Together with the modern urbanization development, the number of underground cars parkings has grown significantly. They are provided with ventilation systems to evacuate the cars emissions and with smoke exhaust systems which intervene in case of fire. Generally, the same exhaust system is used to evacuate the emissions and the smoke from a potential fire even if the working parameters are not the same for both scenarios. The paper deals with a case study regarding an underground parking designed for 15 cars. Numerical simulations using CFD tools have been performed to establish the CO concentrations. The results prove that the CO concentration limits are exceeded due to the positioning of the exhaust grills. In case of a fire, the temperatures are still high. The conclusion is that CFD simulations are needed for this type of ventilating systems design and that only following the regulation prescriptions is not enough in case of fires.

This paper proposes an experimental and numerical study (based on CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics technique) dealing with a glazed transpired solar collector (GTC), having the distance between the glass and absorber plate of 50 mm. The behaviour of the GTC has been studied for different air flow rates. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that this GTC configuration behaves best for air flow rates of about 300 m 3 /h. On the other hand, further studies are needed to improve the numerical model (especially regarding the introduction of boundary conditions based on measured data).

Thermal comfort of occupants from the vehicle environment has gained more importance in the last decades because time spent by people in the vehicles is increasing. During each trip, driver’s thermal comfort must to be ensured to reduce both thermal stress (thus reduces the risk of accidents) and for a healthy state of the occupants. Given the fact that the vehicle environment is non-uniform and fast transient, and because the actual standard (ISO 14505) proposes comfort evaluation methods developed for the steady state conditions in buildings, the purpose of the study is to evaluate a vehicle environment using the three standardised method presented in the above standard. All the three standardized evaluation indices were achieved through standardised methods. The equivalent temperature (teq) index was assessed with an advanced thermal manikin and its values were compared with the survey answers given by people in questionnaires (TSV Thermal Sensation Vote index) and with Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index values calculated with Comfort Sense standardized evaluation equipment. A first conclusion is that the results of the three evaluation indices are different. Air temperature is different from a zone of the car to another and the thermal evaluation must be done in the place of each passenger.

The paper focus on the air quality inside the final sludge dewatering area where the working environment is very unsuitable for human exploitation mainly due to ammonia. The existing ventilation system is not facing this situation and a new ventilation system is required. The solution obtained by means of numerical simulation need to be validated by experimental approach. We have built a reduced scaled physical model in order to simulate the flow pattern inside the sludge dewatering area and the main equipment inside the building has been reproduced using a geometrical scale ratio. The flow pattern was considered isothermal and incompressible. The similarity criteria used was the Reynolds number to characterize the flow pattern inside the enclosure. From here there were many imposed constraints related to the velocity scale in order to avoid high velocities which could lead to a compressible flow pattern which is no more characterized by Re. The opportunity to use a different fluid for the reduced scaled model because of the different viscosities values which could help to obtain more convenient values for the geometrical and velocity scales from the Re similarity criteria but finally the same fluid – air on the model and nature was used.

The present paper provides a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) type analysis on a fluid flow through an hydraulic resistance with cylindrical slide and 4 orifices sleeve. Its purpose is to determine the optimal geometric configuration for this type of hydraulic resistances, in order to enhance the dynamic characteristics of control devices. The issues under study were velocity fiel’s distribution, aiming the velocity vectors orientation angle in the narrowest area, the flow regime, by determining the Reynolds number’s numerical value and the pressure field’s distribution, the analysis showing a sharp pressure drop due to the flow sections’s variation. Also, given the sudden pressure drop, it was necessary to highlight the areas where cavitation may occur.

