPA was not also detected in samples without aligners. CONCLUSION(S) The fact that different beverages did not cause BPA release from thermoplastic orthodontic retainers and orthodontic aligners suggested that they are probably chemically stable and safe in terms of BPA release. Patients and clinicians should still be careful regarding the adverse effects of consuming beverages such as caries formation while using clear aligners and thermoplastic retention appliances.

Understanding the physical and chemical properties of new-generation polymeric materials during the synthesis is very important in obtaining the desired product in design and production. Chemical, thermal, and physical parameters as well as degradation kinetics of the resins developed especially in recent years are the main stages that determine the polymer composition process that affects material selection. In this study, the potential to use RAFT agent (2-cyano-2-propyldodecyltrithiocarbonate, CPDT) in the synthesis of new polymers based on polypropylene fumarate phthalate has revealed important properties. To exemplify, the concentration of the RAFT agent affects the polymer-based mesh density associated with the yield of the product. Changes in swelling behavior and thermodynamic parameters of polymers synthesized in the presence of RAFT agent were observed. Chemical composition and stability characterizations of the synthesized grafted polymers were performed by FT-IR, 13C, 1H-NMR spectroscopy and TGA. The grafted polymers analyzed by SEM morphology were found to have hydrogel sorption potential showed signs of a loose surface and the formation of a layered and porous structure in comparison with the grafted polymers. The resulting compounds have a high swelling capacity and increased yield. At the same time, this study will shed light on the thermodynamic calculations of the graft polymers in order to determine or predicting the polymer composition.

Reactive polymeric thin films designed on solid surfaces have widespread applications in many fields involving the immobilization of biomolecules. Efficient and specific designs for biomolecule immobilization on polymermodified solid surfaces are central to biosensor technologies such as protein and gene chips. Research areas related to the functionalization of surfaces include polymer brushes whose functionality is increased by the DielsAlder (DA) reaction, which have been made usable as rewritable platforms with their thermal transformation properties and have found a lot of use, especially in biomolecule determination studies. Glutathione (GSH), one of the biomolecules, is found in in very high intracellular concentrations. It is the most important antioxidant molecule in the environment and its determination is a good indicator for us to obtain information about the status of the antioxidant defense mechanism in various diseases. When studies in were examined in detail, no study was found on the synthesis of polymer brushes with thiol functional groups covalently bonded to the silicon surface using the interfacial -mediated RAFT polymerization technique and their use in GSH adsorption. Therefore, in this study, to fill this gap in the literature, polymer brushes with thiol (SH) functional groups to be used in GSH adsorption were synthesized. Poly(furfurylmethacrylate) [poly(FMA)] brushes, formed by polymer chains covalently bonded to the silicon surface, were synthesized by interface -mediated RAFT polymerization. Then, by maleimide conjugation using hexylamine, polymeric brushes with thiol functional groups covalently bonded to the silicon surface which can be used in GSH adsorption were obtained for determination purposes. It is thought that the prepared polymeric brushes will find a wide application area for the determination of many new molecules, especially the determination of glutathione and will contribute to the literature.

Cryogels based on biopolymers offer exceptional properties, making them highly suitable for various applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. A promising area of research in the field of biomedicine involves the injectable formation of cryogels. This advancement, combined with the biocompatibility of cryogels synthesized using biopolymers, holds great potential in the development of innovative systems for the human body. In our study, we focused on synthesizing advanced generation cryogels by employing a combination of UV radiation and "thiol-ene" chemistry. Our starting materials were natural biopolymers, gelatin, and hyaluronic acid, which were previously functionalized with allyl glycidyl ether. Furthermore, we extensively characterized the properties of these cryogels. The identification of reactive carbon–carbon double bonds in prefunctionalized biopolymers, specifically gelatin and hyaluronic acid, was achieved through 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis. The study further examined the alterations in swelling capacity and morphology of cryogels obtained using a combination of UV radiation and thiol-ene chemistry. The results indicated that cryogels exhibited larger pore structures and greater swelling capacities compared to conventional hydrogels. These findings suggest the potential utilization of these cryogels in various biomedical applications, highlighting their promising nature as materials.

Polymer brushes with tailored surface functionalities are important materials to manipulate the interactions between cells and surfaces in a biomedical context. To enhance the control of the conjugation of cell-adhesive peptides to the polymer brush terminus, poly(di(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) (PDEGMA) brushes were fabricated via interface-mediated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization on titanium substrates. Due to the immobilization of 4-((((2-carboxyethyl)thio)carbonothioyl)thio)-4-cyanopentanoic acid as a chain transfer agent (CTA) on the titanium substrates before the subsequent RAFT polymerization, terminal carboxylic acid groups were introduced in the brushes. The brushes obtained were characterized by ellipsometry, static water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. PDEGMA brushes allow the facile conjugation of peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (GRGDS) sequence, which afforded the peptide-specific attachment of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. By contrast, the inhibition of cell attachment was observed on PDEGMA brushes with 7 nm dry thickness conjugated with arginine-alanine-aspartic acid (GRADS). The strategy of surface functional group modification with controllable antifouling or cell-adhesive properties will allow a versatile bio-functionalization approach independent of the underlying surface condition as polymeric biomaterials, among others, in titanium-based medical implant devices.

