PURPOSE:To define multimodal imaging-based patterns across the Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) spectrum and relate imaging features to their pathogenesis. METHODS:This retrospective, observational, single-center study included consecutive patients with APMPPE-spectrum disease. At the first evaluation, eyes were categorized in three patterns based on color fundus photography (CFP), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA): (i) classic APMPPE with placoid lesions only at posterior pole (PP); (ii) peripheral APMPPE with placoid lesions involving only PP on FAF, but extending to the mid-periphery (MP) and far periphery (FP) on CFP and ICGA; (iii) ampiginous choroiditis (AC) with mixed placoid/serpiginoid lesions from PP to FP. RESULTS:Overall, 19 eyes of 10 patients (8 males, 2 females; median age 23 years [IQR 21-31]) were included: of these, 2 patients (3 eyes) were categorized in classic APMPPE, 4 patients (8 eyes) in peripheral APMPPE, and 4 patients (8 eyes) in AC. At the first examination, a hyperfluorescent peripheral vessel abutting plaques on late ICGA was identified in 9/19 eyes (APMPPE 3/3; peripheral APMPPE 3/8; AC 3/6). At the last examination, FP FAF hypoautofluorescence was present in 100% of eyes with AC (8/8) and absent in all eyes with classic and peripheral APMPPE; MP hypoautofluorescence paralleled this gradient; PP hypoautofluorescence occurred in all patterns. CONCLUSIONS:Using multimodal imaging approach, we describe a distinct phenotypic pattern termed peripheral APMPPE (PAPMPPE) that exhibits an intermediate phenotype between classic APMPPE and AC, supporting the concept of a severity-graded continuum.

PURPOSE:To describe the diagnostic and therapeutic management of a case of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) presenting with unilateral bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) in a young Caucasian woman. METHODS:Case report. RESULTS:A 29-year-old female patient presented with bilateral fine keratic precipitates (KPs) and anterior chamber cells, along with a yellowish plaque-like macular lesion in the right eye. Multimodal imaging (MMI) was performed, including color fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCT-A), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). MMI revealed a unilateral BALAD with bilateral choroidal involvement. Serologic testing for infectious diseases was negative, and biochemical blood tests were unremarkable.Based on the clinical findings, MMI features, and laboratory results, a diagnosis of APMPPE was established. The patient was successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid therapy, achieving sustained quiescence during long-term follow-up and partial restoration of the ischemic lesions. CONCLUSION:BALAD is an OCT finding that can be associated with various underlying etiology. A thorough review of the patient's history and symptoms, along with comprehensive MMI, is essential to establish the correct diagnosis and non-invasively monitor disease remission during follow-up.

PURPOSE:To report a case of vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) presenting with a distinctive placoid-like pattern of macular hyperautofluorescence, initially misdiagnosed as autoimmune retinopathy. METHODS:We conducted a single case report employing multimodal imaging, including fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, and angiographic imaging, complemented by multiparametric liquid biopsy analysis of vitreous, aqueous, and cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS:A 68-year-old Caucasian man presented with bilateral placoid hyperautofluorescent lesions at the posterior pole, stellate keratic precipitates, and subretinal deposits. Despite bilateral vitrectomy samples showing negative lymphomatous cytological findings, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed a MYD88 L265P mutation and an elevated IL-10/IL-6 ratio, providing strong molecular evidence supporting a diagnosis of VRL. A five-year standing brain lesion had remained stable until vitreoretinal manifestations' onset. The patient was successfully treated with intravitreal methotrexate and systemic chemotherapy followed by consolidative low-dose radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS:VRL can present with a placoid-like macular phenotype that closely mimics autoimmune retinopathy, representing an unusual imaging presentation that has yet to be well characterized in the literature. Extended latency periods between central nervous system involvement and ocular manifestations are possible, potentially longer than previously reported. CSF analysis for MYD88 mutation and IL-10/IL-6 ratio provides crucial diagnostic value when vitreous sampling is inconclusive, emphasizing the importance of multi-parametric liquid biopsy approaches in challenging VRL cases.

