We propose a workflow for high-resolution velocity inversion and seismic imaging that jointly utilizes OBN and DAS-VSP data. Because DAS-VSP data record axial strain rate and OBN data capture pressure, directly integrating these measurements into a Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) can be challenging. Conventional approaches convert DAS-VSP data into velocity components, relying on assumptions and approximations that may introduce errors. To address this issue, we present a novel method that directly simulates strain rate components using the acoustic wave equation with virtual dipole sources, explicitly accounting for the gauge length effect in DAS measurements. This approach precisely reconstructs the data and avoids errors associated with data conversion as well as gauge length effects. We applied the proposed method to a joint OBN and DAS-VSP survey conducted in the East China Sea. Our results demonstrate that the combined use of OBN and DAS-VSP data reduces parameter trade-offs, furth

We present a novel integrated workflow combining Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) and Full Waveform Impedance Inversion (FWII) to achieve high-fidelity seismic model building and imaging. This approach leverages both kinematic (traveltime) and dynamic (amplitude) information to overcome limitations in conventional processing and imaging, particularly in challenging acquisition scenarios. Through global and regional case studies across various geological settings, we demonstrate the efficacy of the FWI+FWII approach in improving velocity and imaging resolution, mitigating migration artifacts caused by multiples and acquisition footprints. It further eliminates free-surface ghosts and source signatures, yielding broadband, high-fidelity reflectivity models for improved geological interpretation. This work highlights the potential of JFWI to elevate seismic imaging, especially in complex geological settings.

IntroductionALOG genes encode transcription factors that control essential growth and developmental processes in various plant species. The ALOG protein domain, which is highly conserved among land plants, exhibits distinct evolutionary patterns in different plant lineages, suggesting its importance in plant adaptation and evolution. Rosa (roses), a genus of flowering plants with significant horticultural value, exhibits key traits such as floral organ differentiation and inflorescence architecture diversification. Emerging evidence suggests that ALOG genes not only modulate organogenesis but may also drive evolutionary innovations in floral organ morphology and inflorescence complexity.MethodsWe systematically identified ALOG genes in four Rosa genomes (R. chinensis, R. multiflora, R. rugosa, and R. wichurana), reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships, and cloned ALOG homologs from R. chinensis.ResultsThrough integrated bioinformatic analyses including chromosomal localization, protein motif characterization, promoter cis-acting element annotation, and spatiotemporal expression profiling, we provide a comprehensive overview of ALOG gene distribution, structure, and expression patterns in Rosa.DiscussionOur findings provide insights into the potential involvement of Rosa ALOG genes in organogenesis and inflorescence patterning, highlighting their possible roles in the evolution of floral morphology and inflorescence complexity.

Rose black spot disease caused by Marssonina rosae is among the most destructive diseases that affects the outdoor cultivation and production of roses; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defensive response of roses to M. rosae have not been clarified. To investigate the diversity of response to M. rosae in resistant and susceptible rose varieties, we performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses of resistant (KT) and susceptible (FG) rose varieties and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in response to M. rosae at different time points. In response to M. rosae, DEGs and DAMs were mainly upregulated compared to the control and transcription factors were concentrated in the WRKY and AP2/ERF families. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the DEGs of FG were mainly enriched in biological processes, such as the abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway, cell wall, and defense response, whereas the DEGs of KT were mainly enriched in Golgi-mediated vesicle transport processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the DEGs of both varieties were concentrated in plant–pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, with the greatest number of DEGs associated with brassinosteroid (BR) in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. The reliability of the transcriptome results was verified by qRT-PCR. DAMs of KT were significantly enriched in the butanoate metabolism pathway, whereas DAMs of FG were significantly enriched in BR biosynthesis, glucosinolate biosynthesis, and tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, the DAMs in these pathways were significantly positively correlated with the DEGs. Disease symptoms were aggravated when FG leaves were inoculated with M. rosae after 24-epibrassinolide treatment, indicating that the response of FG to M. rosae involves the BR signaling pathway. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying rose response to M. rosae and lay a theoretical foundation for formulating rose black spot prevention and control strategies and cultivating resistant varieties.