Objective: Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet is an endemic plant and survives in nature by adapting to extreme conditions. The aims of this study are to characterize and compare the diversity in the spectral-chemical structure of S. absconditiflora’s plant parts using the FTIR spectroscopy technique, to determine the wettability of the adaxial and abaxial epidermal surfaces of S. abscontidiflora leaves and to interpret whether there is a difference between the contact angle (CA) measurements at the points determined in the surface area of the leaves from the part close to the petiole to the leaf tip. Materials and Methods: The ATR-FTIR spectra for the chemical content of S. absconditiflora were obtained from six different plant parts and information about their chemical compositions was obtained. CA measurements were carried out for the natural events of the leaf area, especially for the water holding capacity or hydrophilic-hydrophobic characteristics. Results: The biochemical fingerprint of S. absconditiflora was determined by the analysis of chemical groups in vegetative and generative plant parts using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The CAs showed that the leaf had a hydrophobic character. In addition, leaf hysteresis was determined for each plant part, and it was understood that the lotus effect also appeared in S. absconditiflora. Conclusion: Detailed biochemical profiling, wettability, and hysteresis reports of S. absconditiflora were created for the first time. With this study, important clues about the adaptation of plants to harsh conditions were obtained.

OBJECTIVE To assess the levels of bisphenol A (BPA) released from an orthodontic adhesive with respect to the effects of tooth brushing and mouth washing. METHODS Three groups, each containing fifteen adhesive samples were prepared. In Group 1, samples were polymerized according to manufacturer instructions. In Group 2, after the same polymerization protocol, each sample was brushed with a fluoride-containing toothpaste. For Group 3, samples were immersed in a mouth washing solution after polymerization. Later, all samples were placed into glass tubes containing 5 mL distilled water. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements were performed to assess the leaching amount of BPA. Intergroup comparison was performed by one way ANOVA test. RESULTS Mean amounts of BPA were found to be 0.2674 µg/L, 0.2692 µg/L, and 0.2705 µg/L, respectively. Only a significant difference was found between Group 1 and 3 (P < .01), revealing higher BPA levels with the mouth washing solution. CONCLUSION Measurable amounts of BPA release were observed in all groups of orthodontic adhesive samples, but the detected amounts were below the toxic levels. From a clinical point of view, alcohol-containing mouth washing solutions might increase the amount of leaching monomer, since alcohol is solvent of BPA.

In this study, a new amperometric biosensor for creatinine determination was developed. For this purpose, a polypyrrole-polyvinylsulfonate film was prepared by electropolymerization of pyrrole in a polyvinylsulfonate medium on a platinum plate. Creatinase and sarcosine oxidase enzymes were immobilized on polypyrrole-polyvinylsulfonate film by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The determination of creatinine was made based on the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide at 0.4 V formed as a result of the enzymatic reaction on the surface of the prepared biosensor. The linear working range of the biosensor obtained was found between 5.0 $$\times$$ 10−6 and 1.0 $$\times$$ 10−4 M. Using this linear graph, the Km (observed) and Imax (observed) values for the double enzyme electrode system were calculated as 5.0 $$\times$$ 10−3 mM and 0.34 µA/min, respectively. Optimum working pH and temperature were determined as 8.0 and 60 °C, respectively. The reusability and shelf life of the biosensor were determined. The effects of interferences in biological environments on biosensor response were investigated. For this purpose, uric acid, ascorbic acid, paracetamol, glycine, urea, and formaldehyde were used. The results have shown that the prepared biosensor has the potential to be used for creatinine determination in biological fluids.

Gypsophila L. taxa growing on gypsum soils have to withstand limiting and restrictive conditions for plant life. This study aims to identify functional mechanisms determine the main functional groups in the vegetative and reproductive organs of some endemic Gypsophila taxa growing in gypsum soils, as well as to understand the relationship between the hidrophobicities and their micromorphological structures of the leaves of these plants grown in arid conditions. In this context, a series of Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), water contact angle (CA) measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed that may help to understand the survival mechanisms of Gypsophila eriocalyx Boiss., Gypsophila germanicopolitana Hub.-Mor. and Gypsophila simonii Hub.-Mor. growing in gypsum habitats. Our results showed the presence of O-H and C-O stretching bands belong to gypsum and calcium oxalate in the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of Gypsophila taxa is thought to be a way of tolerating the excess Ca and sulphate in the extreme habitat where these species grow. Leaves of Gypsophila taxa showed CAs above 90°, which indicates that G. eriocalyx, G. germanicopolitana, and G. simonii were hydrophobic. This study offers new approaches to understanding the adaptation of Gypsophila taxa to the extreme conditions typical of gypsum soils. The characterization of gypsum plants such as Gypsophila taxa, whose mechanisms for competition and survival on gypsum are still not fully understood, is very important in terms of shedding light on the adaptation of endemic plants to gypsum habitats.