The aim of this study is to determine the geometry of a plate for heat exchanger with high heat flow and low values for pressure losses. For this, in Solid Work software, were designed three plate geometries with different crimping angles for the flow channels. Was analyzed the influence of the crimping angle β on the fluid distribution and heat transfer. Also, were compared the data resulted from Computational Fluid Dynamics numeric simulation with the experimental ones for the plate heat exchangers with gaskets. The analysis of the vortices and temperature field distribution was achieved with the aid of simulation software Fluent. In order to validate the numerical simulation's results experimental research were carried out on a heat exchangers stand

The paper presents the authors first experience in the complementary use of the CFD and PIV methods for the investigation of a steady flow of an incompressible fluid through a successive sudden contraction (diameters ratio 4:1) and expansion (diameters ratio 1:2). The investigation of this flow was chosen by the authors as a test case for an assessment of the capability of a standard PIV system to make accurate measurements of the 2D velocity field. With this aim in view, in a first step of the study the flow was investigated by numerical simulations using the CFD code FLUENT, in order to map the velocity field and to identify the zones covered by recirculation flow. An experimental set-up was built and PIV investigations were conducted for validating the numerical simulation results. It was observed that there currently exist important technical limitations of the experimental setup in assessing the velocities close to the walls, and implicitly affecting the possibility of validating the results of the numerical simulation. That is why, based on the PIV investigation, at the current stage of the study the authors can only advance qualitative observations and identify possible solutions to upgrade the PIV setup.

RATIONALE: Ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol (CIC-HFA) is currently in development for the treatment for allergic rhinitis. The ability of CIC-HFA to relieve the ocular symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) was evaluated in subjects ≥12 years of age. METHODS: Data for this analysis was collected as part of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, multicenter study in subjects with a ≥2 year history of SAR randomized to CIC-HFA 80μg (N=226), CIC-HFA 160μg (N=225), or placebo (N=220) once-daily in the morning for 2 weeks. Change from baseline in reflective total ocular symptom score (rTOSS) averaged over the 2-week treatment period was a key secondary endpoint. Instantaneous total ocular symptom score (iTOSS) and individual reflective and instantaneous ocular symptom scores of tearing eyes, itchy eyes, and redness of eyes averaged over the 2-week treatment period were also evaluated. The rTOSS and iTOSS were recorded in the intent-to-treat subject population and were evaluated in subjects with baseline rTOSS≥5 (CIC-HFA 80μg:N=165, CIC-HFA 160μg:N=159, Placebo:N=161) and iTOSS≥5 (CIC-HFA 80μg:N=138, CIC-HFA 160μg:N=141, Placebo:N=146) respectively. RESULTS: CIC-HFA 80μg demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in rTOSS (P=0.0124). CIC-HFA 80μg and CIC-HFA 160μg demonstrated numerical improvements in iTOSS (P<0.05 for both, unadjusted for multiplicity) and individual reflective and instantaneous ocular symptom scores of tearing eyes, itchy eyes, and redness of eyes compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, once-daily treatment with CIC-HFA 80μg demonstrated statistically significant improvements in rTOSS. Numerical improvements in iTOSS and individual reflective and instantaneous ocular symptoms of SAR were observed with both CIC-HFA 80μg and CIC-HFA 160μg.

Background Ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol (CIC-HFA) is currently in development as a potential treatment for allergic rhinitis. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of CIC-HFA compared to placebo in subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR).

Background Ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol (CIC-HFA) is currently in development as a potential treatment for allergic rhinitis. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of CIC-HFA compared to placebo in subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR).

RATIONALE: Ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol (CIC-HFA) is currently in development as a treatment for allergic rhinitis. Improvement in the rhinoconjunctivitis related quality of life associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) was measured by the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire with standardized activities (RQLQ[S]) in subjects ≥12 years of age randomized to CIC-HFA or placebo. METHODS: Data was collected as part of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, multicenter study during the Texas Mountain Cedar pollen season in subjects randomized to CIC-HFA 80μg (N=226), CIC-HFA 160μg (N=225), or placebo (N=220) once-daily in the morning for 2 weeks. Change in RQLQ[S] scores was recorded for the intent-to-treat population and calculated in subjects with baseline RQLQ[S] ≥3.0 (CIC-HFA 80μg:N=187, CIC-HFA 160μg:N=183, placebo:N=183). The RQLQ[S] was self-administered by subjects prior to randomization and at the end of the double-blind study medication period. Change from baseline in overall RQLQ[S], a key secondary endpoint, and in the individual domains of activities, sleep, non-nose/eye symptoms, practical problems, nasal symptoms, emotional, and eye symptoms over the 2-week treatment period were evaluated. RESULTS: CIC-HFA 80μg (P<0.0124) demonstrated statistically significant improvements and CIC-HFA 160μg demonstrated numerical improvements in overall RQLQ[S] (P-value not determined) and CIC-HFA 80μg and CIC-HFA 160μg demonstrated numerical improvements in individual domains of RQLQ[S] (P<0.05 for all, unadjusted for multiplicity) compared to placebo over the 2-week treatment period. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, once-daily treatment with CIC-HFA 80μg or CIC-HFA 160μg demonstrated improvements in the rhinoconjunctivitis related quality of life in subjects with SAR to Mountain Cedar pollen.