Lilium is a genus of important ornamental plants with many colouring pattern variations. Lilium auratum is the parent of Oriental hybrid lilies. A typical feature of L. auratum is the presence of red-orange special raised spots named papillae on the interior tepals. Unlike the usual raised spots, the papillae are slightly rounded or connected into sheets and usually have hairy tips. To elucidate the potential genes regulating papillae development in L. auratum, we performed high-throughput sequencing of its tepals at different stages. Genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched during the colouration of the papillae, and CHS, F3H, F3′H, FLS, DFR, ANS, and UFGT were significantly upregulated. To identify the key genes involved in the papillae development of L. auratum, we performed weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and further analysed four modules. In total, 51, 24, 1, and 6 hub genes were identified in four WGCNA modules, MEbrown, MEyellow, MEpurple, and MEred, respectively. Then, the coexpression networks were constructed, and important genes involved in trichome development and coexpressed with anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, such as TT8, TTG1, and GEM, were identified. These results indicated that the papillae are essentially trichomes that accumulate anthocyanins. Finally, we randomly selected 12 hub genes for qRT-PCR analysis to verify the accuracy of our RNA-Seq analysis. Our results provide new insights into the papillae development in L. auratum flowers.

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is a sophisticated method used to invert high-resolution Earth’s subsurface models from seismic data. A key challenge in FWI is to assess the accuracy of the inverted models or their specific portions. A question accompanying this problem is the uncertainty analysis of the model update or the gradient in FWI. We address this concern using delay-time common image gathers (DTCIGs). Our analysis consists of the following processes: We first compute DTCIGs using the inverted model and its predicted data. Then we pick the delay time and amplitude at each image point to create a certainty map. This map quantifies the uncertainty of velocity updates, providing a significant measure of the FWI reliability. We found that the DTCIG-based method effectively quantifies FWI outcomes. Notably, the certainty map serves as an efficient preconditioner for the gradient derived from adjoint modeling. A case study in the Caspian Sea demonstrates that using the certainty map as a preconditioner optimizes FWI results. It not only decreases the number of iterations needed to update the velocity model but also minimizes artifacts in the inverted model, significantly improving the quality of FWI applications.

Roses, which are one of the world’s most important ornamental plants, are often damaged by pathogens, resulting in serious economic losses. As a subclass of the disease resistance gene family of plant nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) genes play a vital role in identifying pathogen effectors and activating defense responses. However, a systematic analysis of the TNL gene family is rarely reported in roses. Herein, 96 intact TNL genes were identified in Rosa chinensis. Their phylogenies, physicochemical characteristics, gene structures, conserved domains and motifs, promoter cis-elements, microRNA binding sites, and intra- and interspecific collinearity relationships were analyzed. An expression analysis using transcriptome data revealed that RcTNL genes were dominantly expressed in leaves. Some RcTNL genes responded to gibberellin, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, Botrytis cinerea, Podosphaera pannosa, and Marssonina rosae (M. rosae); the RcTNL23 gene responded significantly to three hormones and three pathogens, and exhibited an upregulated expression. Furthermore, the black spot pathogen was identified as M. rosae. After inoculating rose leaves, an expression pattern analysis of the RcTNL genes suggested that they act during different periods of pathogen infection. The present study lays the foundations for an in-depth investigation of the TNL gene function and the mining of disease resistance genes in roses.

Oil field A, situated in Bohai Bay, was discovered in 1999 and has been developed as one of the most productive oil assets in China. It continues to hold significant growth potential for the future. Though the field contains a large amount of resources remaining to be developed, seismic imaging has been challenging in area 5, resulting in structural uncertainty for reservoir interpretation and well planning. In the past three decades, several 2D and 3D seismic surveys have been acquired, processed, and reprocessed in this area. However, due to the existence of complicated gas clouds, which are shallow, multilayered, and extensive, obscured sub-gas-cloud images appear in all legacy seismic results, making fault interpretation under the gas clouds almost impossible. To improve the sub-gas-cloud image and overall structural interpretability, a narrow-azimuth full-field ocean-bottom cable (OBC) acquisition was conducted in field A during 2018 and 2019, and later, a compressive seismic imaging (CSI)-based full-azimuth and large-offset OBC infill survey was acquired in area 5, covering the widest gas cloud. Through high-fidelity signal processing, full-waveform inversion (FWI)-driven velocity model building, and imaging using both Kirchhoff migration and reverse time migration (RTM), the seismic image quality beneath complicated gas clouds is improved significantly. It is the first time that sub-gas-cloud faults and the Base of Guantao event have been imaged by seismic without significant dim zones. CSI acquisition, FWI, and RTM are the key elements to resolve gas-cloud-related challenges in area 5.

