Bimetallic oxygen carriers hold great promise for CH4 chemical looping reforming at 500-700 degrees C. Current research focuses on material optimization of lab-scale powders. However, industrial use requires mass production, shaping, and calcination-causing performance shifts from lab samples. Therefore, this study explored how beads-shaping and calcination affect a 10-kg-scale Fe-Ni oxygen carrier. Compared to powder, spheronized beads increased H-2 generation in reduction stage. Calcination at 1300 degrees C produced 2.5-time stronger beads than 1200 degrees C. Both calcined beads had 10-15 percentage points lower CH4 conversion at 550-600 degrees C, recovering to >92 % at 650 degrees C. The calcined beads produced 0.4-0.6 more H-2 from per CH4, though requiring more oxygen carrier input. Microscopical reasons to performance change were the shifts in reaction pathway and the forming of Fe-Ni-Al spinel. Macroscopical reasons were the oxygen release influenced by topology change. This work identifies key shaping and calcination parameters critical for oxygen carrier commercialization.

The present work aims to provide preliminary support and research foundation for developing integrated technology of CO 2 utilization and tar-rich coal pyrolysis to produce high-value chemicals and fuels.The chemical properties of tar produced by tar-rich coal pyrolysis under traditional N 2 and N 2 /CO 2 atmospheres were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures（600℃-800℃） and atmospheric pressures.The results showed that tar-rich coal pyrolysis under CO 2 atmosphere can promote tar production（mass fraction8.42% increased） compared with that of traditional pyrolysis（under N 2 ）,with the maximum value up to 21.26%（in weight）.It should be noted that the generation of coal tar and CO small molecule gas can be promoted by increasing the concentrations of CO 2 in pyrolysis atmosphere gases.GC-MS and simulated distillation results showed that the CO 2 atmosphere can promote the production of light oil components such as phenols,alcohols,and olefins,while inhibiting the production of heavy components such as asphalt simultaneously.Elemental analysis results showed the H/C ratio of coal tar increased under CO 2 atmosphere indicating that the high quality of coal tar is improved,which is consistent with that of simulated distillation and GC-MS test.Finally,a possible reaction pathway of tar-rich coal under CO 2 atmosphere pyrolysis is also proposed.

Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which are widely used in catalysis, energy, material preparation, biochemical and pharmaceutical fields due to their non-volatile, non-flammable, designable structure and high stability. In 1914, the first ionic liquid [EtNH3][NO3] was reported, but that was very unstable in the air. With the explosion, the development of ionic liquids has gone through a long period of silence. Subsequently, with the synthesis of chloroaluminate ionic liquids, the development of ionic liquids has become rapid, from imidazole, quaternary ammonium, pyridine-type ionic liquids to currently highly concerned functional ionic liquids. With the mass production and wide application of ionic liquids, their health risks to the environment have also attracted considerable attention. Although ionic liquids are green, stable, non-volatile, and non-flammable, which would not cause atmospheric pollution, they might be exist in soil and water environment in the process of use, such as production, recovery and treatment. In this paper, the structures of ionic liquids were described, and the influence of ionic liquids structure on biological safety was analyzed. The migration and transformation behavior of ionic liquids in different environmental media and the possible influencing factors were discussed. The environmental behavior of ionic liquids in water and soil is a systematic project. Single toxicity data and environmental data cannot objectively evaluate it. At present, a few related safety numbers of ionic liquids are available, and we should pay greater attention to the safety research of toxicity, degradation and corrosiveness directly related to environmental protection. The effects of ionic liquids on microorganisms, aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms were summarized. There is no uniformity in toxic activities exhibited by ionic liquids. Some of them demonstrate relatively low toxicity, whereas others impose significant inhibitory effects in various biological systems. Several researches have been aimed at finding relationships that link the ionic liquid structure to its toxicity. However, no general correlations have been discovered. According to the accumulated data, the effect factors of toxicity are including the length of alkyl side chain in the cation, the presence and nature of functional groups in the cation, the anion and cation nature; and interactions between anion and cation. Generally, there is a positive relationship between the alkyl side chain length and toxicity, and an inverse relationship between the relative number of oxygen atoms and toxicity. However, the toxicity of ionic liquids does not always comply with the above rules. The current chemical and biological degradation methods of ionic liquids were reviewed. It is necessary to choose safe and effective degradation methods according to the anions and cations of ionic liquids. Ionic liquids with short side chains should choose chemical degradation as far as possible, while ionic liquids with long alkyl side chains should give priority to biodegradation. In addition, the influences of ionic liquids' structure on their degradation performance need to be systematically studied. In order to provide a basis for the development of low toxicity and biodegradable ionic liquids, it is also an important way to improve the safety of ionic liquids. This paper clarifies that further study on the environmental behavior, safety effects and degradation methods of ionic liquids is of high scientific value, which is great significance for objective evaluation of the potential of large-scale application of ionic liquids.

基于对页岩油芳烃加氢过程的分析,建立了页岩油加氢八集总动力学模型和反应网络.根据不同温度和空速下的页岩油加氢小试实验数据,采用MATLAB优化算法回归得到加氢动力学模型参数.随后模型的验证结果表明计算值和实验值相吻合.在此基础上模型可有效用于加氢产品分布的预测及工艺条件的优化,该工作为页岩油加氢过程的设计提供了指导.