1. The use of cyclophosphamide as an immunosuppressive drug was assessed in eight human renal transplantations. 2. The classical immunological response was suppressed but all cases that survived longer than two weeks developed vascular lesions in the transplanted kidney. 3. Although the addition of prednisone led to some regression of the vascular lesions in one case, we were unable to control the dose of cyclophosphamide safely immediately after transplantation. 4. As a result of the above experiences, the use of cyclophosphamide as an immunosuppressive agent in renal homotransplantation is not advocated.

SUMMARY The management of 292 patients with stone in the ureter treated in the Department of Urology in Leeds between 1957 and 1962 is described. Indications for conservative and operative procedures are discussed in the light of follow‐up results.

SUMMARYThe Leeds series of 40 cases of primary ureteric neoplasm (36 treated and 4 discovered at necropsy) is analysed and the relevant literature discussed.The diagnosis of a primary ureteric tumour is often straightforward but occasionally very difficult.A plea is made in all cases of hæmaturia for:‐1. Cystoscopy during hæmaturia if possible.2. The urologist not to be satisfied with the finding of a bladder tumour since there may be a ureteric tumour as well.3. The obtaining of complete pyelo‐ureterograms.Although nephro‐ureterectomy is the operative procedure most commonly employed in the treatment of primary ureteric neoplasms consideration should be given to the possibility of a renal conservation operation, particularly if the ureteric tumour is believed to be benign.We are indebted to many for their help in the production of this paper. We wish to thank in particular the Leeds pathologists Dr C. K. Anderson, Dr William Goldie, and Dr J. A. Dossett; Mr D. B. Feather, Surgeon to St James's Hospital, Leeds, who operated on Case C7; Mr Geoffrey Wilson, Surgeon to St James's Hospital, Leeds, for Case CI6; Mr D. S. Poole‐Wilson, Manchester, for Figures 17 and 18; Mr Herbert Honey, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, for Figure 15; Mr C. M. Weintraub, Urological Registrar, Salford Royal Hospital, for his most generous help with the illustrations; and the staff of the Departments of Medical Illustration in the two Leeds hospitals, Christie Hospital, Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital.

A review of the literature of torsion suggests that 90 per cent, of cases of torsion lose the testis, 80 per cent, by orchidectomy, 10 per cent, by subsequent ischemic atrophy. Thirty-eight patients with torsion of the testis treated in Leeds from 1950 to 1962 have been reviewed with the object of improving our diagnosis and assessing the treatment. The condition is not as rare as suggested, and probably three to four patients per year are treated in any busy general hospital. It is primarily a disease of adolescence and any boy below the age of 18 years with an acute painful swelling of the testis and normal urine is probably suffering from torsion and not epididymitis. The predisposing factor in torsion, that is the developmental anomaly, is bilateral. Treatment should be immediate exploration and fixation of the testis, even if the symptoms have subsided and resolution occurred. Fixation should also be carried out in recurrent torsion. The opposite testis should always be explored and fixed at the time of the original operation.

In this survey 504 cases of tumour of the urinary bladder have been classified into 365 of papilloma and 139 of early carcinoma, based in the main on the pathologists' diagnosis but also taking into account the surgeons' clinical assessment. 1 In both groups, that is papillomata and early carcinomata which are confined to the epithelium of the bladder, about 70 per cent, recur after the first treatment, the recurrences behaving often over many years as benign non-invasive tumours. 2 In 6 per cent. of cases the original diagnosis of papilloma may have been erroneous, because within two years a frank carcinoma had developed. 3 In nearly 7 per cent. of cases of papilloma an invasive cancer supervened after an interval of many years. 4 The death rate from invasive cancer of all cases originally diagnosed as papilloma is 6 per cent. Death occurred at not less than five years and up to sixteen years following the initial diagnosis of papilloma. 5 The death rate from invasive cancer of all cases originally diagnosed as early carcinoma is 7–9 per cent., death frequently occurring under three years. 6 Death from invasive cancer occurs earlier in the early carcinoma group than in the papilloma group although in other respects the two groups are similar. 7 Once a bladder has produced papillary tumours its subsequent behaviour is unpredictable, in that no further tumours may occur or tumours may arise at irregular intervals. The later tumours may be single or multiple, situated in any area and arising at any time. They may be benign or malignant. 8 Nevertheless all these bladders must be recognised as having the potentiality to produce ultimately a tumour which will become invasive. Until the factors which produce this irregular and unpredictable pattern of tumour activity are discovered, this potentiality should never be under-estimated. 9 Vigilance by regular follow-up cystoscopy and the effective treatment of recurrences undoubtedly helpS to control tumour growth, even though it cannot prevent new tumours from arising.

