Die Patellaluxation ist ein häufiges Krankheitsbild und bei vielen Patienten mit Rezidivereignissen, patellofemoralen Schmerzen, Knorpelschäden, Einschränkungen der sportlichen Aktivität und des sozialen Lebens sowie langfristig mit dem Risiko einer Femoropatellararthrose verbunden. Obwohl viele Studien die Ergebnisse unterschiedlicher Behandlungsmodalitäten nach erstmaliger Patellaluxation untersuchten, gibt es bislang kein Konsensmanagement höherer Evidenz. Ein pragmatischer Ansatz besteht darin, die Risikofaktoren der Patellainstabilität zu erfassen sowie den Patienten einer individuellen Risikostratifizierung zu unterziehen und dadurch die Entscheidungsfindung hinsichtlich einer konservativen oder operativen Therapie treffen zu können. In diesem Übersichtsartikel wird, basierend auf spezifischen Risikofaktoren und veröffentlichten Scores, ein Algorithmus zur Behandlung von Erst- und Rezidivluxationen der Patella vorgestellt.

Dislocation of the patella is a frequent occurrence and for many patients is associated with recurrent instability episodes, patellofemoral pain, cartilage damage, limitations in sport activities and social life as well as the risk of patellofemoral osteoarthritis in the long term. Although many studies investigated the results of different treatment modalities after primary patellar dislocation, there is so far no higher evidence consensus management. A pragmatic approach consists of collating the risk factors of patellar instability, to subject the patient to an individual risk stratification and in this way to be able to make a decision with respect to conservative or surgical treatment. As such this review article presents a treatment algorithm for primary and for recurrent patellar dislocations, based on specific risk factors and published scores.

Bewegungsdefizite am Ellenbogengelenk treten häufig posttraumatisch oder postoperativ (u. a. Kapselfibrose) auf und können alltägliche Einschränkungen generieren. Bei persistierender Ellenbogensteife kann eine arthroskopische Arthrolyse mit Entfernung der dorsalen und ventralen Kapselanteile durchgeführt werden.

AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate cartilaginous patellotrochlear congruence and patellofemoral alignment parameters after deepening trochleoplasty in severe trochlear dysplasia.Patients and MethodsThe study group comprised 20 patients (two male, 18 female; mean age 24 years (16 to 39)) who underwent deepening trochleoplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction for the treatment of recurrent lateral patellar dislocation due to severe trochlear dysplasia (Dejour type B to D). Pre- and postoperative MRI investigations of the study group were compared with MRI data of 20 age- and gender-matched control patients (two male, 18 female; mean age 27 years (18 to 44)) regarding the patellotrochlear contact ratio, patellotrochlear contact area, posterior patellar edge-trochlear groove ratio, and patellar tilt.ResultsPreoperatively, all parameters in the study group indicated significant patellar malalignment, including a reduced patellotrochlear contact ratio (mean 0.38 (0.13 to 0.59) vs mean 0.67 (0.48 to 0.88); p < 0.001), reduced contact area (mean 128 mm2(87 to 190) vs mean 183 mm2(155 to 227); p < 0.001), increased patellar lateralization (mean 0.82 (0.55 to 1.0) vs mean 0.99 (0.93 to 1.1); p < 0.001) and increased patellar tilt (mean 25.8° (8.1° to 43.0°) vs mean 9.1° (0.5° to 16.8°); p < 0.001). Postoperatively, all parameters in the study group improved significantly and reached normal values compared with the control group. The patellotrochlear contact ratio increased to a mean of 0.63 (0.38 to 0.85) (p < 0.001), the contact area increased to a mean of 187 mm2(101 to 255) (p < 0.001), the posterior patellar edge-trochlear groove ratio improved to a mean of 0.96 (0.83 to 0.91) (p < 0.001), and the patellar tilt decreased to a mean of 13.9° (8.1° to 22.1°) (p < 0.001) postoperatively.ConclusionDeepening trochleoplasty and MPFL reconstruction normalized the patellotrochlear congruence and patellofemoral alignment parameters. Modifying the dysplastic trochlea involves approximating the trochlear morphology to the shape of the patella rather than inducing a patella and trochlea mismatch. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:325–330.

One of the main issues in the fluorescent lamp recycling sector is the mercury contamination of output fractions and occupational exposure associated with recycling operations. The aim of this study is to carry out effective mercury mass balance determinations and improve mercury recovery by finding the optimal levels for the recycling process parameters. These optimizations will allow upstream mercury emissions to be reduced, which will help to avoid mercury exposure among WEEE recycling workers. Firstly, the distribution of mercury was assessed in new and spent lamps. For new fluorescent tubes, the mean percentage of mercury in the solid phase is lower in new fluorescent tubes (19.5% with 5.5% in glass, 9.7% in end caps and 4.3% in luminescent powder) than in spent tubes (33.3% with 8.3% in glass, 12.9% in end caps and 12.1% in luminescent powder). The parametric study also shows that the finer the grains of glass, the higher the concentration of mercury (1.2 mu g Hg/g for glass size particle >1000 mu m and 152.0 mu g Hg/g for glass size particle <100 mu m); the crushing time required for the optimal removal of mercury from spent tubes is 24 h; on average 71% of the mercury is desorbed at a temperature of 400 degrees C. The effects of air flow rate, rotation speed and number of balls could not be determined due to wide variations in the results. It is recommended that recycling companies employ processes combining as heating and mixing techniques for the recovery of mercury from lamps in order to both (i) remove as much of the mercury as possible in vapor form and (ii) avoid adsorption of the mercury at new sites created during the crushing process. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

•Chemical risks were assessed in the nine cathode ray tube screens recycling facilities.•The main hazardous agents are dust containing lead, cadmium, barium and yttrium.•Exposure and pollutant levels are described for different operations and processes.•All the operations and processes are concerned by significant levels of pollutants.•We suggest recommendations to reduce chemical risk.

