Single junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have surpassed a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27%. However, inevitable interface defects from the preparation process have emerged as notorious barrier to further enhancing performance. In this study, we introduce the L-isoleucine (L-lle) to modify the buried interface between tin dioxide (SnO2) and perovskite in PSCs. The oxygen atoms on the carboxyl group (-COOH) of L-lle migrate upward and chemically bond with the uncoordinated lead ions on the perovskite surface, effectively anchoring the displaced lead ions. Concurrently, the downward movement facilitates esterification reaction with the hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the surface of SnO2, which enhances molecular cross-linking, expands interface contact, and improves the stability of L-lle at the buried interface. The efficiency of PSC devices based on L-lle exhibit a significantly higher efficiency than that of control devices (23.54%), reaching 26.15%. Furthermore, after 1200 h of long-term stability testing, the modified device can retain 92% of its initial efficiency, demonstrating outstanding operational stability.

Industrial oily wastewater and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions are difficult to treat because of the high stability of dispersed water droplets, while conventional superhydrophobic membranes often suffer from poor durability and performance degradation under harsh operating conditions. Therefore, the development of robust superhydrophobic membranes with high separation efficiency and long-term stability remains a significant challenge. To address these issues, a high-adhesion superhydrophobic SiC/SiO2 fibrous membrane was fabricated through covalent grafting of octyltriethoxysilane (OTES) onto a hierarchical ceramic framework. The abundant surface hydroxyl groups provided active anchoring sites for the formation of a crosslinked polysiloxane network, while the optimized grafting conditions promoted a high-adhesion superhydrophobic state with pronounced liquid pinning behavior, consistent with the Cassie-impregnating regime. The resulting membrane exhibited a water contact angle (WCA) of 153.3° and maintained stable superhydrophobicity after exposure to acidic, alkaline, and high-temperature environments. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of hierarchical pore architecture and interfacial wettability, the membrane achieved separation efficiencies above 98.5% for various W/O emulsions, together with a maximum permeation flux of 1305L·m-2·h-1 at 3.0bar. In addition, the membrane demonstrated excellent anti fouling performance and long-term operational stability during continuous filtration and cyclic separation tests. This work provides a feasible strategy for engineering high-adhesion Cassie-impregnating wetting interfaces on electrospun SiC/SiO2 ceramic fibrous membrane and offers a promising route for efficient oil-water separation under harsh conditions.

Driven by the growing need for high-performance lightweight materials in aerospace, defense, and renewable energy, three-dimensional (3D) woven and braided composites are emerging as a promising class of structure-function integrated materials, enabled by their high specific properties, outstanding damage tolerance, and architecture-level design flexibility. This review synthesizes key advances across the full lifecycle of 3D woven or braided composites, spanning intelligent preform architecture design, advanced forming and in-situ process monitoring, multiscale digital modeling and structure-property prediction, testing and characterization, and green end-of-life recycling. Representative quantitative progress is highlighted: optimized 3D fiber architectures deliver similar to 128 % higher flexural strength and similar to 47 % higher flexural modulus than conventional configurations, while novel interlayer reinforcement strategies can more than double energy-absorption capacity. In manufacturing, resin transfer molding coupled with real-time sensing enables precise fabrication of complex parts with minimal defects, and process simulations can predict resin-flow evolution within similar to 5 % of experimental measurements. For sustainability, emerging thermal and chemical recycling routes recover carbon fibers retaining similar to 80-90 % of their original tensile strength, offering tangible reductions in end-of-life impacts. Remaining gaps include fragmented technology chains, insufficient interdisciplinary integration for multifunctionality, and unresolved sustainability/scale-up challenges. To address these, a coordinated development roadmap that jointly optimizes structural, functional, and environmental performance is proposed, along with future directions such as digital-twin modeling, artificial intelligence-assisted design optimization, intelligent sensing integration for closed-loop manufacturing, and closed-loop recycling.

