Gamification, or the way of designing gameful experience in non-game context, has been studied for over a decade. Still, the idea of gamification personalized to the user is emerging and has been the subject of various reviews. This emergence underscores the importance of a synthesis of this research. The study focuses on four key research questions: (RQ1) What are the game design elements used to propose personalized gamification? (RQ2) What are the user characteristics used to perform user-centered personalized gamification? (RQ3) What are the outcomes of user-centered personalized gamification? (RQ4) What are the methods employed to evaluate game elements to personalize gamification? Following the PRISMA statement, three databases were searched (Scopus, IEEEXplore and ACM Digital Library) from which thirteen reviews were considered following our selection criteria. The analysis lists the game design elements found in the reviews. Most reviews focused on user modeling methods, particularly emphasizing on player typologies, personality traits, and learning styles. Concerning outcomes, more attention is given toward evaluating the impact on the user and their performance in an activity, while less attention is given to the evaluation of the system and its efficiency compared to other forms of gamification. Lastly, we investigate the evaluation methods, highlighting the need for greater detail in describing them. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of user-centered personalized gamification besides showing the future interests in the domain. Finally, a research agenda is presented based on our results on the game design elements, the user characteristics and the evaluation methods.

Gamification is an emerging concept that is often used and cited for its known motivational and engagement qualities. Although gamification is studied and applied in a variety of fields, to our knowledge no overview exists in the field of transport and mobility. There is thus a need for a comprehensive understanding of the research conducted, the empirical evidence it yields and the type of research that could still be lacking. These findings could contribute to more effective and better-accepted transport interventions, whether they aim to improve safety, mobility or eco-friendliness. Our review provides an overview of the literature on gamification in relation to mobility and transport and offers suggestions for future research and interventions. A PRISMA-compliant systematic literature review was conducted on SCOPUS, Web of Science and Pubmed, resulting in 49 eligible papers. The results of the analysis of these papers indicated heterogeneity in multiple areas: objectives of the intervention (e.g., safe or eco-friendly driving), methodologies (i.e., different sample sizes, different experimental designs), types of experiments (e.g., questionnaires, simulation or fleet studies) and gamification processes (e.g., with leaderboards, rewards, narratives), but also and more importantly, in the observed empirical evidence. No consensus seems to have been reached on the effects of gamification nor on the underlying mechanisms in the field of transport. There is a lack of knowledge on the most effective ways to propose a gamified intervention in the field of mobility and transport, whether it aims to change behaviours or attitudes. Further research should rely more on specific theoretical frameworks to justify their approach and assess the effect of gamification more methodologically and empirically in order to build applicable and reliable knowledge. The acquired knowledge could increase road safety or help nudge people towards more eco-friendly modes of transport.

Background: Lower limb osteoarthritis (OA) often generates musculoskeletal pain causing functional impairment and decreasing mobility, autonomy, and quality of life. Patients with OA are commonly prescribed specific care for total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty (THA or TKA), when patients present symptoms that are refractory to nondrug treatments. Currently, when patients are discharged from orthopedic surgery, they are either referred to a rehabilitation department, or sent directly home with assistance such as remote monitoring by teleconsultation or a mobile application. In recent years, there has been an evolution in digital health and in particular telerehabilitation. To determine utility and effectiveness, the aim of this systematic review was to highlight and evaluate different telerehabilitation programs using new information and communication technologies.Methods: Five databases, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Google scholar, were searched until 30 June 30, 2023. All studies written in English and meeting our inclusion criteria were included. Databases were screened for "Total Hip Arthroplasty," "Total Knee Arthroplasty," "Total Hip Replacement," "Total Knee Replacement," "Rehabilitation," "Physical Activity," "Physiotherapy," "Telerehabilitation," "Telecommunication*," "Senior*," and "Elderly" in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guideline.Results: Fourteen articles were selected according to inclusion criteria. Telerehabilitation was offered in seven different ways (video call, applications smartphones, website, etc.). Assessments included were mainly quality of life questionnaires, perceived effort after exercises, field surveys on the tool experience, and physical tests to assess motor functions.Conclusion: This review highlights the importance and relevance of evaluating the contributions and limits of new health technologies to improve patient monitoring and thus enable better remote clinical care.