Abstract: Our case aims to describe the efficacy and safety of intravitreal 0.7 mg dexamethasone implant (IDI) for the treatment of refractory macular edema (ME) secondary to endogenous Candida endophthalmitis (ECE). A 74-year-old male patient presented for evaluation due to bilateral vision loss and mild ocular redness for 5 days. Three weeks earlier, he had been admitted for nephrolithiasis, complicated by urosepsis. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40 in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye. The ophthalmic examination was suggestive of bilateral ECE. The patient underwent bilateral vitrectomy (with polymerase chain reaction positive for Candida albicans in one eye), in association with a 6-week systemic fluconazole therapy, with complete vitreal and chorioretinal response. However, the patient developed ME in his right eye. Over the course of 6 months, the ME was unsuccessfully treated with different medications: dexamethasone 2% drops, prednisolone acetate 1% drops, nepafenac 0.3% drops, dorzolamide 2% drops, oral prednisone, oral acetazolamide, and intravitreal ranibizumab. At that time, we opted for an IDI. One month later, ME disappeared, and BCVA increased to 20/20. This result was maintained throughout the 9-month follow-up. In conclusion, IDI can be considered a safe option for the treatment of ME developing after ECE.

To determine the aetiological, clinical, and therapeutic features of children diagnosed with uveitis in a tertiary referral centre in Northern Italy. Evaluation of medical data of all new paediatric (≤ 16 years old) referrals to the Ocular Immunology Unit of Reggio Emilia (Northern Italy) between November 2015 and December 2023. An interdisciplinary diagnostic-therapeutic pathway-based approach was adopted for all patients. Among a pool of 263 patients, the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.32. Anterior uveitis was the most common diagnosis (45.2

Background: Nongranulomatous acute anterior uveitis (NG-AAU) is the most common extra-articular manifestation of spondyloarthritis (SpA) and may be a warning sign of previously undiagnosed axial SpA (ax-SpA). Objective: Given the known diagnostic delay of ax-SpA, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of previously undiagnosed ax-SpA among NG-AAU patients and to characterize the clinical features of ax-SpA identified through uveitis. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This monocentric study included consecutive NG-AAU patients referred to a tertiary ophthalmologic center between August 2024 and August 2025. All patients underwent a comprehensive rheumatologic assessment, including human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) testing and sacro-iliac joint magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound evaluation of entheses and symptomatic joints was also performed. SpA diagnosis was established by expert opinion based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. Results: Among 68 NG-AAU patients, 38 without a previous rheumatic diagnosis were included. Sixteen (43.2%) received a new diagnosis of ax-SpA, and none with peripheral SpA. HLA-B27 positivity was more frequent in ax-SpA than in non-SpA patients (56% vs 33%). All ax-SpA patients reported prior episodes of back pain, although inflammatory back pain was present in only 56.3% at the time of evaluation. Mean Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) scores and symptom duration were significantly higher in ax-SpA patients ( p = 0.005 and p = 0.041, respectively). MRI revealed active sacroiliitis in 62.5% and erosions in 75% of newly diagnosed ax-SpA patients. Only 68.7% of new diagnoses fulfilled the 2009 Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria for ax-SpA. Conclusion: Nearly half of NG-AAU patients had previously unrecognized ax-SpA, often presenting with mild or atypical axial symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of integrated ophthalmologic and rheumatologic evaluation to facilitate earlier ax-SpA diagnosis.

