This paper presents an efficient simulation methodology for large active antennas derived from commercial softwares. Due to important challenges in optimizing the SWaP-C (Size, Weight, Power and Cost) for the new Radar generation, it is especially necessary to consider the nonlinearities of amplifiers and the impact of variations of the active reflection coefficients of the antenna. In this contribution, the proposed methodology allows for the calculation of voltages and currents in each active chain and the total radiated field. The chosen example to demonstrate the interest of this approach is an active antenna composed of 228 high power amplifiers (HPA) connected to a multilayer PCB with microstrip patches and a parasitic superstrate to improve scanning performances. This study helps to define the most suited architecture to improve the SWaP-C of Radar application.

This paper presents an amplifier behavioral model and an active antenna simulator using it. They are really simple to create and can be useful to replace commercial softwares with shorter calculation time. Due to important challenges in optimizing the SWaP-C (Size, Weight, Power and Cost) for the new Radar generation, it is especially necessary to consider the nonlinearities of amplifiers and the impact of variations of the active reflection coefficients of the antenna. In this contribution, the model precisely takes into account high nonlinearities of amplifiers, and the simulator solves the interaction between hundreds or even thousand amplifiers through an antenna array.

This paper explores the performances of finite antenna arrays optimized using the Interleave Parasitic Arrays Antenna (IPAA) concept. A prototyped IPAA of 36 elements is used to compare the simulated performances obtained using the scattering matrix extraction from the periodic model method and measurements with great accordance. Then, two large arrays composed of 1024 and 4096 elements are studied using the same simulation method. The results show that the IPAA concept is particularly suited for large arrays, with only a few edge elements showing degraded performances.

This paper explores a new concept for the design of high scanning-range phased array antennas: the Interleaved Parasitic Arrays Antenna or IPAA. In this concept, we use periodic parasitic elements and the generator impedance to control the Active Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (AVSWR) over a wide scanning range. This new array architecture comes with a design methodology enabling a smooth step-by-step design process aiming at reducing the need for full-wave calculations. First, a numerical dual-polarization design is presented in detail to illustrate the methodology and to give the design keys to the reader. Then, a prototype working in the 5G C-band between 3.4 and 3.8 GHz (11% bandwidth) was designed using this methodology and measured for a 36-element array. It is meant to demonstrate and validate the mutual coupling management done by the interleaved parasitic arrays and the design process accuracy. Good correspondence between measurements and simulation was found and the proposed unit cell with its corresponding tile can be integrated in a larger phased array with active modules to perform beam steering over an important scanning range without deteriorating the AVSWR. The proposed unit cell is designed for a high-scanning range going from $\theta =0^{\circ }$ to $\theta = 70^{\circ }$ for every $\varphi $ -directions and shows an active reflection coefficient for an infinite array below −13.6dB.

This paper presents a comparison between various feeding tesingle feed aperture coupledchniques of a circularly polarized micro-strip antenna design intended to operate at the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) frequencies. The proposed antenna is composed of a micro-strip slotted patch antenna printed on a Rogers RO3006 substrate, a foam layer of 2 mm thick. The single feed aperture coupled antenna design consisted of a single microstrip line placed on a Rogers RO3006 substrate and two ground plane slots. The dual feed aperture coupled antenna design consisted of two microstrip lines placed on a Rogers RO3006 substrate, two ground plane slots and a wideband commercial 3-dB SMT coupler. The dual feed coaxial cables consisted of two coaxial cables that are connected to 3-dB SMT coupler. The aperture coupling feed antenna design and especially the single feed design showed remarkable antenna matching and total efficiency. The combined full-wave antenna results with the measured S-Parameters of the coupler showed very good performances in terms of antenna matching and axial ratio on larger bandwidths.