Previous research has suggested that supervising automation can lead to a decrease in human performance, especially when automation is not totally reliable. Providing context-related information about reliability can help operators to better adjust their behaviour in a human-automation interaction context. However, previous studies have not specified the level of accuracy that this information should provide to the human operator. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of information accuracy about an automation's reliability on human performance. Results showed that accuracy of information about reliability improves performance when specific percentages of reliability were given to the participants. Participants had a better performance in the condition of high accuracy of information. A link between perceived reliability and trust was found: the more the trust in automation increased, the more the perceived reliability increased.Practitioner summary: The experiment dealt with how accurate information about automation's reliability influences people's performance when supervising an automated task. Overall, this research suggests that designing systems that provide accurate, useful information can reduce the frequency of automation bias. Trust and perceived reliability of automation are related.Abbreviations: MATB: multi attribute task battery.

In this paper, we propose a methodology for the integrated design of modular technological breakthroughs allowing to improve the autonomy of persons with reduced mobility. Starting from the user-centered design of modules responding to a functional need of a person with reduced mobility, advanced interaction applications are proposed depending on the acceptability by the person of the developed modules. The integral solution is conceptualized by a system of systems approach. An example of application is proposed to illustrate the relevance of the proposed design approach.

Face à la présence de plus en plus prépondérante des systèmes automatisés dans notre vie quotidienne, étudier les conséquences de problèmes de fiabilité de ces derniers sur le comportement humain est devenu une nécessité pour le domaine des facteurs humains. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les effets de systèmes automatisés imparfaits, dont la fiabilité n’est pas irréprochable, sur le comportement humain. Elle se focalise plus précisément sur les systèmes automatisés prenant en charge la fonction information comme présentée dans le modèle de Parasuraman, Sheridan et Wickens (2000). Ces effets sont étudiés à travers deux secteurs : le secteur aéronautique et le secteur du transport routier de marchandises. Croiser ces deux secteurs permet de mettre en place des méthodes complémentaires. Plus précisément, à travers une tâche de simulation de pilotage d’avion et une tâche d’évaluation de scénarios de planification, deux types de prise en charge de la fonction information présentant des problèmes de fiabilité ont été investigués. Ces études ont permis d’une part (1) d’approfondir les connaissances sur la fiabilité des systèmes automatisés selon les fonctions prises en charge et (2) d’apporter de nouvelles connaissances sur l’implémentation de nouveaux systèmes automatisés soutenant l’activité de planification où les études sur la fiabilité d’un système prenant en charge l’information sont inexistantes.

We compared automation monitoring evolution of static or adaptive automation for four different reliability levels over 90 minutes. Previous studies have demonstrated degraded human performance when monitoring automation and that it is possible to mitigate this monitoring performance drop by using adaptive automation. We used the Open Multi-Attribute Task Battery to manipulate two type of automation (static automation without manual take-over sessions and adaptive automation with planned take-over sessions) and four levels of reliability. Participants performed three simultaneous tasks, one of which was automated. Our results suggest that a perfectly reliable or a totally unreliable automation led to different strategies by the participants in terms of visual allocation policy. Under static automation, the time spent looking at the automated task in the 0% reliability level increased over the duration of the experiment; however, the opposite was observed for the 100% reliability level. Although similar, the magnitude of this pattern of results was largely diminished under adaptive automation. For static automation, the reported data also showed a direct link between trust in automation and visual scanning strategies. The more the trust increased, the less the automated task was looked at.