gastric colicky pain with loose stools for 3 to 12 months. In all cases three occult bloods were negative or there was only an occasional trace. They were relieved by a diet free of raw milk and cream. Three other patients, aged 55 to 72, had been taking up to 2 pints (1,140 ml.) of milk a day to control chronic duodenal ulcers and were referred because of suspected carcinoma of the colon. Stopping raw milk helped the colonic symptoms but aggravated the ulcer. Since undergoing 50% Polya gastrectomy with ligation of all short gastrics except the fundal branch, they have been able to take a milk-free diet and have remained symptom-free. It is probably the fat and not the protein of the milk which is at fault, as similar stools occurred in infants and children when Channel Island milk with its high fat content became readily available in Oxfordshire. It caused frequent loose stools with much mucus. When put back on to their ordinary milk the infants lost their symptoms.

British Journal of UrologyVolume 32, Issue 2 p. 160-164 A REPORT OF A CASE OF THE INJECTION OF A MASSIVE DOSE OF UROGRAFIN INTO THE RENAL ARTERY W. M. L. LAUBSCHER F.R.C.S.E., W. M. L. LAUBSCHER F.R.C.S.E. Department of Urology, United Leeds HospitalsSearch for more papers by this authorF. P. RAPER F.R.C.S., F. P. RAPER F.R.C.S. Department of Urology, United Leeds HospitalsSearch for more papers by this author W. M. L. LAUBSCHER F.R.C.S.E., W. M. L. LAUBSCHER F.R.C.S.E. Department of Urology, United Leeds HospitalsSearch for more papers by this authorF. P. RAPER F.R.C.S., F. P. RAPER F.R.C.S. Department of Urology, United Leeds HospitalsSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1960 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1960.tb03758.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume32, Issue2June 1960Pages 160-164 RelatedInformation

SUMMARY The principles underlying the aluminium hydroxide gel treatment of phosphatic calculi have been outlined. A new preparation called Hyalgel has been tried on a small series of urinary stone patients and its effect has been studied on the lowering of the urinary phosphate level, the size of renal calculi and the prevention of recurrent stones. Some difficulties in the application of this treatment have been discussed. Our preliminary results are given and compared with the more significant results of American writers.

SUMMARYIn this paper is considered the calcification which may be found in apparently normal kidneys. Some diseases in which renal calcification occurs are described. dealing first with those in which the calcification is mainly microscopic and largely of pathological interest. arid secondly with those in which the calcification may be associated with stone formation arid therefore of interest to the urologist. Calcification seen on radiographs of the kidney when exposed at operations for stone is described. and finally the urinary calcium excretion in a group of patients with stone is considered.

Journal Article Some uses of an isolated loop of ileum in genito-urinary surgery Get access L N Pyrah, L N Pyrah The Department of Urology, University of LeedsLeeds General InfirmarySt. James's Hospital, Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F P Raper F P Raper The Department of Urology, University of LeedsLeeds General InfirmarySt. James's Hospital, Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Surgery, Volume 42, Issue 174, January 1955, Pages 337–357, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.18004217402 Published: 06 December 2005

British Journal of UrologyVolume 25, Issue 2 p. 136-141 THE RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL URETHRAL VALVES F. P. Raper F.R.C.S., F. P. Raper F.R.C.S. Consultant Surgeon, Department of Genito-Urinary Surgery, LeedsSearch for more papers by this author F. P. Raper F.R.C.S., F. P. Raper F.R.C.S. Consultant Surgeon, Department of Genito-Urinary Surgery, LeedsSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1953 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1953.tb09256.xCitations: 23AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume25, Issue2June 1953Pages 136-141 RelatedInformation