Hybrid 3D braided composites composed of high-strength T800 and high-modulus M55 carbon fibers must simultaneously coordinate stiffness utilization, strain mismatch, interface-mediated load transfer, and fiber integrity during surface activation. In this study, T800/M55 hybrid 3D five-directional braided composites with an epoxy vinyl ester resin matrix were investigated by integrating periodic unit-cell screening, fiber-specific plasma treatment, multiscale surface characterization, single-filament breaking-load and Weibull analyses, unidirectional short-beam shear (SBS) screening, and multi-mode mechanical validation. Model-guided screening showed that the M55 axial yarn/T800 braiding yarn configuration (H3) provided a favorable balance between axial stiffness gain and stress localization. Moderate T800-O2-4 min and M55-N2-3 min treatments each retained approximately 91% of the untreated mean single-filament breaking load, whereas prolonged treatment reduced load retention and/or Weibull statistical uniformity. These two controlled activation windows also maximized the SBS responses of the corresponding unidirectional composites. After these treatment windows were applied to H3, the mean values of SBS strength, flexural strength, tensile modulus, failure strain, and compressive strength increased, whereas the mean flexural modulus decreased. Fracture morphology progressively changed from clean fiber pull-out and interfacial debonding to greater resin coverage, matrix tearing, and mixed interfacial/cohesive fracture. These results reveal the competition between interfacial activation benefits and treatment-induced fiber degradation and establish an architecture–activation–load-transfer correlation in hybrid textile composites.

Recent years have seen considerable progress in flexible piezoelectric materials. However, such materials often experience reduced performance under high temperatures or complex mechanical stress, posing persistent challenges in achieving both high piezoelectric output and operational stability. This study introduces a composite film that integrates piezoelectric and triboelectric effects by embedding aramid nanofiber (ANF) into a fluorine polyimide (FPI) matrix using vacuum-assisted filtration. FPI nanofibrous film exhibits outstanding piezoelectric response. Moreover, under mechanical deformation, endogenous triboelectric charges are generated between the ANF and FPI nanofibers, which are endogenous triboelectric electropositive and electronegative, respectively. Thus, the as-fabricated FPI/ANF composite film demonstrates excellent piezoelectric properties with an output voltage of up to 30 V, a sensitivity of 0.86 V & sdot;N- 1, fast response and recovery times (30 ms and 32 ms, respectively). Notably, the composite film remains functional after 10,000 cycles, indicating exceptional durability. Furthermore, the fabricated sensor can accurately detect human motions. This work offers a viable structural design strategy for high-performance piezoelectric sensors, showing promising potential for applications such as motion monitoring and self-powered wearable devices under extreme conditions.

For solving the problems of liquid absorbing and plasticization, interface layering, and corrosion below film which epoxy resin coatings often meet in acidic working environments, this research has prepared a reactive fluorosilicon low polymer that can co-solidify with epoxy systems, and systematically studied its adjustment functions on the nano-structure and acid corrosion resistance of the coatings. Through the control of fluorosilicon content, the surface enrichment, size of nano-phase domains, surface energy, crosslinking density, acid absorption, electrochemical response, and failure morphology after immersion have been compared for coatings that have different formulations. Furthermore, quantitative interrelations among structure parameters and long-term impedance holding were established through the utilization of AFM, XPS, DMA, and EIS. The outcomes show that fluorosilicon compositions can form a surface layer with much fluorine and silicon in the curing process, and enhance the diffusion curvature inside the membrane, therefore the 6 wt% formula displays the best comprehensive performance: the water contact angle increased to 112.8°, the surface free energy decreased to 19.6 mN·m-1, acid absorption rate after 30 d decreased to 2.87%, and the apparent diffusion coefficient decreased to 7.6×10-10cm2·s-1; in 0.1 mol·L-1H₂SO₄, its"|Z" "|" _"0.01Hz" remained at 7.90×106 Ω·cm² after 30 d, the corrosion current density was only 3.92×10⁻⁸A·cm⁻², and the adhesion retention rate reached 86.5%, demonstrating the best overall acid resistance.Mechanism analysis indicates that the enhanced acid resistance stems from the synergistic effects of a stable low-energy surface layer, an appropriate distribution of nanostructures, and a continuous cross-linked network, whereas an excess of fluorosilicon weakens the long-term barrier effect due to coarsening of the phase regions. This study provides a basis and reference for the formulation design and mechanism analysis of epoxy protective coatings in acidic media, which can be directly applied to engineering screening, failure diagnosis, and formulation scaling.