PURPOSE:To describe multimodal imaging (MMI) features in autoimmune retinopathies (AIR) and characterize distinct phenotypic clusters. DESIGN:Retrospective observational case series. PARTICIPANTS:Ten patients diagnosed with AIR between November 2017 and August 2025 were evaluated at the Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy. METHODS:Patients with paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic AIR underwent full-field electroretinography and MMI, including retinography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography. Qualitative pattern analysis was performed to identify recurring imaging features. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:MMI characteristics of AIR. RESULTS:Of 30 referred patients, 10 (14 eyes) met inclusion criteria (median age 42 years, range 28 to 65; 70% female; median follow-up 40 months). Three recurring imaging clusters were identified. One cluster showed features within the acute zonal occult outer retinopathy spectrum, including monozonal, bizonal, and trizonal configurations on FAF and OCT. A second cluster was characterized by predominant posterior pole photoreceptoritis with subtle FAF changes and diffuse outer retinal alterations on OCT. A third cluster showed unilateral, peripheral, retinitis pigmentosa-like degeneration with centripetal progression on FAF and mild capillary leakage on fluorescein angiography. CONCLUSIONS:In this small case series, MMI revealed recurring phenotypic clusters in AIR that may help contextualize the heterogeneity of this condition. These observations are exploratory and hypothesis-generating, and warrant validation in larger, multicenter studies.

PURPOSE:This study aims to define the added value of ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography (UWF-ICGA) in the evaluation of uveitis. METHODS:A retrospective, observational study was conducted on patients with posterior uveitis, panuveitis, or secondary vasoproliferative tumors evaluated between January 2020 and October 2025. All patients underwent UWF-ICGA using the Optos Silverstone device. The primary outcome was the percentage of eyes showing lesions extending beyond the vortex veins. RESULTS:A total of 343 eyes with uveitis were included in the study. UWF-ICGA revealed pathological findings located beyond the vortex veins in 245 eyes (71.4%). Specifically, extreme peripheral involvement was detected in 100% of cases with ampiginous choroiditis and vasoproliferative tumors. In serpiginous choroiditis, multifocal choroiditis, serpiginous-like choroiditis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and birdshot chorioretinitis, peripheral lesions were identified in 11.1%, 43.8%, 69.2%, 73.6% and 93.9% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION:UWF-ICGA expands diagnostic capabilities in uveitis by enabling detailed assessment of peripheral retinochoroidal involvement, often missed with conventional imaging. Its integration into clinical practice enhances detection of inflammatory activity, may influence therapeutic decisions, and supports more accurate disease monitoring.

Anterior uveitis (AU) is characterized by the inflammation of the iris and ciliary body and is the most frequent extra-articular manifestation of spondyloarthritis (SpA). In SpA patients, AU is typically described as unilateral alternating acute AU (AAU). Moreover, as AAU can be the initial clinical manifestation of SpA, ophthalmologists could play a key role in the early diagnosis of SpA. The diagnostic delay in SpA is associated with poorer outcomes, including functional impairment, reduced response to treatment, and lower quality of life. A well-structured screening of patients with AAU could facilitate the early diagnosis. Consequently, the interdisciplinary collaboration between ophthalmologists and rheumatologists is fundamental to reduce the diagnostic delays. A correct and early diagnosis of SpA, together with early treatment initiation is important prognostic factors. These measures are associated with better treatment responses and may help retard the development of structural damage, particularly in the era of biological therapies, which have significantly improved the care of patients with SpA. Although various algorithms have been proposed to guide the selection of appropriate candidates for rheumatology referral, to date, there are no formal guidelines or universally recognized criteria for referral. This review aimed to summarize the epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of AU associated with SpA as well as the ophthalmology-rheumatology interdisciplinary approach.