Applying full waveform inversion (FWI) to land seismic data remains challenging. A key reason is that land data is normally contaminated by severe noise, which is mainly caused by the near surface complexity. Land data often presents spatially- varying source and receiver responses due to inconsistent surface coupling, therefore requiring land FWI to handle variations and uncertainties in the source wavelet. In order to tackle these problems and facilitate land FWI, we propose using Kirchhoff migration and demigration to significantly improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and to generate clean reflection signals. We then minimize traveltime differences in FWI to estimate the near-surface velocity model. We employ dynamic image warping to measure traveltime shifts so that we can overcome potential cycle skipping in conventional FWI. Presentation Date: Monday, September 16, 2019 Session Start Time: 1:50 PM Presentation Time: 2:15 PM Location: 302B Presentation Type: Oral

Future generations of ultra-scaled logic may require alternative device technologies to transcend the limitations of Si CMOS; in particular, power dissipation constraints in aggressively-scaled, highly-integrated systems make device concepts capable of achieving switching slopes (SS) steeper than 60 mV/decade especially attractive. Tunneling field effect transistors (TFETs) are one such device technology alternative. While a great deal of research into TFETs based on Si, Ge, and narrow band gap III-Vs has been reported, these approaches each face significant challenges. An alternative approach based on the use of III-N wide band gap semiconductors in conjunction with polarization engineering offers potential advantages in terms of drain current density and switching slope. In this talk, the prospects for III-N based TFETs for logic will be discussed, including both simulation projections as well as experimental progress.

The 42-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects and mechanism of waterborne Fe exposure influencing hepatic lipid deposition in Synechogobius hasta. For that purpose, S. hasta were exposed to four Fe concentrations (0 (control), 0.36, 0.72 and 1.07μM Fe) for 42days. On days 21 and 42, morphological parameters, hepatic lipid deposition and Fe contents, and activities and mRNA levels of enzymes and genes related to lipid metabolism, including lipogenic enzymes (6PGD, G6PD, ME, ICDH, FAS and ACC) and lipolytic enzymes (CPTI, HSL), were analyzed. With the increase of Fe concentration, hepatic Fe content tended to increase but HSI and lipid content tended to decrease. On day 21, Fe exposure down-regulated the lipogenic activities of 6PGD, G6PD, ICDH and FAS as well as the mRNA levels of G6PD, ACCa, FAS, SREBP-1 and PPARγ, but up-regulated CPT I, HSLa and PPARα mRNA levels. On day 42, Fe exposure down-regulated the lipogenic activities of 6PGD, G6PD, ICDH and FAS as well as the mRNA levels of 6PGD, ACCa, FAS and SREBP-1, but up-regulated CPT I, HSLa, PPARα and PPARγ mRNA levels. Using primary S. hasta hepatocytes, specific pathway inhibitors (GW6471 for PPARα and fatostatin for SREBP-1) and activator (troglitazone for PPARγ) were used to explore the signaling pathways of Fe reducing lipid deposition. The GW6471 attenuated the Fe-induced down-regulation of mRNA levels of 6PGD, G6PD, ME, FAS and ACCa, and attenuated the Fe-induced up-regulation of mRNA levels of CPT I, HSLa and PPARα. Compared with single Fe-incubated group, the mRNA levels of G6PD, ME, FAS, ACCa, ACCb and PPARγ were up-regulated while the CPT I mRNA levels were down-regulated after troglitazone pre-treatment; fatostatin pre-treatment down-regulated the mRNA levels of 6PGD, ME, FAS, ACCa, ACCb and SREBP-1, and increased the CPT I and HSLa mRNA levels. Based on these results above, our study indicated that Fe exposure reduced hepatic lipid deposition by down-regulating lipogenesis and up-regulating lipolysis, and PPARα, PPARγ and SREBP-1 pathways mediated the Fe-induced reduction of hepatic lipid deposition in S. hasta.

