The effect of activated attapulgite upon endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) of enterobacterial pathogens (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei) was studied by means of the enterobacterial hemolysis and hemolysis inhibition tests and in vivo experiments in mice. It was found that activated attapulgite adsorbs the endotoxins as demonstrated by inhibition of enterobacterial hemolysis, elimination of the specific inhibitory effect of the antigens in hemolysis inhibition tests, and by die abolishment of toxicity in mice. The significance of the findings is discussed with particular reference to their bearing upon the clinical use of activated attapulgite in localized intestinal infections and other syndromes associated with these endotoxins.

Journal Article Endocarditis Due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Serotype c and Patient Immune Response Get access Carol S. Pierce, Carol S. Pierce State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William R. Bartholomew, William R. Bartholomew State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Daniel Amsterdam, Daniel Amsterdam State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Erwin Neter, Erwin Neter State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Joseph J. Zambon Joseph J. Zambon State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 149, Issue 3, March 1984, Page 479, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/149.3.479 Published: 01 March 1984

Recent studies have added important new information to our understanding of the pathogenesis and ethiology of diarrheal disease.Vibrio cholerae produces a heat-labile enterotoxin, affecting cyclic AMP. A very similar heat-labile enterotoxin is produced also by certain strains ofEscherichia coli, as well as byCitrobacter, Klebsiella, andAeromonas. E. coli may also produce a heat-stable enterotoxin, stimulating guanylate cyclase activity. In order to produce the pathologic effects,E. coli first attaches to epithelial cells of the intestinal tract by means of pili or surface antigens. Enterotoxin can be demonstrated by both in vivo and in vitro tests, but none are yet suitable for routine diagnostic laboratories. A third mechanism wherebyE. coli causes diarrheal disease consists of enteroinvasiveness.Campylobacter, Yersinia, andClostridium difficile have been added to the list of enteric pathogens of man.

A study on the production of enterobacterial common antigen by recently described or as-yet-undescribed species belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae was carried out by hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests with rabbit antisera specific for this antigen. All 28 strains known or presumed to belong to Enterobacteriaceae produced this antigen, and none of the seven strains belonging to Vibrionaceae did so. The results obtained with Tatumella ptyseos and Xenorhabdus species are particularly noteworthy, since they represent species which are atypical for Enterobacteriaceae. It is suggested that the determination of the production of enterobacterial common antigen is a significant aid to classification, particularly when the assignation of a new genus or species to Enterobacteriaceae or to another family presents a problem.

Previous investigations indicate that polymyxin B inhibits attachment of lipopolysaccharides (O antigens) to erythrocytes and subsequent hemagglutination by the corresponding bacterial antibodies. In this study the effect of this antibiotic was compared to that of the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Using both crude O antigens and highly purified lipopolysaccharides, polymyxin B was at least 100 times more effective than the aminoglycosides. Amikacin proved to be less effective than gentamicin and tobramycin.

Strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from children and animal sources were studied by means of the Kirby-Bauer disc method and were found to be highly susceptible to penicillin G and resistant to nafcillin. It is suggested that these tests may be of aid in the preliminary identification of this pathogen.

A prospective study was undertaken in 41 newborn infants receiving artificial respiration for evaluation of the incidence of respiratory infections. Clinical and radiologic evidence of pneumonia was compared with the appearance of serum antibodies against antigens prepared from microorganisms isolated from bronchial aspirates, and with serum and bronchial immunoglobulin M values. A significant specific immune response was documented in 24% of the patients studied. The data indicate that by correlating the clinical and radiographic findings with specific antibodies and IgM antibody responses, it is possible to document a significant number of respiratory infections. One implication of this study is that subclinical infections may not be uncommon. The significance of the presence and changes in concentration of IgM in bronchial aspirate requires further study.

The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test is the most sensitive procedure for the detection of endotoxic lipopolysaccharides. The test was applied to middle ear fluids, cholesteatomas, and granulation tissue specimens from 31 patients in parallel with bacteriologic examination. The LAL test and bacteriologic examination yielded concordant results with 26 out of 28 specimens. A positive LAL test was obtained with 11 specimens containing endotoxin-producing organisms. The test became positive within 60 min of incubation in 10 out of 11 specimens and in 1 specimen between 1 and 24 h, suggesting that, in the majority of specimens, endotoxin was present in the specimen itself and that the result was not due to the in vitro multiplication of the microorganisms. All negative tests remained negative for 24 h. It is conceivable that endotoxin present in ear fluids may contribute to the pathologic changes in chronic otitis media.