Previous research has suggested that information and action automation stages do not imply the same consequences for human performance in the supervision of automated systems. Still, only a few studies have simultaneously investigated these stages. When information and action automation are reliable, both can support performance. However, with unreliable aids, the literature has suggested that action automation tends to be more detrimental than information automation. This study aimed to assess the contributions of imperfect information and action automation on attentional allocation and to investigate a potential monitoring inefficiency in a multitasking environment. Participants (n = 96) completed three Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB) tasks. A monitoring task was automated with two types of automation (action or information) of four reliabilities each (0%; 56.25%; 87.5%; 100%). Ocular behaviors and performance were assessed. Results show that reliability of information automation influenced visual resource allocation. When information automation was the most reliable, participants spent the least amount of time sampling the monitoring task. Finally, the reliability of action automation triggered no effect on performance or cumulative dwell times. Our results suggest that in complex multitasking situations where information and action automation occurred simultaneously, participants allocated fewer visual resources to automated task with increased information automation reliability. Similarly, their performance was better only with increased information automation.

The Road Freight Transport (RFT) sector is continuously evolving, being confronted with intense competition and growing pressure from customers and suppliers, tight delivery times, and many regulations. All these factors lead the RFT sector to face multiple economic, environmental, and safety challenges. In these companies, the planner has a central position. The tasks of planner include supervising the transport round, keeping contact with the drivers during delivery, providing new instructions when needed, ensuring order follow-up with customers, etc. Such tasks require a high cognitive load which implies difficulties for planners in assessing the consequences of their decisions in terms of economic, environmental, and safety dimensions. In this study, principles of prospective ergonomics have been tested to support the transition from a human-based decision making to a computer-supported decision-making to anticipate the future computer-supported decision-making. We focused on the effect of system transparency and reliability. We confronted six planners with planning problems. We modified information available on planning to provide high and low levels of transparency. Starting from real issues, we also generated reliable and unreliable solutions (for these latter by adding invalid data). For each problem, planners were asked to assess the quality of the proposed solutions and indicators. The results showed than planners give a higher score to reliable scenarios displaying reliable information than to a less reliable scenario in which information is modified. This assessment of scenario is more adequate and easier with high transparency than with low transparency of information.

Automated systems changed the role of the human operator from active controller to supervisor of automated system. This new role comes with several human factors issues, as monitoring inefficiency. Some authors showed that it is possible to mitigate this monitoring performance drop using adaptive automation. Here, we assessed the consequences of a return to manual control with four different levels of automation reliability on eighty students. We compared the effect of the introduction of two manual sessions to exclusively automated sessions (total duration 90 min) using the MATB-II (i.e., intermittent vs permanent automation). Results showed that participants spend more time looking at the automated task in the 0% level reliability compared to 100% level of reliability over the time whatever the automation type. Manuals sessions in intermittent automation group had an impact on the time spend looking at the automated monitoring task.

OpenMATB is an open-source variant of the Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB) and is available under a free software license. MATB consists of a set of tasks representative of those performed in aircraft piloting. It is used, in particular, to study the effect of automation on decision-making, mental workload, and vigilance. Since the publication of MATB 20 years ago, the subject of automation has grown considerably in importance. After introducing the task battery, this article highlights three main requirements for an up-to-date implementation of MATB. First, there is a need fortask customization,to make it possible to change the values, appearance or integrated components (such as rating scales) of the tasks. Second, researchers needsoftware extensibilityto enable them to integrate specific features, such as synchronization with psychophysiological devices. Third, to achieveexperiment replicability,it is necessary that the source code and the scenario files are easily available and auditable. In the present paper, we explain how these aspects are implemented in OpenMATB by presenting the software architecture and features, while placing special emphasis on the crucial role of the plugin system and the simplicity of the format used in the script files. Finally, we present a number of general trends for the future study of automation in human factors research and ergonomics.

Introduction Suivre les propositions de son GPS, se fier aux indicateurs du systeme de sortie de voie de sa voiture, regarder ce qu’indique la temperature de son application Smartphone pour choisir de quelle facon s’habiller… Toutes ces propositions ont en commun l’utilisation d’un systeme automatise : une interface qui affiche des informations. De nos jours, nous utilisons de plus en plus ces supports pour nous soutenir dans notre prise de decision et pour nous aider dans notre quotidien. Ce...