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a novel design for an optimized circularly polarized microstrip antenna. Circular polarized microstrip antennas have many uses due to its low profile design. However, one of the microstrip antenna's main limitations arises from its narrow frequency bandwidth. Therefore, it is necessary to use special design techniques in order to increase the operating frequency bandwidth while maintaining all of the other respectable optimum radiation characteristics. The proposed design involves using a dual‐feed square patch, which is gap coupled with two parasitic patches in a mirrored L‐shaped configuration. This design resulted in an axial ratio bandwidth of 11%, S11 bandwidth of 14% and a gain of 9 dB at the 2.15 GHz center frequency. The proposed design was built, and the measured results were in agreement with the simulation results. Additionally, this antenna design was used in an array structure in order to increase the gain, while maintaining a good axial ratio. These enhanced radiation results allow the use of the proposed antenna design in many domains such as wireless and military applications without facing the limitations of the narrow frequency bandwidth. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:597–603, 2016

In this article, we present an original solution for radio frequency (RF) to dc conversion with multiple antennas. The presented device operates at 2.45 GHz. It combines passive parasitic element antennas (PEAs) and RF to dc converters. The proposed device collects the RF energy with six independent antennas and realizes the conversion and summation of the dc voltages. The objective is to perform uniform coverage of a room with a gain superior to a single and omnidirectional antenna. The typical application can be energy harvesting or detection for the command unit in home automation. This last application is our goal, and interest in the solution has been demonstrated through an application that aims at reducing standby mode consumption of electronic devices. The article focuses on the critical points to realize an efficient summation. The whole system has been designed and manufactured to work in rooms from 3 m to 15 m wide. The measured performances have been validated.

In this article, we use a conversion chain to minimize standby-mode power consumption, detailing the different parts of the emitter and the receiver. The proposed technology is based on an efficient radio-frequency (RF) energy transfer and an RF-dc conversion circuit with a self-maintained switch that wakes up an electronic device [e.g., television (TV), home automation systems, etc.], using an integrated emitter and a receiver with performances suitable for home or industrial applications. The developed system works in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band (2.4-2.48 GHz).

The reduction of standby power consumption is a priority in the development of electronic devices. We propose a system that minimizes this standby power in home automation or multimedia systems. This system is composed of a 2.45 GHz emitter and a receiver with a sensitivity of -22 dBm (higher than a receiver directly supplied). This receiver implies a difficult link budget contrary to classical receiver sensitivity (-80 or -90 dBm). That is why the antennas have a very important role because they must be totally optimized to avoid link budget degradation. Moreover, this system is dedicated to mass market applications. As a result, all the materials and manufacturing process concerning the antennas must be as versatile as possible to be integrated in different cases and cheap to manufacture. To satisfy these objectives, we present a generic design of parasitic element antennas that are suited to both the emitter and the receiver. Measurements results are presented to validate the design.

This letter presents a simple reconfigurable antenna concept, which is based on the influence of reflection phase shifters on the mutual coupling to the parasitic elements. The developed antenna operates in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical band (ISM) at frequency of 2.45 GHz. The objective of this work involves the development of a generic and low-cost reconfigurable antenna, with a 1-D or 2-D layout. The parasitic elements are loaded with varactor phase shifters, and the global synthesis is performed through different radiation pattern objectives. In this letter, we have limited these objectives to two opposite directions as we considered only a 1-D layout. The design has been manufactured and measured. A comparison between the measured and the simulation results shows a very good agreement.

In this paper, we present an original solution for RF to DC conversion with multiple antennas. The presented device operates at 2.45 GHz. It combines passive parasitic element antennas (PEA) and RF to DC converters. The proposed device collects the RF energy with six independent antennas and realizes the conversion and summation of the DC voltage. The objective is to perform a uniform coverage of a room with a gain superior to a single and omnidirectional antenna. The typical application can be energy harvesting or command unit in home automation. This last application is our goal and the interest of the solution has been demonstrated through an application that aims at reducing standby mode consumption of electronic devices. The paper focuses on the attention required to realize an efficient summation. The whole system has been designed and manufactured to work in rooms from 3 to 15 meters side. The measured performances have validated this solution.

In this article we present a new concept to minimize standby power of electronic devices. The proposed technology is based on RF energy transfer and DC conversion to wake up an electronic device (TV, home automation systems, etc.). In this work we present an integrated emitter and a receiver with suitable performances for home or industrial applications. This system covers the entire Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band between 2.4GHz and 2.48GHz. The originality of this work is based on the development of a direct-synthesis method to design the antennas of the emitter and the receiver. The technology used is optimal for industrial and massmarket applications. Moreover, another key-element concern the receiver composed of a rectifying circuit optimized for low RF power level (-20 dBm) and a self-maintained switch driven with the rectified voltage. The different parts of the design are presented, with a particular focus on antennas. The results are confirmed by experimental measurements and they are compliant with the expected distances.