文章对目前镀锌板的焊接出现的问题进行了分析,指出镀锌板焊接问题产生的原因,分析了氧化铝弥散强化铜作为电极材料在焊接镀锌板过程中的优势,对今后氧化铝弥散强化铜的应用及存在的问题进行了展望和分析.

Two isoforms of Cu transporter (CTR1 and CTR2) and metallothionein (MT1 and MT2), and divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) were cloned and characterized in Synechogobius hasta, respectively. The protein sequences of S. hasta CTRs possessed two methionine-rich regions (MxM and MxxxM) and three transmembrane regions. At the C-terminus, CTR1 contained a sequence of conserved cysteine and histidine residues (HCH), while CTR2 did not contain the conserved sequence. The protein sequence of S. hasta DMT1 possessed all the characteristic features of DMT1, including twelve conserved hydrophobic cores of transmembrane domains. The protein sequences of S. hasta MTs were highly conserved in the total number of cysteine residues and their locations. mRNA of the five genes were expressed in a wide range of tissues but the levels were relatively higher in the liver. Cu exposure tended to up-regulate the mRNA expressions of CTR2, DMT1, MT1 and MT2. However, Fe down-regulated the Cu-induced increase of CTR2 and DMT1 mRNA levels. For the first time, our study cloned and characterized CTR1, CTR2, DMT1, MT1 and MT2 genes in S. hasta and determined their tissue-specific expression, and also the transcriptional change by Cu and Fe exposure, which shed new light on the CuFe relationship and help to understand the basic mechanisms of Cu and Fe homeostasis in fish.

The present study was conducted to explore the effects of waterborne Cu exposure on intestinal Cu transport and lipid metabolism of Synechogobius hasta. S. hasta were exposed to 0, 0.4721 and 0.9442μM Cu, respectively. Sampling occurred on days 0, 21 and 42, respectively. Growth performance, intestinal lipid deposition, Cu content, and activities and mRNA expression of enzymes and genes involved in Cu transport and lipid metabolism were analyzed. Cu exposure decreased WG and SGR on days 21 and 42. Cu exposure increased intestinal Cu and lipid contents. Increased Cu accumulation was attributable to increased enzymatic activities (Cu-ATPase and Cu, Zn-SOD) and genes' (CTR1, CTR2, DMT1, ATP7a, ATP7b, MT1 and MT2) expression involved in Cu transport. Waterborne Cu exposure also increased activities of lipogenic enzymes (6PGD and ICDH on both days 21 and 42, ME on day 42), up-regulated mRNA levels of lipogenic genes (G6PD, 6PGD, ME, ICDH, FAS and ACCa), lipolytic genes (ACCb, CPT I and HSLa) and genes involved in intestinal fatty acid uptake (IFABP and FATP4) on both days 21 and 42. The up-regulation of lipolysis may result from the increased metabolic expenditure for detoxification and maintenance of the normal body functions in a response to Cu exposure. Meantime, Cu exposure increased lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake, leading to net lipid accumulation in the intestine despite increased lipolysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report involved in intestinal lipid metabolism in combination with intestinal Cu absorption following waterborne Cu exposure, which provides new insights and evidence into Cu toxicity in fish.

