The current study inspects the effect of Institutional Quality and FinTech on environmental sustainability in the “Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)” scenario. The study employs data on six aspects of institutional quality and carbon emissions “from 82 countries from 2017 to 2024. The study observes that carbon emissions can be reduced by controlling corruption and enhancing regulatory quality in the EKC framework. However, FinTech reduces environmental quality. The causality test reveals unidirectional causality of FinTech, Growth and industrialization for ecological sustainability (CO2 emission), while all other variables have bidirectional causality. The findings suggest that a fair institutional quality framework is essential for environmental protection, and all countries should promote the consumption of green and clean energy behind the mining of FinTech activities to enhance climate quality by reducing carbon emissions.

This study aims to assess social perceptions regarding the effectiveness of capital punishment. The study seeks to identify many factors used to perceive capital punishment as an effective deterrent. The respondents' knowledge and awareness regarding the legal consequences of crime and legalized execution are significant attributes in the current study. Furthermore, the limitations and strengths of the study are presented. Some recommendations and useful findings that may help formulate policies for capital crimes are also provided. The death Penalty is a ubiquitous topic in the world to discuss. Many Criminologists have supported it based on its effectiveness in deterring criminals, while others have rejected it as a violation of human dignity. This quantitative study examines lawyers' perspectives on capital punishment across five district bar associations in Punjab Province. Data was collected from 600 randomly selected lawyers using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicate that most respondents support the death penalty for certain crimes, while a minority oppose it for differing reasons. Multivariate analysis reveals a significant correlation between stricter punishments and a decline in homicide rates.

This study examines the correlation between environmental degradation, financial development, and energy consumption in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. Data covering the period of 1980 to 2022 have been utilized. For empirical estimation, the study applies the Hausman test and the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The country-specific effects of energy consumption (EC) and financial development (FD) on total greenhouse gases (TGHG) have been checked. The dependent variable is environmental deterioration. TGHGs are used to illustrate ecological degradation. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth have been control variables. FEM results show that EC, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and FDI all have a significant effect on environmental deterioration. In contrast, the link between FD and TGHG emissions is inverse, implying that FD reduces ecological damage. However, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) idea has been confirmed since, as GDP grows, pollution begins to drop in an inverted "U-shape." The Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) has also been verified in certain SAARC countries. The findings have significance for governments in encouraging industries to participate in renewable energy projects and for financial institutions in determining how much to subsidize loans for such investment projects to reduce TGHG emissions, resulting in a slightly cleaner environment.

Public perception about capital punishment in Pakistan has changed in the last few years. This perception is determined by numerous factors i.e., awareness about crimes and punishment. Capital punishment is very dangerous form of punishment which is used to control the serious crimes and consider as deterrence for the potential criminals. The risk of innocent execution and flaws in the police investigation system were also reason to oppose the capital punishment. It is quantitative cross-sectional study. According to Pakistan Crimes Statistics, crime rate is increasing day by day. Existing Literature on crime occurrence in Pakistan shows that crime rate is increasing rapidly due to poverty, urbanization, inflation and economic inequality among every field of life. The present research is quantitative in its nature. It is conducted in five district bar associations of Punjab Province. A sample of six hundred lawyers is randomly selected data is collected through self-administered questioner and statistically analyzed. The results of descriptive and inferential analysis shows that majority of the respondents supported capital punishment on account of many reasons while many other respondents opposed it on some other grounds. Multivariate analysis results pointed out a strong relationship between severity punishments and less cases of homicide. However, there was no relationship between the awareness of capital punishment and perceived effectiveness of capital punishment. There was an inverse relationship between reasons to oppose capital punishment and perceived effectiveness of capital punishment. The multi regression analysis revealed a strong association of awareness about punishment, crimes against person, crime against state and reasons to support capital punishment with effectiveness of capital punishment.

Organ transplantation is a life-saving procedure that can improve quality of life for patients with end-stage organ failure. However, in Pakistan there are cultural, religious, and social barriers that hinder acceptance and practice of organ donation and transplantation. This study is novel in its scope as no previous studies has been done on this matter. We conducted qualitative interviews with 6 organ recipients, 6 donors, and health professionals in Pakistan. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, we found that most families believe their females adopt male-like characteristics after successful transplantation from a male donor. We analyze these perceptions using concepts of identity, embodiment, and agency to understand how organ transplantation affects recipients' sense of self and social relations. This study also examines health policy implications, including legal and ethical frameworks, public awareness, and health system capacity needed to improve organ transplantation in Pakistan. This requires a holistic, context-sensitive approach addressing diverse stakeholder needs and concerns. Organ transplantation is not just a medical intervention, but a complex sociocultural phenomenon that have direct impact on the physical and mental health of the recipient.