The fluorescent lamp recycling sector is growing considerably in Europe due to increasingly strict regulations aimed at inciting the consumption of low energy light bulbs and their end-of-life management. Chemical risks were assessed in fluorescent lamp recycling facilities by field measurement surveys in France, highlighting that occupational exposure and pollutant levels in the working environment were correlated with the main recycling steps and processes. The mean levels of worker exposure are 4.4 mg/m(3), 15.4 μg/m(3), 14.0 μg/m(3), 247.6 μg/m(3), respectively, for total inhalable dust, mercury, lead and yttrium. The mean levels of airborne pollutants are 3.1mg/m(3), 9.0 μg/m(3), 9.0 μg/m(3), 219.2 μg/m(3), respectively, for total inhalable dust, mercury, lead and yttrium. The ranges are very wide. Surface samples from employees' skin and granulometric analysis were also carried out. The overview shows that all the stages and processes involved in lamp recycling are concerned by the risk of hazardous substances penetrating into the bodies of employees, although exposure of the latter varies depending on the processes and tasks they perform. The conclusion of this study strongly recommends the development of a new generation of processes in parallel with more information sharing and regulatory measures.

Consequence des cycles de vie des consommables de plus en plus courts et d’un contexte reglementaire de plus en plus contraignant, le secteur du recyclage des dechets a largement evolue depuis une quinzaine d’annees. Dans les filieres de traitement des dechets d’equipements electriques et electroniques (DEEE), de nombreux risques sont presents et notamment le risque chimique qui est particulierement preoccupant. Le manque d’eco-conception, l’augmentation des flux ainsi que l’organisation des postes de travail et des procedes de traitement de ces equipements en fin de vie sont, en grande partie, responsables des expositions professionnelles – plomb, cadmium, baryum, yttrium et mercure – dans les principales filieres de traitement primaires – ecrans a tubes cathodiques et lampes usagees – et secondaires – cartes electroniques, câbles electriques et plastique. L’evaluation du risque chimique par filiere et par procede de traitement presentee dans cet article a permis de realiser un etat des lieux du secteur d’activite, d’identifier les operations les plus polluantes et de hierarchiser les actions de prevention a mettre en œuvre pour reduire le risque chimique a la source. Les propositions d’ingenierie de prevention relatives a l’amelioration des installations existantes testees en laboratoire et sur site contribueront a la reduction du risque chimique dans ces filieres de traitement des DEEE et favoriseront la conception et le developpement de procedes « propres et surs » dans les filieres emergentes.

Carboxylic acids and diacids were synthesized from monoenic fatty acids by using RuO4 catalysis, under ultrasonic irradiation, in various mixtures of solvents. Ultrasound associated with Aliquat 336 have promoted in water, the quantitative oxidative cleavage of the CH=CH bond of oleic acid. A design of experiment (DOE) shows that the optimal mixture of solvents (H2O/MeCN, ratio 1/1, 2.2% RuCl3/4.1 eq. NaIO4) gives 81% azelaic acid and 97% pelargonic acid. With the binary heterogeneous mixture H2O/AcOEt, the oxidation of the oleic acid leads to a third product, the alpha-dione 9,10-dioxostearic acid.

The aim of this paper is to propose a green chemistry approach for the synthesis of carboxylic acids from biomass and for the selective precipitation of metallic cations contained in industrial wastewaters.This project allows a new way of non-food valorization of vegetable oils and a metal recovery.

This paper reports the solubility and solubility products at 20 degrees C of five metallic azelates (calcium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) that were synthesized and their stoichiometry controlled. The values of pK(SP) obtained for Ca(CH2)(7)(COO)(2), Cu(CH2)(7)(COO)(2), Ni(CH2)(7)(COO)(2), Pb(CH2)(7)(COO)(2), and Zn(CH2)(7)(COO)(2), are respectively 5.59, 8.05, 3.97, 9.60, and 5.82. Using MINEQL+ software, conditional solubility curve of each azelate was represented. By comparing the curves of azelates, it is possible to predict the selective precipitation of metallic cations in solution. From a theoretical point of view, sodium azelate is able to precipitate selectively Pb2+ from Pb2+ + Ca2+ or Pb2+ + Ni2+ mixtures and CU2+ from CU2+ + Ni2+ mixtures.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Actuellement, les métaux présents dans les effluents liquides industriels sont précipités sous forme d'hydroxydes métalliques par ajout de lait de chaux.Les boues obtenues sont dirigées vers des centres de stockage de déchets ultimes sans possibilité de valorisation.Cette étude propose comme alternative au traitement actuel, une précipitation sélective par des réactifs qui peuvent être préparés à partir d'acides carboxyliques résultant de l'oxydation de l'acide oléique présent dans les huiles végétales.Cette publication présente dans un premier temps l'oxydation de l'acide oléique par le système oxydant NaIO 4 /RuO 4 pour l'obtention de deux acides carboxyliques.Le rendement de l'oxydation de l'acide oléique est de 100% avec production des acides pélargonïque et azélaïque qui sont facilement purifiés par recristallisation dans l'eau.Dans un deuxième temps, cette étude présente la caractérisation de différents azélates métalliques.La détermination de leur stoechiométrie conduit à des composés de type MAz pour les cations divalents et M 2 Az 3 pour les trivalents.Des mesures de solubilités ont été réalisées pour les azélates de Fe(III), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) et Ca(II).La gamme de solubilité s'étend de 1,17.10 -2 M pour CaAz à 1,58.10 -6 M pour Fe 2 Az 3 .