This study deals with the assessment of the progress of the electromobility programme with regard to the technical availability of public transport buses. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative assessment of the availability of electric buses in relation to diesel buses (of analogous capacity). The study was carried out in real operating conditions using the example of Lublin city. Over a period of 33 months, the availability of electric buses and diesel buses was tested in a sample of 18 vehicles for each type of bus. Availability indices were compared using the method of variance analysis. It was found that electric buses had a higher level of availability and no trend during the study period. The applied research method can be used in operational practice to monitor the risks associated with vehicle failure rates and the continuity of fleet operations.

The paper presents a proposed methodology for designing and planning research on driver behavior at pedestrian crossings using whole-vehicle simulators. It was assumed that dedicated research should be conducted in specific problem contexts. The problems identified were the identification of hazards and the risk of accidents involving vulnerable road users. The purpose of this identification is to determine the determinants of safety at pedestrian crossings, which should constitute guidance when designing new solutions for safety support systems at pedestrian crossings. A number of hazard factors were identified; divided into categories, including types of crossings, location, and surroundings; behavior of vulnerable road users; and attention (focus) distractors, both inside and outside the vehicle. A method for defining and selecting research scenarios and selecting a group of research participants was proposed. Additionally, it was proposed to conduct repeatable test scenarios for different driving speeds and different weather conditions. With respect to the publications on this topic, this work focuses on the process of designing and planning dedicated simulation studies, which may provide a source of guidance and good practices for other researchers. This is an example of how interdisciplinary research involving human factors, traffic organization, and ITS systems can be planned and implemented.

This study concerns the management of operational risk in truck transport using the reliability theory of risks. In this regard, the risk analysis of changes in the vehicle unavailability represents an important topic. In this study, the authors present their own method for analysing the phase changes in risk corresponding to successive sections (phases) of vehicle mileage. The presented risk analysis method is based on an integrated assessment of losses associated with the costs of incidental repairs and losses caused by lost income during vehicle downtime. This includes the following: assessment of differences in average risk and differences in the coefficient of variation in the time series of vehicle mileage phases, indicating the outliers and extremes of phase risk, identifying their physical causes and testing the statistical significance of phase risk differences. The proposed method is described mathematically and verified experimentally based on the operational data concerning trucks from two selected brands (20 trucks from each brand). We show that the method can be used to predict the continuity of transport services in the short term (one-year horizon). The method could also be useful to compare vehicles of different brands in the context of their sensitivity to operational risks.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, public transport played a crucial role in maintaining essential services while ensuring the safety of both passengers and staff. As the world gradually resumes operations, the impact of the pandemic is expected to persist for some time. Existing studies focus on virus transmission in vehicles, with limited knowledge about post-pandemic passenger flow, safety, and satisfaction. This paper presents a model of passenger movement in public transport, considering factors like boarding times, movement within stops, and the impact of crowding and delays. To reduce transmission at bus stops, we developed a simulation-based passenger flow model using PTV Vissim. The program was used to simulate passenger exchange scenarios, using data collected from real data. The goal was to create a model that minimizes the risk of infection. By understanding passenger flow and interactions with the public transport system, effective measures can be implemented to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.

The development of public transport systems presently focuses on sustainability. In this situation, the issue of user (passenger) migration has become important to the transport company as a service provider. This paper presents an integrated model of the operational risk of vehicle incapacity, including the following: costs of incidental repairs, costs of unplanned downtime and costs resulting from potential user migration. The paper presents the results of operational research on buses of two makes over a period of 6 years, in the mileage range of 0–420 000 km. The authors have determined the risk as a regression function of operational mileage to estimate the optimum life cycle. The quality of the vehicle was assessed using the criterion of the maximum cost of the operational incapacity risk being equal to the current residual value of the vehicle. The research results confirmed the suitability of the integrated risk model for a comparison of vehicle makes and assessment of their reasonably foreseeable life cycle in a balanced carrier-vehicleuser system.

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the categories of bus downtime caused by the necessity of their repair on the availability indicator. A retrospective study covering 12 years of bus operation was carried using the selected municipal transport company as an example. The share of the selected categories of downtime in the total time of vehicle downtime was analyzed. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used for the analysis. The research covered seven makes and types of buses and six categories of downtime. A ranking of the downtime categories was developed according to the criterion of the statistical dispersion of stoppage time as a measure of their unpredictability. It was shown that categorized unavailability was strongly dependent on the rank of downtime and loosely dependent on the age of buses. In practical applications, the test results may be useful in improving the fleet maintenance processes, selecting the make of new buses or development of models for safety margin availability.

When a trolleybus travels through insulated sections of the overhead contact line, it experiences momentary power interruptions, which adversely affect the vehicle’s on-board auxiliary subassemblies. To reduce these negative effects, one can harness energy recovered via regenerative braking. A model power supply circuit diagram for structural systems of the trolleybus is proposed. Simulation tests were carried out to develop a method for analyzing power supply to trolleybus auxiliary devices and verify it in a real-life example. The results allow determination of the limit power that can be generated by the trolleybus drive system to feed auxiliary devices during interruptions in power supply from the overhead contact line. The possibility of powering the on-board auxiliary equipment of a trolleybus using energy from recuperation with a traction motor is presented.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine how the development of business continuity plans will affect organizations' security in difficult to foresee crises. The study will be prepared on the example of the on-going pandemic caused by COVID-19. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the research process, theoretical research methods were widely used, i.e., bibliographic query, critical analysis of the subject literature and statistical data, selection, and evaluation of source and empirical materials. Analysis and synthesis, gradual abstraction, comparison, and generalization made it possible to begin the phase of inference in the context of global changes in the economy's functioning and, in particular, organizations comprising that economy. Findings: The research conducted made it possible to identify and describe the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken by organizations in the context of implementing and maintaining business continuity plans. Practical Implications: The research's contribution is to show the general interrelationships between business continuity about the security of organizations against threats arising from the declaration of a state of epidemiological emergency. Originality/Value: The uniqueness of the current situation is so important, interesting, and dynamic that it is worthwhile to pay attention to it and study it thoroughly. The paper constitutes a new contribution to research on crisis prevention, preparedness for action, response to a crisis, recovery of unavoidable consequences, and, most of all, ensuring the continued operation of organizations and improving their security.