Automated systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in our societies. Several authors have identified the existence of the complacency phenomenon in supervision tasks, which imply automation execution or industrial computer support. The purpose of this study was to investigate failures of cooperation between human operator and automation. In this paper, we focused on the complacency as a low degree of suspicion towards the proposals of automation, leading to a monitoring deterioration. The main objective was to compare two types of automation, action automation vs information automation, in complacency. We recruited 96 participants to complete three tasks from the Multi-Attribute Task Battery. We found an effect of two types of automation on performance. Detection rate and reaction time were better when failures were reported by information automation than when it was not reported. Eye movements data showed that the automated task was less monitored when the reliability of information was high. We did not find an effect of reliability on NASA TLX score. Finally, we found that information automation can lead to complacency phenomenon.

Le phenomene de contentement est une consequence negative pouvant apparaitre lorsque nous utilisons un systeme automatise. Afin de verifier si ce phenomene peut egalement intervenir avec des automates de l'information (i.e interfaces) qui sont de plus en plus presents dans notre quotidien (Smartphone, logiciels d'aide a la decision, etc.), nous avons confronte 96 participants a trois tâches du Multi Attribute Task Battery (MATB). Une tâche de detection de pannes etait automatisee selon 2 types d'automate : action (repare automatiquement les pannes) vs. Information (signale les pannes) et selon 4 niveaux de fiabilite (0 ; 56,25; 87,5; 100%). Un effet de la fiabilite de l'automate sur la performance quel que soit le type d'automate a ete trouve. Le taux de detection et le temps de reaction etaient meilleurs lorsque les pannes etaient signalees par l'automate de l'information que lorsqu'elles ne l'etaient pas. Les donnees eye-tracker ont montre que la tâche automatisee etait surveillee moins longtemps lorsque la fiabilite de l'automate de l'information etait elevee. Cependant, aucun effet n'a ete trouve pour le score NASA TLX. Ainsi, un automate de l'information peut egalement engendrer un phenomene de contentement.

Automated systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in our environment. This leads to a new tasks repartition between the human operator and automation. Understanding human-machine cooperation including potential failures has become a hot topic. In this study we focus on a possible negative consequence of automation: the complacency phenomenon. This phenomenon has been repeatedly observed in dynamic situations in which automation execute an action in order to relieve the human operator from his/her activity. In static task, automation often serves to simplify/pre-process the data and not to directly make a decision. The goal of automation in a static task (like planning) is to optimize an external representation and allow the human operator to make his choices more easily. The Eye Tracker is used to understand human behaviors and their strategies in these static situations. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare complacency to “action execution” from complacency to “data simplification”. We confronted 96 participants to these two automation types on the Multi Attribute Task Battery. We also manipulated four levels of automation reliability (0%; 56.25%; 87.5%, 100%). In all these conditions we assessed complacency through the detection rate of automation failure. In addition, we used an eye tracker to assess a potential low level of suspicion regarding automation failure.

A seminal work by Sheridan and Verplank depicted 10 levels of automation, ranging from no automation to an automation that acts completely autonomously without human support. These levels of automation were later complemented with a four-stage model of human information processing. Next, human-machine cooperation centred models and associated cooperation modes were introduced. The objective of the experiment was to test which human-machine theorie describe automation use better. The participants were asked to choose repeatedly between four automation types (i.e. no automation, warning, co-action, function delegation) to complete three multi-attribute task battery tasks. The results showed that the participants favour the selection of automation types offering the best human-machine interactions quality rather that the most effective automation type. Contrary to human-machine cooperation models, technology centred models could not predict accurately automation selection. The most advanced automation was not the most selected. Practitioner Summary: The experiment dealt with how people select different automation types to complete the multi-attribute task battery that emulates recreational aircraft pilot tasks. Automation performance was not the main criteria that explain automation use, as people tend to select an automation type based on the quality of the human-machine cooperation.