PURPOSE:To describe the clinical and tomographic features of anterior segment involvement as the initial manifestation of previously undiagnosed Polycythemia Vera (PV), using slit-lamp examination and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) before and after treatment. METHODS:Observational case report and literature review of ocular involvement in PV. RESULTS:A 42-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a long-standing history of unilateral conjunctival and episcleral hyperemia and vascular tortuosity unresponsive to topical therapy, showing clinical features inconsistent with ocular inflammation. Slit-lamp examination revealed conjunctival and episcleral vascular congestion that did not blanch with phenylephrine drops. AS-OCT imaging demonstrated ectasia and dilatation of the superficial and deep episcleral vascular plexuses. Laboratory work-up confirmed a diagnosis of PV. Following initiation of appropriate therapy, the episcleral vascular hyperemia and engorgement fully resolved without residual sequelae. A review of the literature identified two cases reported between 1971 and the present. Their presentations and clinical courses are reviewed herein. CONCLUSIONS:This report characterizes anterior segment involvement in PV using slit-lamp and AS-OCT imaging, highlights its distinctive clinical features, and underscores the importance of laboratory investigations in evaluating atypical ocular presentations potentially caused by hematological masquerade disorders.

PURPOSE:Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a rare idiopathic ocular disorder often affecting young adults. Recently, a secondary form, epiphenomenon MEWDS (Epi-MEWDS), has been described in association with pre-existing retinal conditions. However, its correlation with infectious diseases remains poorly documented. METHODS:A retrospective review of six patients with infectious chorioretinopathies who developed Epi-MEWDS was conducted. Clinical presentations, imaging findings, and disease progression were analyzed. RESULTS:This study presents a case series of six patients who developed Epi-MEWDS secondary to infectious chorioretinopathies, highlighting its distinct clinical features. Cases included Epi-MEWDS following Candida endophthalmitis, tubercular multifocal serpiginous-like choroiditis, ocular syphilis, and recurrent toxoplasmosis. Fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography confirmed hyperautofluorescent lesions and outer retinal disruption in all cases. Patients were managed conservatively, and in all cases, imaging abnormalities resolved within a few weeks. CONCLUSION:This case series emphasizes the role of infectious disease-related immune responses in triggering Epi-MEWDS. In these cases disruptions in the outer blood-retinal barrier, leading to photoreceptor antigen exposure, appear to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Recognizing these cases can enhance understanding of post-infectious retinal immune responses and guide appropriate clinical management.

A 17-year-old female patient of Asian origin presented to the Ocular Immunology Unit of Reggio Emilia Hospital in July 2017, complaining of nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, tinnitus, and headache going on for 3 days, followed by the appearance of blurred vision in the left eye. Three months before (April 2017) she had a history of penetrating keratoplasty in the right eye for a diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis unresponsive to antiamoebic therapy. The clinical examination exhibited a picture of bilateral panuveitis with papillitis and exudative detachment of the retinal neuroepithelium. The diagnostic workup excluded a possible infectious etiology and showed the positivity of the human leukocyte antigen-DR4. Magnetic resonance imaging showed leptomeningeal inflammatory involvement and lumbar puncture revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis. Considering the history of trauma, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease was ruled out and the diagnosis of sympathetic ophthalmia was made. The patient was treated with topical and oral steroids combined with mycophenolate mofetil for long-term control of the disease. The subsequent 18-month follow-up showed an excellent clinical response with a marked improvement in the ocular findings.

The interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) on T lymphocytes with its ligands Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Programmed Death Ligand 2 (PD-L2) on tumor cells and/or tumor-associated macrophages results in inhibitory signals to the T-cell receptor pathway, consequently causing tumor immune escape. PD-L1/PD-L2 are currently used as predictive tissue biomarkers in clinical practice. Virtually PD-L1 levels expressed by tumor cells are associated with a good response to immune checkpoint blockade therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. These therapies restore T-cell antitumor immune response by releasing T-lymphocytes from the inhibitory effects of tumor cells. Immune checkpoint therapies have completely changed the management of patients with solid cancers. This therapeutic strategy is less used in hematological malignancies, although good results have been achieved in some settings, such as refractory/relapsed classic Hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Variable results have been obtained in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphomas. Immunohistochemistry represents the main technique for assessing PD-L1 expression on tumor cells. This review aims to describe the current knowledge of PD-L1 expression in various types of lymphomas, focusing on the principal mechanisms underlying PD-L1 overexpression, its prognostic significance and practical issues concerning the evaluation of PD-L1 immunohistochemical results in lymphomas.