Electrospinning of chitosan (CS) is typically limited by poor spinnability and weak structural stability. In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was incorporated into CS/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blends, followed by glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking, to optimize fiber morphology and mechanical performance. Morphological analysis indicated that PVP reduced the average fiber diameter to 80 nm by lowering surface tension and enhancing chain entanglement. XRD analysis revealed a significant reduction in crystallinity (or suppression of the crystalline phase), suggesting that PVP disrupted the ordered packing of chains. The incorporation of PVP significantly improved the elongation at break from 7% to 76%. Subsequent GA crosslinking further reinforced the dense network, resulting in a robust membrane with a maximum tensile strength of 32 MPa (a 60% increase) while maintaining a final elongation of 13.2%. The synergistic strategy of PVP-driven jet stabilization and GA-induced network reinforcement provides an effective route to fabricate high-performance nanofibers for potential biomedical and separation applications.

Piezoelectric sensors are widely used in highly integrated wearable electronics. However, the heat generated during device operation affects the stability of piezoelectric materials, necessitating the development of materials integrating outstanding piezoelectric sensing and thermal conductivity properties. In this study, fluorpolyimide/ boron nitride nanosheets (FPI/BN) nanofibrous composite films were prepared via electrospinning and vacuumassisted filtration methods. The incorporation of piezoelectric ceramic BN substantially improves the piezoelectric property of FPI/BN composite films. The output voltage and current of up to 12 V and 500 nA, respectively, which is 6 times and 5 times in comparison with pure FPI film, respectively. Furthermore, the rapid response time of 28 ms, rapid recovery time of 34 ms, and stable cyclic performance over 10,000 cycles can be obtained. Moreover, the incorporation of BNNS established efficient heat transfer pathways, significantly enhancing the thermal conductivity of the composite films, ensuring effective heat dissipation during operation and improves reliability in practical applications of the sensor. The superior piezoelectric performance makes the FPI/BN composite film offering a promising candidate for wearable electronic devices and highly integrated systems.

The development of composites with superior electromagnetic (EM) waves absorption and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties has emerged as an effective strategy to mitigate electromagnetic radiation. Although traditional metal-based shielding materials have remarkable shielding effects, they have limitations such as high density and susceptibility to corrosion. Therefore, exploring lightweight and efficient electromagnetic functional materials has become a vibrant area of research. Bamboo charcoal (BC), due to its natural porous structure, excellent electrical conductivity, low cost and renewability, has become an ideal electromagnetic functional material. However, the electromagnetic performance of BC still needs to be improved. In order to further improve the EM waves absorption and EMI shielding properties of BC, bamboo charcoal@triiron tetraoxide@polyaniline (BC@Fe3O4@PANI) composite is synthesised through co-precipitation and in-situ polymerization. This BC@Fe3O4@PANI composite not only performs well in EM waves absorption and shielding, but also features low density, low cost and easy processing, making it possess broad application prospects in modern wireless communication, radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility design of electronic devices. When the thickness of 650BC@Fe3O4@PANI composite is 4.5 mm, the optimal reflection loss (RL) reaches -56.2 dB and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) is 4.2 GHz. The EMI shielding efficiency of 1050BC@Fe3O4@PANI composite is 40.85 dB and its absorption efficiency (A) of 0.72 represents a substantial improvement over that of BC.