Recent evidences suggested that Fe influenced Cu metabolism in vertebrates. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that Fe could alleviate Cu-induced change of lipid deposition in the fish species. Synechogobius hasta were exposed to 0, 0.606 and 1.212μM Cu, in combination with 0 and 1.128μM Fe, respectively. Sampling occurred on day 28 and day 56, respectively. Growth performance, hepatic lipid deposition, Fe and Cu level, and activities and mRNA expression of enzymes and genes involved in lipid metabolism were analyzed. Fe addition in water improved survival in S. hasta exposed to the highest waterborne Cu concentration on day 56. Fe addition also increased hepatic Fe content both at day 28 and day 56, and reduced hepatic Cu content. Fe exposure tended to reduce the activities and mRNA expressions of lipogenic enzymes and genes (G6PD and FAS), and up-regulated the mRNA expression of ATGL. With the same Cu concentration, Fe addition tended to down-regulate mRNA levels of SREBP-1 and PPARγ, and up-regulate PPARα mRNA level on day 28. However, on day 56, the mRNA levels of SREBP-1, PPARγ and PPARα are very variable and not related with waterborne Fe addition. Some correlative relationship was observed between the mRNA of transcriptional factors, and the activities of enzymes and the mRNA expression of genes encoding them, implying their transcription regulation of these enzymatic genes by transcriptional factors after Fe addition. Overall, Fe addition mitigated Cu-induced changes of lipid deposition in fish by down-regulation of lipogenesis and up-regulation of lipolysis. Different response patterns of these enzyme activities and gene expressions in the liver of S. hasta following waterborne Fe exposure indicated that Fe effects on Cu-induced change of lipid metabolism are time-dependent.

Extended 6 Transistors (6T) SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory) characterization is used to measure degradation while separating intrinsic from extrinsic yield and accounting for yield assessment challenges such as voltage drop and measurement variability. Separation of extrinsic yield pre- and post-stress reveals weak yield fixes and reduces HTOL (High Temperature Operating Life) failure risk.

When using seismic data to image complex structures, the reverse time migration (RTM) algorithm generally provides the best results when the velocity model is accurate. With an inexact model, moveouts appear in common image gathers (CIGs), which are either in the surface offset domain or in subsurface angle domain; thus, the stacked image is not well focused. In extended image gathers, the strongest energy of a seismic event may occur at non-zero-lag in time-shift or offset-shift gathers. Based on the operation of RTM images produced by the time-shift imaging condition, the non-zero-lag time-shift images exhibit a spatial shift; we propose an approach to correct them by a second pass of migration similar to zero-offset depth migration; the proposed approach is based on the local poststack depth migration assumption. After the proposed second-pass migration, the time-shift CIGs appear to be flat and can be stacked. The stack enhances the energy of seismic events that are defocused at zero time lag due to the inaccuracy of the model, even though the new focused events stay at the previous positions, which might deviate from the true positions of seismic reflection. With the stack, our proposed approach is also able to attenuate the long-wavelength RTM artifacts. In the case of tilted transverse isotropic migration, we propose a scheme to defocus the coherent noise, such as migration artifacts from residual multiples, by applying the original migration velocity model along the symmetry axis but with different anisotropic parameters in the second pass of migration. We demonstrate that our approach is effective to attenuate the coherent noise at subsalt area with two synthetic data sets and one real data set from the Gulf of Mexico.