The article presents the results of expert assessment of the quality of three different branch of trucks in terms of their suitability for long-term rental. The expert assessment is faster and cheaper compared to the analogous evaluation obtained on the basis of operational tests, hence the purpose of this article is to assess the accuracy of the results obtained in expert studies. The reliability characteristics of vehicles, such as: readiness, probability of first failure and distribution of mileage between successive repairs, were used as parameters for empirical quality assessment. Operational tests covered three groups of 30 vehicles. As part of the research, changes in vehicle technical readiness occurring during operation were also assessed. The failures of individual functional systems of the vehicle were also analyzed, which were compared with the results of expert studies. The expert assessment was based on a questionnaire regarding the overall assessment of the reliability and performance of cars. 32 experts - appraisers, with good knowledge of the construction of cars of the tested brands participated in these studies. On the basis of comparisons of the results of the expert assessment with the results of empirical studies, conclusions were drawn regarding the correctness of the assessment made by experts.

Abstract The paper describes operational efficiency research of city buses from two manufacturers during the 6 years of operation under real conditions. The presented operational efficiency assessment model includes unplanned incidental repairs costs, downtime costs, as well as the likelihood of losing customer-passenger’s trust. The results of the efficiency calculations were used to estimate the expected costs of buses’ incapacity risk. It has been demonstrated that the operational efficiency and incapacity risk costs can be a criterion for the optimal period of operation, as well as the criterion of comparison of bus makes in a transport company.

Abstract A proposal was presented to assess the incapacity risk of commercial vehicles performing transport tasks under market conditions. The risk assessment model in the form of cost was used, which is based on the determination of operational efficiency, referring the probable costs of ensuring the reliability of the transport system to the estimated threshold income. It includes costs: incidental repairs, unplanned downtime and resulting from the presumed loss of client’s trust. Operational research were carried out on a group of several dozen vehicles, registering their operational states during several years of use. The results of the research confirmed the suitability of the incapacity risk model for predicting potential expenses for guarantee the vehicle’s continuity of running in the company and to verify the selection of the vehicle brand and the period of use.

The aim of the article is to compare the operational availability of the city buses. Two popular makes of buses were analysed in the function of time of use, during the six years of operation, in the Municipal Transport Company (MPK) in Lublin. A new division of operating time for the period of full operational usefulness and period of limited operational usefulness of vehicles was presented. It was shown that the average operational availability of the analysed buses differed significantly due to the vehicle's make and also due to the service life. The ANOVA analysis method was used to assess the significance of differences.

The article presents the problem of the use of mathematical modeling based on artificial neural networks for risk assessment in the processes of transport means operation. The issues of vehicle operation, risk theory and its evaluation as well as neural modeling have been described. The results of own research, supported by an IT tool, are presented. The research was conducted using real expert risk assessment carried out in the last 10 years at the transport and production-service enterprises as part of the certification processes carried out at the Military University of Technology and the Motor Transport Institute.

The fulfillment of operational capabilities and requirements is possible in many cases by acquiring defence technologies and creating conditions for support them. One part of this process is prioritizing of operational capabilities. It gives the opportunity to focus only on those capabilities that are most important to the national security system. Prioritization is the main process for defining the operational requirements that are necessary to achieve and maintain This involves the assessment of defence technology. This article shows the selected element of analysis of the operational capabilities and requirements and assessment and choice of defence technology in the national security system.

The aim of the article is to compare the operational efficiency of the city buses in various stages of their operational life. Technical readiness tests, repair costs and revenues during the six years of operation were conducted using two popular bus makes as an example (domestic and imported). Based on these tests, the characteristics of the operational efficiency of buses was determined. It has been shown that the service life has a significant effect on the operational efficiency. The division of the total operational period of the vehicle into the warranty and post-warranty period was considered and a new division was introduced, of the „period of full operational usefulness” and “period of limited operational usefulness”. This new division of service life into stages makes it possible to determine the most reasonable limit of the vehicle usage until it is taken out of service. It can also be used when choosing a vehicle make as part of a fleet renewal or extension program.

The customers’ expectations towards companies providing transport services continue to grow. Today, besides common tendency to minimize the costs of operation conducted while maintaining the required quality standards, a key role is played by the issue of ensuring the conditions for continuing the implementation of transport processes. The article characterizes the key threats to the orderly functioning of the transport system and an attempt has been made to indicate the possibility of using the assumptions of the business continuity management concept of in modern transport systems

The customers’ expectations towards companies providing transport services continue to grow. Today, besides common tendency to minimize the costs of operation conducted while maintaining the required quality standards, a key role is played by the issue of ensuring the conditions for continuing the implementation of transport processes. The article characterizes the key threats to the orderly functioning of the transport system and an attempt has been made to indicate the possibility of using the assumptions of the business continuity management concept of in modern transport systems