Based on the principle of automated addition and reduction of yarn in three-dimensional variable cross-section braiding with an active yarn feeder, this paper proposes a method for automated yarn addition and reduction using "glue-bonding for yarn-addition and cutting for yarn-reduction." Experiments involving glue-bonding and cutting were conducted with an auto yarn addition and reduction device. The effects of blade angle, blade speed, cutting position, fiber length, and pre-tension on fiber cutting were tested. A three-dimensional finite element model simulated the damage mechanisms during the addition and reduction process, and experimental and simulation results were compared and analyzed. The study also investigated fiber fracture at the constrained end during yarn reduction. It was found that a 70-degree blade cut, lower pre-tension, closer cutting points to the constraint end, and shorter fiber lengths significantly improved cutting performance for yarn reduction. An experiment with cyclic cutting of carbon fibers revealed an increase in cutting force of approximately 0.046 N per cutting cycle. The tensile resistance of carbon fibers glued with epoxy-based UV-curable adhesives under quasi-static and dynamic loading was studied, showing good bonding performance capable of withstanding tensions generated during yarn reduction. The study concludes that the automated method of using UV-curable adhesives for yarn addition and blade cutting for yarn reduction is applicable to variable cross-section three-dimensional braided technology, providing a theoretical basis for the active yarn feeder to achieve addition and reduction yarn functions.Highlights Introduced an automated method for the addition and reduction of yarn. A finite element model for addition and reduction yarn has been established. The study has unveiled the mechanism of shear fracture in carbon fibers. Reveals the fracture mechanism at yarn-reduction sites. Provides a basis for optimizing addition and reduction yarn performance.

Thermosetting bismaleimide (BMI) resin and its composites have been widely used in the aerospace field, but the design and preparation of BMI composites with integrated structure and function still remains a challenge. Herein, a series of fluorine bismaleimide (FBMI) resins were synthesized using 2,2 '-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4 '-diaminobiphenyl (TFMB) and 4,4 '-diphenylmethane bismaleimide as the monomers, and the flexible piezoelectric sensors were fabricated by compounding it with glass fiber fabrics (GF). The fabricated films demonstrate exceptional thermal stability with a T-d5% value up to 440 degrees C. Moreover, the tensile strength and modulus of composite films are mainly in the range of 160 similar to 256 MPa and 3.55 similar to 5.29 GPa, respectively. Remarkably, the FBMI-GF exhibits outstanding piezoelectric properties with an output voltage reaching 4 V. In particular, the fabricated piezoelectric sensor FBMI-50 demonstrates the most optimal piezoelectric performance with a short response time of 40 ms. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits outstanding capability of detecting different motion states of the human body with stable output voltage (3 V) after 5000 working cycles, indicating excellent stability and durability. This study firstly reported the piezoelectric property of the BMI composites and provides a novel candidate for the fabrication of structure-function integrated composites in aerospace and microelectronic fields.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a research hotspot in the photovoltaic field due to their excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE), simple preparation process, and low‐cost characteristics. Among them, flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) possess unique advantages such as lightweight and wearability. Compared with rigid devices (RPSCs), the efficiency improvement of FPSCs faces multiple challenges: the limitations of the light transmittance of flexible substrates, insufficient temperature and weather resistance, as well as interface defects and mechanical stress damage caused by low‐temperature preparation processes, which severely restrict the device performance and stability. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in interface engineering and defect passivation strategies for PEN/ITO flexible substrates and n‐i‐p device structures. It focuses on key technical routes such as surface reconstruction of functional layers, chemical regulation of grain boundaries, and modification of heterojunction interfaces. Through strategies such as the introduction of novel passivation molecules, self‐assembled monolayers, and gradient energy level design, the charge transport and recombination characteristics have been effectively improved. In addition, regarding the large‐scale preparation technology of flexible perovskite modules, the optimization schemes for large‐area film formation processes are summarized, and the transition from small‐scale devices to large‐area photovoltaic modules for various applications is discussed. The methods for stress control and defect suppression during the R2R manufacturing process are analyzed. This study has important reference value for promoting the industrial application of flexible perovskite photovoltaic technology.