Although infectious diarrheal disease of infants is one of the most common global disorders, the process of identification of the various pathogens and clarification of the pathogenesis of the disease has developed rather slowly. Certain enteric pathogens, such as salmonellae and shigellae, have been identified many decades ago. Far more difficult has been the elucidation of the role of seemingly normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract, notablyEscherichia coli, first described by the pediatrician Escherich. It was half a century ago that the German pediatrician Adam1suggested that special kinds ofE coli(the Dyspepsiecoli) were responsible for diarrheal disease of infants. Viewed from the vantage point of today, the techniques available to him were quite inadequate and merely measured a few biochemical activities of the strains. Nonetheless, his concept proved to be correct. Some years later, serologic studies disclosed that certain strains ofE colirecovered during epidemics

Report of the Committee on Evaluation and Standards Report of the Chairman, 1970 Affiliation James H. Steele, Mary Arnold, E. Kenneth Aycock, Arthur G. Baker, Fred M. Davenport, Avedis Donabedian, Irving D. Goldberg, Erwin Neter, Theodore A. Olsen, Eva M. Reese, Kent T. Roark, Irwin M. Rosenstock, George A. Silver, and Henry C. Steed, Jr. CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.61.2.406 Published Online: August 29, 2011

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 181, Issue 1 p. 151-152 DISCUSSION: SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNOGENICITY OF COMMON ENTEROBACTERIAL ANTIGEN Erwin Neter, Erwin Neter Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine, and Laboratory of Bacteriology, Children's Hospital, Buffalo, N. Y.Search for more papers by this author Erwin Neter, Erwin Neter Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine, and Laboratory of Bacteriology, Children's Hospital, Buffalo, N. Y.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1971 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb49822.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1 Suzuki, T., H. Y. Whang, E. A. Gorzynski & E. Neter. 1964. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117: 785. 2 Neter, E., H. Y. Whang, O. Lüderitz & O. Westphal. 1966. Nature 212: 420. 3 Suzuki, T., H. Y. Whang & E. Neter. 1966. Ann. Immunol. Hung. 9: 283. 4 Whang, H. Y. & E. Neter. 1968. J. Immunol. 100: 531. 5 Neter, E. 1969. In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. W. Arber et al., Eds.: 82–124, Springer-Verlag. New York . 6 Whang, H. Y. & E. Neter. 1970. Infect. Immun. 2: 60. 7 Whang, H. Y. & E. Neter. 1969. Science 163: 293. 8 Whang, H. Y., D. Chun, Y., Yagi & E. Neter. 1970. Int. Arch. Allergy App. Immunol. 38: 57. 9 Parish, C. R. 1971. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. This monograph. Citing Literature Volume181, Issue1Immunological Tolerance to Microbial AntigensMay 1971Pages 151-152 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Committee on Evaluation and Standards REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN, 1968 James H. Steele, Chairman, Berwyn F. Mattison, SecretaryM.D., Arthur G. BakerM.D., Pearl BiermanM.A., Dohrman H. ByersM.S., Ruth L. HuenemannD.Sc., Sol LevinePh.D., Felix E. Moore, Erwin NeterM.D., Theodore A. OlsonPh.D., Edward PressM.D., Reimert T. RavenholtM.D., Eva M. ReeseR.N., Kent T. Roark, Irwin M. RosenstockPh.D., and Henry C. Steed, Jr.M.S. CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.59.2.347 Published Online: August 29, 2011

CHRONICLE OF THE DIVISION OF LABORATORIES AND RESEARCH. NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS: 1914-1964 Affiliation Erwin Neter CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.58.12.2337-a Published Online: August 29, 2011

Committee Reports: Committee on Evaluation and Standards REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN, 1966 Affiliation Marion I. MurphyPh.D., Erwin NeterM.D., Theodore A. OlsonPh.D., Edward PressM.D., James H. SteeleD.V.M., Alonzo S. YerbyM.D., Franklin D. YoderM.D., Berwyn F. Mattison, SecretaryM.D., Dohrman H. ByersM.S., Ruth L. HuenemannD.Sc., Edward J. KilcawleyM.C.E., Andie L. KnutsonPh.D, Alexander D. LangmuirM.D., George E. MitchellD.M.D., Felix E. Morre, and Morton S. Hilbert, ChairmanP.E. CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.57.2.319 Published Online: August 29, 2011

MANUAL FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICAL BACTERIA Erwin Neter CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.55.12.2047-a Published Online: August 29, 2011