BackgroundThe aim of the Posner-Schlossman Syndrome European Study Group (PSS-ESG) is to acquire a comprehensive dataset of European patients with PSS. Here, we present the first report on the study protocol and the clinical findings of the patients at baseline.MethodsThe PSS-ESG is a retrospective, multicentre study designed to evaluate patients with PSS. The study, designed and driven by a European Expert Committee includes three datasets: (1) the baseline, (2) the follow-up and (3) the intraocular pressure (IOP)/glaucoma dataset.ResultsA total of 11 centres adhered to the PSS-ESG and 107 patients were included (68 males, 39 females) mostly Caucasian (93.4%). At uveitis onset, the patient’s age ranged between 11 and 76 years, (mean age: 42±15 years).Best-corrected visual acuity was >0.5 in 80.3% of the eyes, IOP was >40 mm Hg in 44% of the eyes. Keratic precipitates were found in 78.5% of the eyes. No flare or cells in anterior chamber were detected in 56% and 53% of the cases, respectively. PCR analysis on aqueous sample was positive for cytomegalovirus-DNA in 50.6% out of the 81 tested patients.ConclusionsThe PSS-ESG is the first multicentre study aimed to collect a comprehensive dataset of patients with PSS in non-Asian countries. A middlde-aged Caucasian male with a low-grade anterior chamber inflammation, keratic precipitates, preserved visual acuity and marked increased in IOP seemed to be the standard PSS patient across the 11 uveitis and glaucoma centres participating in the PSS-ESG.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common vasculitis among older patients in western countries. A correct diagnosis permits the prompt initiation of glucocorticoids, which still represent the cornerstone of treatment. One of the most feared complications of the disease is sudden visual loss and other ischemic events causing visual disturbances. In these cases, an interdisciplinary approach between ophthalmologists and rheumatologists is crucial to avoiding any diagnostic delays and to permitting correct clinical assessment without subjecting the patient to unnecessary treatment. In this review, we discuss the main causes of visual disturbances in GCA, particularly the causes of sight loss, outlining the red flags that should raise suspicion in ophthalmologists and rheumatologists.

Purpose: To assess inflammatory changes in the anterior vitreous (AV) using a swept source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SS-ASOCT) and to correlate them with uveitis features and clinical grading of intraocular inflammation. Methods: 140 eyes from 96 patients were included in this observational, cross-sectional study: 40 ACTIVE uveitis, 40 INACTIVE uveitis and 60 CONTROLS. All eyes underwent intraocular inflammation clinical grading (anterior chamber (AC) cells counting and vitreous haze evaluation) and AV imaging with SS-ASOCT. Cells seen in the AV on OCT were manually counted using imageJ. Vitreous reflectivity variation was indirectly measured by calculating the vitreous/iris pigment epithelium (VIT/IPE) relative intensity. These OCT-based parameters were compared across the groups and correlated with inflammation clinical grading. Results: The mean [SD] number of AV OCT cells was significantly higher (both p < 0.001) in ACTIVE uveitis (12[9.8]) compared to INACTIVE uveitis (4.5[3.5]) and CONTROLS (4[3.1]). In ACTIVE uveitis the number of AV OCT cells was significantly and positively correlated with the AC cells (p = 0.04), the VIT/IPE relative intensity (p = 0.0002), the uveitis anatomical classification (INTERMEDIATE UVEITIS, p = 0.02) and the vitreous haze clinical grading (p < 0.0001). The mean[SD] VIT/IPE relative intensity of the AV increased from CONTROLS (0.12[0.01]) to INACTIVE uveitis (0.15[0.01]) to ACTIVE uveitis (0.17[0.02]), but with no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: We were able to visualize and objectively evaluate changes occurring in the AV in eyes with uveitis by means of a commercially available SS-ASOCT. OCT-cells in the AV could represent an adjunctive tool in the objective evaluation of intraocular inflammation.

