Book Reviewed in this article:Landsberg, J.‐W., und J. Weiss (1976): Stress and increase of the corticosterone level prevent imprinting in ducklings (Stress und Anstieg des Corticosteronspiegels verhindern bei Entenküken die Prägung).Leresche, L. A. (1976): Dyadic play in Hamadryas Baboons (Spiele zu zweit bei Mantelpavianen).Vencl, F., und B. Soucek (1976): Structure and control of duet singing in the White‐crested Laughing Thrush (Garrulax leucolophus) Struktur und Steuerung des Duett‐Gesanges beim Weißhaubenhäherling).Jenssen, Th. A., und E. L. Hover (1976): Display analysis of the signature display of Anolis limifrons (Sauria: Iguanidae) (Eine Analyse des Imponierverhaltens von A. l.)Owens, N. W. (1976): The development of socio‐sexual behaviour in free‐living Baboons, Papio anubis (Die Entwicklung sozio‐sexuellen Verhaltens bei freilebenden Grünen Pavianen).Miller, D. B., und G. Gottlieb (1976): Acoustic features of Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) maternal calls (Die akustischen Eigenschaften der Rufe von Braut‐entenmüttern).Butler, St. R., und E. A. Rowe (1976): A data acquisition and retrieval system for studies of animal social behaviour (Ein System zur Aufnahme und zum Wiederfinden von Daten für Untersuchungen des Sozialverhaltens von Tieren).Balthazart, J., und M. Stevens (1976): Social Behaviour of testosterone‐ injected male ducklings in the presence of oestrogen‐treated females (Verhalten mit Testosteron behandelter männlicher zu mit Östrogen behandelten weiblichen Entenküken).Montevecchi, W. A. (1976): Egg size and the egg predatory behaviour of crows (Eigröße und Eierraub von Krähen).Gochfeld, M. (1977): Intraclutch egg variation: The uniqueness of the Common Tern's third egg (Variabilität der Eigröße innerhalb des Geleges: Die Besonderheit des dritten Eies der Flußseeschwalbe).Spiegel, A. (1975): Versuchstiere. Eine Einführung in die Grundlagen ihrer Zucht und Haltung. Gustav Fischer‐Verlag, Stuttgart.Bonath, K. (1977): Narkose der Reptilien, Amphibien und Fische. Schriften‐reihe Versuchstierkunde 4. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg.Brack, M. (1977): Morphological and epidemiological aspects of simian Herpesvirus infections (Erscheinung und Verlauf von Herpesvirus‐Infektionen bei Affen).Montagna, W. (1976): Non‐human primates in biomedical research (Affen als Versuchstiere). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Weihe, W. H. ed. (1978): Das Tier im Experiment. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern—Stuttgart—Wien.Readings from Scientific American (1975): Animal Behavior (Tierverhalten). Introduced by T. Eisner and E. O. Wilson. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.Readings from Scientific American (1973): The nature and nurture of behavior. Developmental psychobiology (Wesen und Anerziehung des Verhaltens. Psychobiologie der Entwicklung). Introduced by W. T. Greenough. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.Johst, V., ed. (1976): Biologische Verhaltensforschung am Menschen.Mocek, R. (1974): Wilhelm Roux — Hans Driesch. Zur Geschichte der Entwicklungsphysiologie der Tiere. VEB Gustav Fischer‐Verlag, Jena.

Suicide attempts are a significant global public health concern. Research into non-traditional factors, such as the presence of alexithymia, may shed light on the prediction of suicidal behaviours, which can aid intervention and prevention strategies. To ascertain whether alexithymia is a unique risk factor for suicide attempts, this article reviews the evidence on alexithymia related to suicidal ideation, attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).A literature search was conducted for original articles examining the general and psychiatric populations.There is consistent evidence linking alexithymia with suicidal ideation and NSSI, but inconsistent evidence linking it to suicide attempts.The relationship between alexithymia and suicidality seems to differ based on whether the research focuses on suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, or NSSI. The relationship between alexithymia and suicidality can be understood within the context of multiple code theory and childhood trauma. Future research should explore the whether alexithymia can reliably distinguish between those with a single attempt and those with multiple suicide attempts as well as alexithymia levels pre- and post-intervention with suicide-related behavior as outcomes in treatment studies.

Elementary particle physics includes a number of feature recognition problems for which artificial neural networks can be used. We used a feed-forward neural network to seperate particle jets originating from b-quarks from other jets. Some aspects such as pruning and overfitting have been studied. Furthermore, the influence of modifications in architecture and input space have been examined. In addtition we discuss how self-organizing networks can be applied to high energy physics problems.

Pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V samples were implanted with N− with an ion energy of 180 keV and doses between 1 and 6 · 1017 cm−2. A change in the etching behaviour of the material due to the ion implantation was observed. Spherical sections were prepared for metallographic examination in order to investigate radiation effects. With this technique it is possible to visualize ion- and dose-dependent changes within the implanted zone and the depth of the modified zone can be also measured. Nitrogen implantation into Ti-6Al-4V results in depth-dependent precipitation of TiN, which can be identified by its typical golden colour. Further chemical analyses of the implanted layers were carried out with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The depth profiles confirmed the precipitation of TiN. Nanoindentation measurements revealed an increase in microhardness after ion implantation into Ti-6Al-4V. Correlations between the changes in hardness and the results of metallographic and chemical analyses are discussed.

Increasing applications of light weight materials are expected in the future. Pursuing this trend surface engineering of these materials - especially ion- and plasma-assisted methods - will be of increasing interest to enhance their wear and corrosion resistance. In a research co-operation some promising methods were examined on different aluminium and titanium alloys to assess their potential to increase the surface properties. Among these were magnetron sputtering of chromium nitride, ion beam assisted deposition of Cr/CrN and Al/A(2)O(3) layers, ion implantation and ion beam assisted nitriding. Compared to the steel substrates the assessment of the mechanical properties such as the critical load of the scratch test of the coated light weight materials is different. Furthermore, it could be shown that both spherical section and glow discharge optical spectroscopy are useful methods to characterize the near-surface zone influenced by ion implantation.

AbstractZerspanwerkzeuge sind während ihres Einsatzes einem komplexen und schwer zu erfassenden Beanspruchungskollektiv ausgesetzt. Dieses wird besonders durch die aus ökonomischen und ökologischen Gründen angestrebte Trockenzerspanung beeinflußt. Der vollständige Verzicht auf Kühlschmierstoffe bedeutet aus technologischer Sicht, daß Werkzeuge, Schneidstoffe und Zerspanoperationen auf die Bedingungen der Trockenzerspanung umgestellt werden müssen. Dabei bieten moderne ionen‐und plasmagestütze Oberflächentechnologien insofern einen Lösungsansatz, daß durch Beschichtungen bzw. Oberflächenmodifikationen wichtige Aufgaben der Kühlschmiermittel durch den beschichteten Schneidstoff selbst übernommen werden können. Dies sind vor allem der Ersatz von Schmierung und Kühlung.Für den Bereich der Trockenzerspanung wurden im Rahmen eines Verbundvorhabens u.a Titanbasisschichten sowie Chrombasisschichten entwickelt und hinsichtlich der physikalischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Durch die enge Zusammenarbeit der beteiligten Forschungsstellen konnte das jeweils vorhandene Erfahrungspotential vollständig in die Schichtsystementwicklung einfließen. Diese umfaßte alle iterativen Schritte des Schichtmodifikation, begleitende Schichtanalytik bis hin zum Praxistest. So war beispielsweise das Lehr‐ und Forschungsgebiet Werkstoffwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen für die Schichtentwicklung sowie fü die thermophysikalische Charakterisierung der Schichten zuständig. Die Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, führte eine Optimierung der Interfaces und der Hartstoffschichten mittels ionenstrahlgestützter Beschichtungsverfahren durch. So konnte das Substrat vor bzw. die Hartstoffschicht nach der Beschichtung an den Anwendungsfall angepaßt werden. Die Untersuchung hinsichtlich der Praxistauglichkeit der beschichteten Schneidstoffe erfolgte am Werkzeugmaschinenlabor der RWTH Aachen durch entsprechende Zerspanversuche.

TiN coatings are widely used in industry especially for wear reduction of forming and cutting tools. Ion implantation is a very promising possibility for a further improvement of the wear behaviour of the coatings. Increased surface hardness and reduced wear and friction can be realised. In this investigation metallographic and chemical analyses of implanted layers are presented to explain the different changes of the mechanical coating properties. PVD TiN coatings were implanted with N+, C+ and O+ at doses between 0.5 and 6×1017 cm−2. Color changes in the TiN coating due to the ion implantation were observed and spherical sections were found to be a suitable metallographic method for investigation of radiation effects. With this technique it is possible to visualize ion- and dose-dependent changes within the implanted zones of about 0.5 μm thickness. Morphology of the implanted TiN shows a depth dependent coloring which coincides with the theoretical prediction of the implantation depth profile. Chemical analyses of the implanted layers were carried out using GDOS and XPS analyses. Good correlation between chemical composition and results from the metallographic investigations were found. Precipitation of non-carbidic carbon were detected after high-dose carbon implantation. A saturation limit for nitrogen was found for high-dose nitrogen implantation. Nanoindentation measurements reveal changes in surface hardness depending on ion species and ion dose. Significant increases of the hardness values were found after carbon implantation in relatively low ion doses. The correlation between the changes in hardness and the results of metallographic and chemical analyses are discussed.

