京津冀协同发展面临着三大关键挑战:三地产业结构差异明显,难以形成产业良性互动;发展差距过大,促使要素单向流动;缺乏协同治理机制,导致“三者共输”.京津冀不平等的政治和经济地位、三地背后各自为战的利益出发点、中央相关制度设计以及非政府力量发展迟缓的共同作用使得京津冀协同发展比较艰难.更为重要的是,在中央无意的“错位”及有意的“缺位”下,在津冀地方政府无法打破“首先为北京(即中央)服务”的政治态势下,在京津冀未能构建利益协调机制下,真正市场意义的京津冀协同发展将是一个长期的宏伟目标.

Compared with slum reformation of other countries, this paper analyzes the forming reasons and spatial types of shantytowns in Liaoning Province,summarizes their practices and experiences in urban space optimization and discusses the effects and impacts of those measures towards the spatial structure and the overall urban outlook of the concerning cities in Liaoning Province. By means of both in-place and re-place settlements featured with overall dispersion,local congregation and proper placement of low-income resi-dents,Liaoning Province opened a different but outstanding path in the world to breaking the spatial aggrega-tion of poverty,thereby optimized the spatial structure of the inner city and enhanced the carrying capacity of urban space.

Internationalization level has become an important indicator to measure the international influence and competitiveness of a city or an area.This paper has constructed a city(district) internationalization level evaluation system consisting of 2 first-level indicators,5 secondary indicators and 41 third-level indicators,to measure the internationalization levels of the Tianjin Binhai New Area,Shanghai Pudong New Area and Shenzhen through the method of principal component analysis.The empirical results show that Pudong New Area enjoys the highest overall internationalization level,while Binhai New Area ranks the first in the internationalization of production and investment and Shenzhen is at a medium level in terms of both overall indicators and sub-indicators.As far as Binhai New Area is concerned,infrastructure construction and personnel exchanges should be strengthened in promoting the process of internationalization.