Swirling lean nonpremixed flames are used in modem combustors. These flames are susceptible of thermo-acoustic combustion instabilities, caused by the coupling between heat release fluctuations and combustor acoustics. Thermo-acoustic instabilities are dynamic phenomena that represent a major threat for most modem combustion systems. It consists of the coupling and auto-sustenance of large amplitude and low frequency pressure and heat release oscillations. Analysis of thermo-acoustic combustion instabilities of a nonpremixed swirling flame is presented extensively in this paper. This study is concerned with the evaluation of the influences induced by the equivalence ratio on the thermo-acoustic combustion instabilities, as well with a numerical method for determining these instabilities. This analysis is made by acoustic correlation between numerical simulation using the 3D RNG k-epsilon model and experimental results. The dominant frequencies are located in the ranges 20-50 Hz for the non-reactive flow, and 40-300 Hz for the reactive flow. Multiple acoustic sensors are used in the experimental setup in order to account for spectral acquisition and to help eliminate the irrelevant environmental noise.

An experimental investigation method - Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and a numerical investigation method – Large Eddy Simulation (LES) - is performed on a swirl burner. Due to the strong influence of the fluid dy-namics that controls mixture formation and chemical reac-tions the present study focuses on studying nonreacting jet. Velocity magnitude, axial velocity and stream path are investigated in instantaneous and mean flow. Comparisons are made between instantaneous velocity field and time-averaged velocity field over 80 consecutive frames in PIV case and 22500 consecutive time steps in the numerical case. There are some differences due to the highly nonsta-tionary behavior of the swirling flow. The results from numerical simulation are compared to the results obtained through PIV diagnostic measurements. Both, in numerical simulation and in experimental results, a central recircula-tion zone appears. This zone is maintaining own aspect over all the measurement time. From quality point, the velocity values together with mean velocity are in agree-ment with measurement data.

We report the observation of two stellar occultations by Titan on 14 November 2003, using stations in the Indian Ocean, southern Africa, Spain, and northern and southern Americas. These occultations probed altitudes between ∼550 and 250 km (∼1 to 250 μbar) in Titan's upper stratosphere. The light curves reveal a sharp inversion layer near 515 ± 6 km altitude (1.5 μbar pressure level), where the temperature increases by 15 K in only 6 km. This layer is close to an inversion layer observed fourteen months later by the Huygens HASI instrument during the entry of the probe in Titan's atmosphere on 14 January 2005 [Fulchignoni et al., 2005]. Central flashes observed during the first occultation provide constraints on the zonal wind regime at 250 km, with a strong northern jet (∼200 m s−1) around the latitude 55°N, wind velocities of ∼150 m s−1 near the equator, and progressively weaker winds as more southern latitudes are probed. The haze distribution around Titan's limb at 250 km altitude is close to that predicted by the Global Circulation Model of Rannou et al. (2004) in the southern hemisphere, but a clearing north of 40°N is necessary to explain our data. This contrasts with Rannou et al.'s (2004) model, which predicts a very thick polar hood over Titan's northern polar regions. Simultaneous observations of the flashes at various wavelengths provide a dependence of τ ∝ λ−q, with q = 1.8 ± 0.5 between 0.51 and 2.2 μm for the tangential optical depth of the hazes at 250 km altitude.