During the cutting process, cutting tools are exposed to complex mechanical, thermal, dynamic and tribological loads. Especially in the case of dry machining the demands on cutting tools are very high. Dry machining becomes more and more interesting because of tighened up ecolaws and increased costs for the handling of coolants. Due to a renunciation on coolants the cutting tools need to be modified to the process of dry machining. Thereby modern plasma and ion based surface technologies can be used to deposit a thin film adopting the functions of coolants, e.g. cooling and lubricating.In this research project several coating types, e.g. titanium and chromium based coatings, where developed and characterized regarding their mechanical, tribological and thermal properties. For the research, four partners collaborated permuting all steps of surface and coatings design. Materials Science Institute (WW), Aachen University of Technology, performed the development of PVD coatings and the thermophysical characterization by thermal wave analysis. Surface modifications of uncoated and coated tools by ion beam assisted deposition were carried out at Stiftung Institut fur Werkstofftechnik (IWT), Bremen. To determine the cutting properties of coated tools, practical tests were performed at Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL), Aachen University of Technology.

The resistance of ion implanted surfaces against wear and corrosion is influenced by the chemical composition of the modified zone. It is shown that glow discharge optical spectroscopy (GDOS) is a sensitive and easily applicable technique to investigate composition depth profiles of implanted layers. Despite the layer thickness of less than 1 mu m a good resolution can be realized by using polished sample surfaces and suitable analyzing parameters. Results of carbon and nitrogen implantations in various doses into high speed steel, pure titanium, Ti-6Al-4V and physical vapor deposited (PVD) titanium nitride coatings are presented. Substantial differences in the depth profiles were found for carbon and nitro en implantations into M2 steel and into TiN coatings. Carbon implantations show almost Gaussian-like carbon depth distributions with increasing maximum concentration corresponding to higher implantation doses. However, the amount of nitrogen which can be incorporated by ion implantation into TiN coatings was found to be limited and an almost uniform saturation concentration within the implanted zone was detected. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.

The insufficient wear resistance of aluminium and its alloys is a well-known problem. Different surface treatment methods have been developed to increase the resistance. Compared to the electrochemical processes, the plasma-assisted nitriding of aluminium is a new method without ecological problems. In this paper different possibilities of plasma-activated nitriding are introduced. Due to the low electrical conductivity of the aluminium nitride coating formed, an rf plasma process has some advantages compared to a dc discharge. Furthermore, comparisons are made with high-energy ion implantation and a low-energy ion-assisted deposition. The morphology and composition of the resulting aluminium nitride layers are shown. A sputtering process prior to nitriding is of great importance. The influence of the gas phase composition and the plasma parameters were examined by plasma mass spectrometry. The ion energy distribution of the detected species indicates different possible charge transfer processes which are influenced by the gas phase composition.

Cold forging is characterized by high abrasive and adhesive tool wear. Therefore chemical vapour deposited (CVD) and physical vapour deposited (PVD) coatings are used. In the future, for environmental and economical reasons, a progressive reduction in the use of lubricants will be required, or even dry manufacturing processes. As a consequence, the tool surface must substitute for the properties of the lubricant. This task can only be realized by additional surface treatments. Ion implantation is a promising possibility due to its ability to create surfaces with low friction. In a first step, high speed steel tools for cross-recessed screw manufacturing were coated with Cr2N and TiN by PVD and with a double layer of TiC-TiN by CVD. In a second step, these tools were implanted with N2+, C+ and Cr+ ions. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the implanted coatings showed that irradiation affects the chemical composition of the outer zone of the coating. Furthermore, the implantation of carbon results in changes in the binding energy at maximum concentration levels. Spherical sections were used for direct visualization of the implanted layers, allowing the thickness, uniformity and chemical changes in the implanted zone to be examined. Qualitative characterizations of the wear behaviour were performed by interruption of the production process after 20000 parts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the tool surface. A significant difference between the damage structures of implanted and unimplanted specimens was found. The reduction in tool wear is mainly caused by decreased adhesion of the tool surface as a result of ion implantation. A comparison of the different implantation treatments showed that the best results were obtained after irradiation of a TiC-TiN coating with 3 × 1017 N2 + cm−2.

High speed steel samples were coated with titanium nitride and titanium carbide by chemical vapour deposition and chromium nitride by physical vapour deposition. These coatings were implanted with nitrogen and carbon ions with ion energies of 160 keV and doses of up to 3×10 17 cm -2 . With XPS it could be shown that ion implantation does influence the chemical composition in the outer range of the coating. Simultaneously changes of the binding energy were detected, indicating that ion implantation does affect the chemical structure of the coating.