In this modern age, the dramatic change in economic trends is creating a high demand for employability skills in the job market. Employability skills play a significant role in the placement of graduates in the job sector. Job markets are progressively highly competitive and rely on quality learning and abilities. The employers have elevated the requirements for the newcomers to do their work from the earliest starting point. The purpose of this paper was to explore the perceptions and satisfaction levels of employers about the employability skills of fresh graduates in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. A case study design using the qualitative method was conducted to explore the different aspects related to the study. An in-depth interview was used for the data collection. The data was gathered from the 10 purposefully selected managers or owners of companies and NGOs where graduates are most likely to find jobs. Coding and themes were used for the analysis and to make the data meaningful. The findings indicated that the employers’ expectations were usually not met by the fresh graduates. According to the point of view of employers, the students of public universities did not perform well or performed less than students of more well-known private universities on many skills such as communication, creativity and critical thinking.

Poverty is an alarming problem all over the world. It is one of the severe challenges today faced by not only the developing nations but by the developed nations also. However, the problem is worst in developing countries [United Nations and IEA (2010)]. All these countries face poverty in different forms such as food poverty, energy poverty, shortage of natural resources, shortage of agricultural products, lack of shelter and clothing among others. It is persuasive to correlate poverty with lack of energy consumption also. Such a correlation identifies that poor use energy very inadequately [Pachauri, et al. (2004)]. Energy helps societies to move from one development stage to another. Worldwide energy demand is increasing while supply is decreasing due to increase in the world population, emerging economies and economic development. In current day to day life energy has become an essential requirement. For all of us energy is required for lighting, transportation, cooking, health services, and to fulfill many of our basic needs. Electricity access at household level enhances telecommunication, entertainment, and knowledge via radio, television, and computer etc.

The objective of this study is to analyze household demand system for Pakistan by estimating various elasticities of demand. This study combines nine different rounds of Household Integrated Economic Survey data to estimate Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Household level data are supplemented with rich price information available for all the twelve months of the nine years. This approach yields efficient estimates of income and price elasticities, which are non-linear combinations of the parameters of AIDS. Standard errors for all the elasticity estimates are computed on the basis of Monte-Carlo simulations. The results show that household demand responses to income changes are similar between rural and urban households, while the response to price changes differ considerably. On average, rural households are found to be more responsive to price changes than the urban households. The study recommends that on equity grounds transport and communication and miscellaneous non-food goods and housing can be taxed more heavily as compared to other goods.

A field survey was conducted after harvesting of rice crop 2016 to identify the reasons for less adaption of aromatic rice variety Basmati 515. The rice growers adopting rice-wheat cropping pattern in kallar tract were included in population of research study. Thirty male farmers from each selected district making a total of 180 respondent farmers were interviewed by convenience sampling method. The survey findings showed that the aromatic rice variety Basmati 515 was cultivated on only 2.7% rice area while maximum area (47.3%) was under Super basmati variety. The comparison of Basmati 515 was made with Super basmati and PS 2 due to comparatively more cultivated area and declared yield potential of these varieties. Overall the farmers were applying under dosed phosphorus fertilizer (DAP) as 0.25, 0.20 and 0.22 bag ha-1 respectively for basmati 515, super basmati and PS-2 varieties. The descriptive analysis showed that the less adaptability of basmati 515 was due to less yield and more attacks of borer (11%), BLB (10%) and leaf roller (3.25%) in comparison to other aromatic and fine rice varieties. Similarly maximum lodging (16%) was recorded on basmati 515. Maximum yield was estimated for PS 2 variety (4.7 t ha-1) followed by super basmati (4.0 t ha-1) and basmati 515 (3.78 t ha-1). The market price of super basmati was still higher due to its natural aroma, long & thin grain and export demand. The research institutes should focus for development of new aromatic high yielding and more qualitative rice varieties to increase the rice production and export.

The drug addiction has become one of the major and alarming social issues of Pakistan. The low-income areas in major cities of Pakistan have become the breeding places of addiction, gambling, prostitution and crimes. Faisalabad is the economic hub, largest textile industrial town and the third largest city of Pakistan. The shantytowns/slums in this city like others are booming with addicts and carrying many socioeconomic evils. A research study was conducted to explore the socioeconomic milieus on society. A sample of 80 respondents was selected randomly out of five settlements having a maximum number of addicts. The primary data was collected from the field in face-toface interviews. The results of the study showed that majority of the addicts are teenagers, belong to low-income, having low-level education (85%) and belong to the labour class (71.3%).It revealed from an analysis that majority of the addicts are aware of effects of drugs such as it breaks cells, breaks home, brings misery and stiffness, and so on. But they cannot get rid of it because their body demands it badly. At the end the two-plug strategy, reduction in demand and curbing the supply, is proposed.

The study was conducted at Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala during kharif 2010-2011 to evaluate the reasons for decreasing area under mash. Each year 67 farmers were selected randomly from Narowal and Sialkot districts. The selected respondents were interviewed thoroughly according to a well designed pretested questionnaire. Cost of production and income of mash along with other kharif crops l ike rice, bajra (grain) and sorghum (fodder) were calculated. Maximum net income was recorded from bajra (grain) Rs. 32500ha -1 followed by rice (Rs.35000ha -1 ) and sorghum fodder (Rs.32500ha -1 ). However minimum net income was recorded by mash crop I.e. Rs. 15000ha -1 which was significantly less than other crops. At the end it was concluded that mash crop did not compete with other kharif crops grown in the area. That’s why area under mash crop was decreasing day by day.