The carrier contribution to the specific heat coefficient, Ce/T, of Sr1-xKxFe2As2 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 has been determined. The Ce/T at the optimal doping level appears to be T-independent above the superconducting transition temperature Tc. Systematic reductions and increases with cooling below 100 K, on the other hand, characterize the underdoped and overdoped samples, respectively. As the result, the low-T limit of the normal-state Ce/T increases almost linearly with x by a factor of three over 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. However, the Ce/T suppression across the magnetostructure transition of the underdoped samples is actually negligibly small. In particular, the extracted γH-γL at x = 0, which should include all suppression effects, is comparable to or even smaller than that of x = 0.15, where γH and γL are the highand low-T limits of the normalstate Ce/T. Therefore, it appears that, while the magnetostructure transition still plays a role, it may not be the main factor behind the Ce/T evolution. The normal-state electronic structure is one of the key issues in the investigations of the FeAsbased compounds. While various local density approximation (LDA) calculations show considerable differences in the details, they consistently suggest a quasi 2D Fermi surface made of three hole-pockets around the Γ point and two electron-cylinders around the M point. On the experimental side, the angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and quantum dHvA oscillation measurements not only confirm the suggested Fermi-surface topology, but also reveal some discrepancies on moment-dependent energy shifts, mass enhancements and band splits, indications of significant residual carrier interactions. Various magnetic excitations have also been observed. In particular, a static spin density wave (SDW) transition and a nearby structure transition on the underdoped side have been regarded as the key factors behind the metal-superconductor evolution. How such evolution is related to macroscopic observations, e.g. the carrier part of the normalstate specific heat coefficient, Ce/T, is an interesting issue. The Ce/T observed has been used to support the band-structure calculation from the very beginning. The band calculations suggest an x-insensitive Ce/T in Ba1-xKxFe2As2, but the change of its low-T limit, γL, with doping is later attributed to the suppression of DOS by the combined SDW-structure transitions around TSDW. Whether this magnetostructure transition opens a significant gap is a debatable issue. For example, the data demonstrate that the entropy suppression at TSDW is rather small for the similar SrFe2As2. While optical data suggest large gaps, i.e. at the order of 2kBTSDW, open at the Fermi surface, the ARPES data either report no noticeable gap or a much more complicated Fermi surface reconstruction. Recent investigations on the overdoped KFe2As2 further suggest that the more general interband interactions also play a significant role in its Ce/T. A 20 meV Fermi-level shift in Ba1-xKxFe2As2 from x = 0.4 to x = 1, for example, doubles the carrier mass. Calculations on a similar compound of LaFePO further reveal that the mass enhancement is mainly caused by the interband interactions between the e-pockets and the p-pockets, i.e. sensitive to the Fermi-level shifts, which shrink (expand) the e-pockets (p-pockets) with the K doping. The even larger 130-180 meV shift reported from x = 0 to 0.45, therefore, might also play a role. The roles of the magnetostructure transition and the mass enhancement will be an important issue in understanding the specific-heat data. Here we report our Ce/T measurements on Sr1-xKxFe2As2 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 up to 300 K. The extracted γL increases with x continuously and monotonically without any anomaly around the optimal doping level x ≈ 0.45. Such smooth evolution across x = 0.45 may suggest similar mechanisms over a broad doping range. The highT limit γΗ of the Ce/T, on the other hand, shows a peak at x = 0.15 and decreases with x monotonically over higher doping levels. It is especially interesting to note that the difference (γH-γL), presumably the Ce/T suppression associated with the magnetostructure transition, at x = 0 is comparable to or lower than that at x = 0.15. These are rather different from the simplified SDW suppression model. In addition, the Ce/T of all samples appear to share a common temperature dependency: being T-independent above 100 K (except the overlapped SDW peaks), but dropping (enhancing) by the amount of (γH-γL) with further cooling. Such trends suggest that the DOS suppression of the underdoped samples may not merely be the result of the magnetostructure transition. Ceramic Sr1-xKxFe2As2 samples with x = 0, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.45, 0.7, 0.8 and 1 were synthesized from high temperature reactions of stoichiometric high-purity Sr, K, Fe, and As, as previously reported. Two samples were independently synthesized and tested at each x value of 0, 0.3, 0.45 and 0.7 to verify the reproducibility. The X-ray diffraction of the polycrystalline samples indicates single phase Sr122-like structure with impurity phases of less than a few percent. The specific heat was measured using a Quantum Design Physical Properties Measurement System (PPMS) over the temperature range of 1.8 