We have studied the b-quark tagging problem from Z0 decays as measured in the DELPHI experiment at LEP using artificial neural networks and conventional multivariate statistical methods. Contrary to the classical approaches we used as input to the neural network very simple variables, closely related to the directly measured particle momenta. The results of the methods are compared and tested for possible complementation.

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.

See also: ANBAUVERSUCHE MIT ARNICA–ARTEN– II. Vegetative Vermehrung von Arnica montana L.Planta Med 1967; 15(04): 420-429DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1100002

AbstractZur Aufklärung des Reaktionsmechanismus der Carboxylierung des Na‐β‐naphtholats konnte zunächst festgestellt werden, daß diese Reaktion lösungsmittelabhängig ist. Protonenakzeptoren fördern den Eintritt des CO2, in Gegenwart von Protonendonatoren wird die Carboxylierung stark gehemmt. Hinsichtlich der Wirkung einer Reihe von Lösungsmitteln ergab sich die Abstufung Dioxan > Pyridin > Diphenylamin > Toluol ≫ Butanol, Phenol. In Dioxan verläuft die Synthese der 2‐Oxynaphthoesäure‐1 bereits bei 20° auch ohne Anwendung von Druck.Es konnte weiter nachgewiesen werden, daß Na‐β‐naphthylcarbonat nicht Zwischenprodukt der Synthese der 2‐Oxynaphthoesäure‐1 sein kann. Bei Carboxylierungsversuchen von Na‐β‐naphtholat in Äther bilden sich 2‐Oxynaphthoesäure‐1 und Na‐β‐naphthylcarbonat nebeneinander und zeigen keinerlei Tendenz, sich ineinander umzulagern. Die Anlagerung von CO2 an das Naphtholation erfolgt also direkt.Eine Umlagerung des Dinatriumsalzes der 2‐Oxynaphthoesäure‐1 durch Erhitzen in inerten Gasen auf 200–250° zu 2‐Oxynaphthoesäure‐3 gelang nicht. Indessen erfolgt durch Erhitzen des Mononatriumsalzes im geschlossenen Gefäß unter N2 eine teilweise Umsetzung zu 2‐Oxynaphthoesäure‐3. Die Ausbeute steigt, wenn zusätzlich CO2 zugeführt wird. In Gegenwart von CO2 wird auch die erstgenannte Umlagerung möglich.Es gelang, auch für die 3‐Stellung einen direkten Eintritt des CO2 wahrscheinlich zu machen. 1‐Benzyl‐2‐naphthol ließ sich in eine bisher unbekannte 1‐Benzyl‐2‐naphtholcarbonsäure‐3 überführen.Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß die Bildung der 2‐Oxynaphthoesäure‐1 und der 2‐Oxynaphthoesäure‐3 aus Na‐β‐naphtholat und CO2 in einer druckabhängigen Reaktion ohne Bildung von Zwischenprodukten erfolgt. Das abgespaltene β‐Naphthol rührt von der Folgereaktion einmal gebildeten Mononatriumsalzes mit überschüssigem Na‐β‐naphtholat her.

Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)Volume 69, Issue 4 p. 650-653 Article Ein Beitrag zur Methodik der Bestimmung von Keto-Enol-Gemischen F. Seidel, F. Seidel Chem. Institut d. Universität TübingenSearch for more papers by this authorW. Thier, W. Thier Chem. Institut d. Universität TübingenSearch for more papers by this authorA. Uber, A. Uber Chem. Institut d. Universität TübingenSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Dittmer, J. Dittmer Chem. Institut d. Universität TübingenSearch for more papers by this author F. Seidel, F. Seidel Chem. Institut d. Universität TübingenSearch for more papers by this authorW. Thier, W. Thier Chem. Institut d. Universität TübingenSearch for more papers by this authorA. Uber, A. Uber Chem. Institut d. Universität TübingenSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Dittmer, J. Dittmer Chem. Institut d. Universität TübingenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1. April 1936 https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.19360690403Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 L. Claisen u. W. Zedel, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 277, 171 [1893]. 2 J. U. Neef, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 276, 206, 212 [1893]. 3 Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges. 65, 1205 [1932]. 4 Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges. 45, 2852 [1912]. 5 Sonst ist unseres Wissens bisher nichts über die Möglichkeit der Enol-Bestimmung durch Titration mit Alkalilaugen veröffentlicht worden. 6 Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges. 68, 1913 [1935]. 7 Verwendet wurde derselbe Diacetyl-essigester wie in den vorhergehenden Versuchen, nur nach weiterem 14-tägigem Stehen (Erklärung für die Abweichung von den Werten der früheren Titrationen). — Der Verbrauch an n/5-Ba(OH)2 entspricht den angegebenen Zahlen für n/5-KOH. 8 Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 277, 71 [1893]. Citing Literature Volume69, Issue41. April 1936Pages 650-653 ReferencesRelatedInformation