A field experiment was conducted to evalute effect of four different seeding densities viz: 22.5 Kg ha 1 , 30 Kg ha -1 , 37.5 Kg ha -1 and 45 Kg ha -1 on the yield and yield components of fine rice (cv. Super Basmati) under direct seeded conditions at farmers field of Adaptive Research Station, Sialkot during the kharif season 2010-2012 with randomized complete block design. The results revealed that see d rate 37.5 Kg ha -1 produced maximum yield during all the three years. The data of number of productive tillers m -2 was found significantly different during 2 nd and 3 rd years but found nonsignificant during 1 st year. The maximum number of productive tillers m -2 were produced by seed rate 37.5 Kg ha -1 during 2 nd and 3 rd year. The data of plant height showed gradual increase in plant height with the increase of seed rate but it only significantly differed during 1 st year. These results showed that 37.5 Kg ha -1 seed rate in case of direct seeded fine rice performed better than low and high seed rates.

Present study employs Alkire and Foster’s (2007) methodology to measure Multidimensional Energy Poverty (MEP) at provincial level in Pakistan. MEP Headcount has been calculated using PSLM data. Indoor pollution is found to be the largest contributor to MEP Headcount in all four provinces of Pakistan while cooking fuel is the second largest contributor. Results of MEP Headcount show that 47%, 51%, 69% and 66% of the households residing in Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw (KPK) and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan respectively are energy poor. Households of all the four provinces are most deprived in the dimension of indoor pollution i.e. in the range of 49% to 63% followed by cooking fuel i.e. in the range of 35% to 59%. Deprivation is least in the dimension of home appliances for all provinces except Baluchistan which is least deprived in entertainment appliances dimension. Keywords: Multidimensional Energy Poverty; poverty measurement; decomposability; deprivation; Pakistan. JEL Classifications: D12; I32; O13; Q47

A field trial was conducted at Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala, Pakistan during the year 2010-12 to check the most profitable cropping pattern for Gujranwala zone. The study comprised four cropping systems viz. rice-wheatrice-wheat, rice-green manuring-rice-wheat, rice-berseem-rice-wheat and ricecanola-rice-wheat. Layout system was RCBD with three replications. Plot size was kept as 15m x 21m. Rice crop (cv. Super Basmati) was transplanted on 26 July, 2010 and 13 July, 2011 while wheat, berseem and canola were sown soon after rice harvesting on November 12, 2010. During 2011 wheat (cv. Seher2006) was sown on November 10 after rice harvesting on 2 November. Maximum yield of rice (4.20 t/ha) was obtained in rice-green manuring-ricewheat cropping pattern due to addition of organic matter which showed positive effects on rice yield and succeeding crop. The highest net return (Rs.315643/ha) was recorded in rice-berseem-rice-wheat cropping pattern followed by rice-green manuring-rice-wheat (Rs. 283441 ha). It was noted that green manuring crop did not contribute to the income. The cost of cultivation was minimum in case of rice-green manuring-rice-wheat cropping pattern (Rs. 83325/ha) followed by rice-berseem-rice-wheat system (Rs. 95175/ha). Maximum benefit cost ratio (3.32) was also recorded in rice-berseem-rice-wheat cropping system. So the rice-berseem-rice-wheat was found as the most profitable cropping system for Gujranwala zone.

The present study aims at understanding the level of mother's education and its impacts on child health care practices. Educated mothers have more awareness and knowledge about children health and complications. For the present study 103 mothers were sampled through proportionate random sampling techniques from Tehsil Kharian, District Gujrat for elaborate research. The results mentioned below showed a positive relation between level of mother's education and child health care practices. Educated mothers have more awareness about child health care and they can perform vital role to tackle the difficult situation of their children.

Software project offshoring is a rapidly growing trend. With this rapid growth, the software engineering research community is facing many challenges like cultural differences, linguistic problem etc because offshore software development is largely different from co-located software development OSD. This variance in software development nature has introduced many challenges. One of them is communication gap between client and offshore vendor. The literature evidences indicate that many problems like time delays, over budgeting etc are directly rooted from this communication gap and some new risks are also introduced by poor communication in OSD offshore software development [5, 7]. In this paper we have highlighted different perspectives, and motivators of OSD. We have emphasized on the significance of some OSD challenges and especially focused on communication problems between client and offshore vendor along with suggested future work.

Ayub Khan imposed martial law in October, 1958 and took power into his own hands as the head of state. He depended on the Western Block, especially the USA, in his early period. He provided a Peshawar airbase for the USA to use for U2 spy aircraft over the Soviet Union’s military centers. Pakistan and the USA signed an agreement of mutual cooperation in April, 1959. It was more important than the SEATO and CENTO pacts, because the USA regarded, as vital to its national interest and to world peace, the preservation of independence and integrity of Pakistan. 2