and 300 K. Ceramic samples of about 6-8 mg were placed on the platform with Apiezon N-grease. The random fluctuations were verified through repeated measurements and presented as error bars when they are larger than the symbol size in the figures. Another main uncertainty is the sample mass, which strongly affects the high-T limit, γH, of Ce/T. Care has been taken to limit this influence to below 1 mJ/mol K. While the estimation of the carrier contribution Ce(T)/T is strongly model-dependent, both its high-T limit, γH, and the low-T limit, γL, can be objectively obtained. Actually, it is observed that the γL value of low-Tc superconductors can be robustly extracted due to the simple reason that the carrier contributions to the entropy S and the specific heat C are rather different. The corresponding fractions, i.e. ≈ γL γL + βTc 2 3 ( ) and γL γL + βTc ( ) at Tc, respectively, may differ by a factor of three, where β is the expansion coefficient of the phonon part Cph/T = βT+... Deviations from the Cph/T modeling, therefore, will be significantly suppressed if the entropyconservation constraint is applied. Different models, for example, lead only to a few mJ/mol K difference in the γL of LiFeAs. On the high-T side, both the Debye (Einstein) function Cv ≈ 3NR[1(TD/T)/12+...] and the correction term γ = (Cp-Cv)/T ≈ VBβ associated with the anharmonic phonon/dilation are model insensitive, where Cv (Cp), N, TD and R are the specific heats under constant volume (pressure), the number of atoms, the Debye temperature and the gas constant, respectively. The (Cp-15R)/T observed above 100 K, therefore, are plotted against 1/T for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 (symbols in Fig. 1). For a better view, vertical shifts are used. Thin reference lines of the smoothed x=0.45 data are also added for each plot to clarify the doping dependency. Several characteristics are noticeable even at such rough scales: 1) The plots are linear above 150-200 K with the deviations less than the experimental uncertainty of a few mJ/mol K (thick line for the x = 0.45 data in Fig. 1). This is expected from the Debye (Einstein) function above θD/2 with the extracted Debye temperature θD around 300-400 K. The extraction of the intercepts, therefore, is straightforward. 2) The intercept, i.e. γH+(Cp-Cv)/T, systematically decreases with x: the symbols are above the x = 0.45 reference line for the underdoped samples but below for overdoped samples. The splits, |γH(x) γH(0.45)|, can be as large as 20 mJ/mol K and should be independent of the models used. 3) The symbols outside the SDW peaks are parallel to the reference line above 150 K for x ≤ 0.7, suggesting that the members may share not only a common phonon baseline Cph/T but also a similar T-dependence of the Ce/T there. A similar conclusion, i.e. the Ce/T is T-independent above 150 K, has also been reached in Ba1xKxFe2As2 with x ≤ 0.3. 4) Crossovers between the symbols and the reference lines occur for x ≥ 0.7, suggesting a higher γL but lower γH for the overdoped samples. Fig. 1. (Cp-15R)/T vs. T. The data (symbols) for Sr1-xKxFe2As2 at x=0, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.45, 0.7, 0.8 and 1 (from top to bottom). Vertical shifts are used for a better view. Smoothed x = 0.45 data (thin solid line) are also attached to each plot to show the x-dependence. The thick line at x = 0.45 is a linear fit. To further explore the issue, γH is deduced from the intercepts using the same 300 K γ = VBβ ≈ 12 mJ/mol K of (Ba,K)122 (Table 1; inset, Fig. 2). The difference of the molecular volumes of BaFe2As2 and SrFe2As2 is less than 10% (i.e. with a net effect less than 1 mJ/mol K), and the two series share a common member of KFe2As2. The data spread between the independently synthesized samples further demonstrates repeatability better than 5 mJ/mol K (the overlapped data at x = 0.45 and 0.7 cannot even be distinguished in the scale used). The deduced γL is also included with comparable repeatability. Both γL and γH show strong doping dependence, although the two vary with x in opposite directions (Table 1). The result is that γL >> γH in the overdoped sample but γL << γH in the underdoped samples. Strong T-dependence of the Ce/T is therefore expected except around x = 0.45. This shows that the x-independent DOS suggested by LDA calculations may be an oversimplified scenario. Table 1. The parameters extracted (the errors are the statistical fluctuations of several independently synthesized samples) x γL mJ/molK γH mJ/mol K γ0 mJ/mol K 0 12(2) 42(2) _

Full waveform inversion has been successful in building high resolution velocity models for shallow layers. To achieve this, it requires refracted waves or low frequencies in the reflection/refraction data. To relax the dependence on low frequency reflections, we revisit full waveform inversion. We propose a new approach allowing the updating of long wavelength components of the velocity model affecting the reflected arrivals. Our approach is based on a non-linear iterative relaxation approach where short and long wavelength components of the velocity model are updated alternatively. We study theoretically the associated Frchet derivatives and gradients and discussed how and why such a strategy improves the resolution that we can expect from full waveform inversion. Finally we present a first 2D application to a 2D Gulf of Mexico conventional streamer dataset.