The choroid is the main part of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eye that lies between the retina and the sclera. The high vascular component of the choroid makes this structure susceptible to inflammation in multisystemic diseases, as well as the most common site of metastasis in the eye. Therefore, the choroid is involved in many pathological conditions, from uveitis to intraocular tumors. Differentiating between inflammatory and neoplastic lesions deforming the choroidal profile can sometimes be challenging. In addition, scleral disorders can also deform the choroidal profile. Choroidal imaging includes ophthalmic ultrasonography, indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Recent advances in choroidal imaging techniques, such as enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), have facilitated an in-depth analysis of the choroid. The purpose of this review article is to report on and highlight the most common OCT findings to help in the differential diagnosis between inflammatory and neoplastic lesions deforming the choroidal profile.

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) allows the explore not only the anterior chamber but also the front part of the vitreous cavity. Our cross-sectional single-centre study investigated whether AS-OCT can distinguish between vitreous involvement due to vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) and vitritis in uveitis. We studied AS-OCT images from 28 patients (11 with biopsy-proven VRL and 17 with differential diagnosis uveitis) using publicly available radiomics software written in MATLAB. Patients were divided into two balanced groups: training and testing. Overall, 3260/3705 (88%) AS-OCT images met our defined quality criteria, making them eligible for analysis. We studied five different sets of grey-level samplings (16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 levels), finding that 128 grey levels performed the best. We selected the five most effective radiomic features ranked by the ability to predict the class (VRL or uveitis). We built a classification model using the xgboost python function; through our model, 87% of eyes were correctly diagnosed as VRL or uveitis, regardless of exam technique or lens status. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) in the 128 grey-level model were 0.95 [CI 0.94, 0.96] and 0.84 for training and testing datasets, respectively. This preliminary retrospective study highlights how AS-OCT can support ophthalmologists when there is clinical suspicion of VRL.

Background and Objectives: A cross-sectional single-center study was conducted to investigate the etiology in hypertensive anterior uveitis whose clinical features are not fully distinctive from cytomegalovirus or from rubella virus and to demonstrate the possible coexistence of both these viruses in causing anterior uveitis. Materials and Methods: The clinical charts of a cohort of patients with hypertensive viral anterior uveitis of uncertain origin consecutively seen in a single center from 2019 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed; data on the clinical features, aqueous polymerase chain reaction, and antibody response to cytomegalovirus and rubella virus were collected. Results: Forty-three eyes of as many subjects with viral anterior uveitis of uncertain origin were included. Thirty-two patients had an aqueous polymerase chain reaction or antibody index positive to cytomegalovirus only, while 11 cases had an aqueous antibody response to both cytomegalovirus and rubella virus. This latter overlapping group had a statistically significant higher rate of hypochromia and anterior vitritis (p-value: 0.02 and < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The simultaneous presence of intraocular antibodies against cytomegalovirus and rubella virus could redefine the differential diagnosis of hypertensive viral anterior uveitis, demonstrating a possible "converged" immune pathway consisting in a variety of stimuli.

Anterior uveitis has various causes, but the majority of cases are viral induced. The most common viral anterior uveitis etiology includes double-stranded DNA viruses of the Herpesviridae family, including Alpha herpes virinae (herpes simplex 1 and 2 and varicella zoster virus), Beta herpesvirinae (cytomegalovirus), and less frequently, Gamma herpesvirinae (Epstein-Barr virus). In the last few decades, a growing body of evidence has correlated Fuchs uveitis etiology to the rubella virus from the Matonaviridae family, which has a single-stranded RNA genome. The clinical presentation of each of these uveitis is hypertensive granulomatous anterior uveitis; however, the very slight differences between them, which often overlap, make differential diagnosis sometimes difficult. Therefore, diagnostic laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction and antibody index or Goldmann-Witmer coefficient analyses on the aqueous humor help to identify the etiology in doubtful cases and thus to plan targeted treatment.