With the rapid development of flexible wearable sensors in the fields of medical detection and environmental monitoring, it is urgent to develop multifunctional sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, wide sensing range, excellent comfort and multi-stimulus response. In this paper, a porous thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film with high stretchability and breathability was prepared by facial liquid phase separation, and a flexible wearable sensor was developed through vapor deposition of polypyrrole (PPy) within the porous TPU film matrix. The fabricated sensor can detect pressure, strain and gas, has a wide pressure detection range (up to 98 kPa), fast response speed (100 ms), sensitivity of up to 0.33 kPa(-1) and working stability. Furthermore, it has an extremely high tensile strength of 790 % and can operate in the 0-400 % stretch range with a maximum sensitivity of 238.2. Importantly, the flexible porous TPU/PPy multifunctional sensor has excellent breathability and the capability to monitor NH3 gas, and the gas detection limit can reach 10 ppm. This work provides a new route for achieving high-performance and wearing comfortable strain sensors with broad application prospects in human activity detection and NH3 gas monitoring devices.

The fabrication of carbon aerogels with ultralow density, high electrical conductivity, and ultraelasticity still remains substantial challenges. This study utilizes electrospun polyimide aerogel as the source to fabricate flexible carbon nanofibrous aerogel (PI-CNA) capable of multifunctional applications. The lightweight PI-CNA based piezoresistive sensor shows a wide linear range (0-217 kPa), rapid response/recovery time, and fatigue resistance (12,000 cycles). More importantly, the superior pressure sensing enables the PI-CNA for all-range healthcare sensing, including pulse monitoring, physiological activity detection, speech recognition, and gait recognition. Moreover, the EMI SE and the A coefficient of the PI-CNA reach 45 dB and 0.62, respectively, indicating the outstanding absorption dominated EMI shielding effects due to the multiple reflections and absorption. Furthermore, PI-CNA exhibits satisfying Joule heating performance up to 120 °C with rapid response time (10-30 s) under low supply voltages (1.5-5 V) and possesses sufficient heating reliability and repeatability in long-term repeated heating/cooling cycles. The fabricated PI-CNA shows significant potential applications in wearable technologies, energy conversion, electronic skin, and artificial intelligence.

With the booming of telecommunication and microelectronics, it is essential to develop electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with low reflectivity characteristics to avoid the secondary pollution from electromagnetic waves (EMWs). Herein, we fabricated a series of hierarchical polypyrrole/carbon nanofiber (PPy/CF) composites with multilayer PPy films. The EMI shielding performance can be adjusted by attaching different layered PPy films. The EMI shielding efficiency (SE) of PPy/CF composite films can reach to 74.59 dB with an electrical conductivity of 3.02 x 10(-3) S/mm. Moreover, in order to make the composite film have excellent strength and flexibility, we specially designed an acetone-soluble polyimide (PI) resin to encapsulate PPy/CF. After packaging with PI, the composite films are imparted with high flexibility and mechanical properties with the tensile strength and modulus of 4.65 and 153.03 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the resultant PI/PPy/CF composite films also possess favorable Joule heating performance and sensing monitoring. The Joule heating temperature of PI/PPy/CF films reaches 131.0 C-degrees within 15 s when the applied voltage is 5 V. The fabricated composite films are promising for applications in the fields of aerospace, telecommunication, and microelectronic engineering and multifunctional wearable devices.