Polymer brush synthesis is a powerful approach to fabricate functional bio-interfaces. To enhance the control over brush synthesis and end groups, we have synthesized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) PGMA brushes with carboxylic acid end functional groups by interface-mediated dissociative electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical (DET-RAFT) polymerization on titanium surfaces. This method does not require the use of metals and occurs under mild conditions. The brushes obtained were analyzed comprehensively in order to understand how to control cell attachment behavior. The PGMA brushes synthesized by DET-RAFT polymerization were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), grazing angle Fourier transform infrared (GA-FTIR) spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. The terminal carboxylic acid functional groups were covalently conjugated with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) and arginine-alanine-aspartic acid (RAD, negative control) peptides in one step. RGD selective attachment of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts was observed exclusively on PGMA-RGD brushes. Thus, a new versatile strategy has been validated to obtain functional biointerfaces for selective cell attachment in the absence of any metallic catalyst.

Objective: The aim of this study is to reveal the biochemical fingerprints of Achillea gypsicola Hub.-Mor., Alyssum nezaketiae Aytaç & H.Duman, Onobrychis germanicopolitana Hub.-Mor. & Simon, Paracaryum paphlagonicum (Bornm.) R.Mill and Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. et Velen. grown in extreme gypsum habitats with the Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) technique, and to determine the differences and densities of organic and inorganic compounds reflected by extreme environmental conditions. Materials and Methods: Using ATR-FTIR spectra, the chemical content of endemic plants was elucidated. In addition, band intensities were calculated using the ATR-FTIR spectra. By doing soil analysis, the physical and chemical properties of the regions where the plants grow were tried to be understood. Results: As a result of the detailed analysis of the ATR-FTIR spectra, it was understood that the chemical substance content was similar, but the amount was different from plant to plant, regardless of soil. These results showed that the same plant species contain different amounts of chemicals. Conclusion: FTIR spectroscopy is an effective tool that reveals the biochemical fingerprints of plants by contributing to the determination of organic and inorganic compounds in the structures of plants grown on gypsum substrates. Our results provided evidence for the presence of sulfate from organic molecules and the presence of gypsum and calcium oxalate from inorganic compounds. This study, which is the first to determine the biochemical fingerprints of plants growing in gypsum habitats in Turkey, will enrich the generality of future studies and the interpretation of other gypsophytes in the world.

There is remarkable interest in the fabrication of polymeric composite nano/micro-fibers by electrospinning for many applications ranging from bioengineering to water/air filtration. In almost all of these applications, the mechanical properties of both the polymer fibers and their assemblies, are significant. In this study, unmodified, 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) or 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified halloysite clay nanotube (HNT) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were successfully synthesized via the electrospinning. The morphology and mechanical features of the obtained electrospun fibers were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and AFM-based nanoindentation for single fibers in nanoscale, respectively. Besides, scanning electron microscopy and tensile strength tests were used to investigate whole fibrous structures in microscale. The AFMresults, accompanied by SEM and tensile strength, support the conclusion that silane-modification affected positively the morphology and mechanical characteristics of electrospun PCL nanofibers. Therefore, it was concluded that the morphological and mechanical features from the single fibers in the nanofiber mats were related to the whole fibrous structure.

A highly selective and stable amperometric biosensor for the determination of the hypoxanthine (Hx) molecule was designed in this study. For this purpose, the enzyme electrode was prepared by immobilizing the xanthine oxidase (XnOx) and uricase (U) enzymes to the surface obtained by electrochemical polymerization in the presence of polypyrrole-paratoluenesulfonate (PPy-pTS) on the platinum (Pt) surface. The determination limit for the Hx molecule of the prepared biosensor was determined as 5 × 10−6 M, and the linear working range was determined as 5 ×10−6–5 × 10−3 M. At the end of 27 measurements, the biosensor preserved 70% of the initial amperometric response. At the end of the fourth 8 days, the enzyme electrode was observed to maintain 26% of the initial amperometric response. The KM value for Pt/PPy-pTS-XnOxU enzyme electrode system prepared by immobilizing XnOxU was found to be 0.05 mM, and Vmax was 0.56 μA/min. The effects of the interventions in biological environments on the biosensor response were examined. Also, since this biosensor has the potential to be used for the determination of Hx in synthetic samples, it can find an important field of study in the biological and food industry.