Tin oxide (SnO2) is a frequently used electron transport material in n-i-p type perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, a large number of defects are present at the ETL/perovskite interface (also known as the buried interface), which will significantly limit the formation of high-quality perovskite films, thereby reducing the device performance of PSCs. Herein, malic acid (H2Mi) was introduced as a bidirectional cross-linking agent at the buried interface for the first time to construct a molecular bridging layer to improve the electron extraction of SnO2 and the growth of perovskite crystals. The multifunctional cross-linking layer can not only passivate the trap states of Sn interstitials (Sni) and oxygen vacancies (VO) and thereby improve the conductivity of SnO2, but also regulate the growth of perovskite crystals and inhibit non-radiative recombination due to its strong interaction with undercoordinated Pb2+ as a Lewis base. As a result, the H2Mi-modified PSCs achieved an impressive 24.34% champion power conversion efficiency (PCE). In addition, perovskite films and PSCs based on H2Mi modification show excellent long-term stability. After being placed in ambient air for 1080 h, the unencapsulated target device can maintain more than 90% of the initial PCE. After 400 h of maximum power point (MPP) tracking test under continuous illumination (100 mW cm-2), the unencapsulated target device can maintain 80% of the initial PCE. The excellent performance of the device shows that this strategy can be used as an effective passivation method for buried interface defects in PSCs to further promote their commercialization. This paper achieves efficient and stable PSCs by constructing molecular bridges between the buried interfaces. PSCs passivated by the H2Mi interface molecular bridge have been proven to have a high PCE of 24.34% and excellent light stability.

The application of traditional isocyanate-based polyimide (PI) foams is highly hindered due to limited flame retardancy, poor mechanical properties, and relatively single functionality. Herein, we propose an effective method to fabricate dual cross-linked polyimide/bismaleimide (PI-BMI) foams with outstanding heat resistance and enhanced mechanical properties by incorporating bis(3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-maleimidophenyl)methane (ME-BMI) as the interpenetrating network. The results show that the prepared PI-BMI composite foams exhibit enhanced mechanical properties with lightweight characteristics (23-80 kg·m-3). When the ME-BMI loading reached 120 wt %, the tensile and compressive strength of PI-BMI composite foam can reach 1.9 and 7.8 MPa, which are 9.6 and 63.3 times higher than that of pure PI foam, respectively. In comparison with PIF-0, the 10% heat loss temperature (Td,10%) of PIF-90 improved by 156 °C. Moreover, the PI-BMI foam piezoelectric sensor containing fluorine groups presents a short response time (14.22 ms), high sensitivity (0.266 V/N), and outstanding stability (10 000 cycles). Besides, the sensor can accurately monitor human activity in different states. This work provides a promising strategy for designing multifunctional PI foams, making them suitable for applications in aerospace and microelectronics.

In the process of using adhesive method for variable cross-section 3D weaving, the introduction of adhesive at the yarn increasing point greatly increases the friction and wear between carbon fibers, which can lead to a decrease in the overall performance of the prefabricated component. In response to the above issues, a self-made experimental fixture was developed to test the friction and wear performance between carbon fibers in bonding process. The effects of friction angle, preloaded tension, and friction frequency on the friction properties between carbon fiber bundles were investigated. Solidworks is used to model bonded carbon fiber bundles with a friction angle of 90°, and ABAQUS is used to simulate the friction of the bonded carbon fiber bundle. The experimental results show that stress concentration occurs in the center of the friction area, and the wear degree at the center is more obvious, and the number of fiber breaks at the center was more than that of the side. Friction angle has great influence on friction coefficient, while pre-tensioning and friction frequency had a negligible effect. Based on the above results, when performing variable cross-section 3D weaving, it is recommended to increase the spacing between adjacent carriers and shorten the distance between the weaving chassis and the prefabricated parts. Additionally, it is advised to reduce the pre-added tension on the carrier device and increase the knitting frequency as much as possible within the scope of working conditions. The study results are of great significance for developing 3D weaving devices in terms of theoretical and engineering guidance.

Chitosan and its derivatives are widely used in food packaging, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical, textile, paper, agriculture, and environmental industries. However, the flexibility of chitosan films is extremely poor, which limits its relevant applications to a large extent. In this paper, chitosan/sorbitol/nano-silica (CS/sorbitol/SiO2) composite films were prepared by the casting film method using chitosan, sorbitol, Tween-80 and nano-SiO2 as raw materials. The structure of the films was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, electron scanning microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effects of sorbitol and nano-silica dosage on the mechanical properties, thermal properties and water vapor barrier properties of the composite film were investigated. The results show that with the gradual increase in sorbitol (≤75 wt %), the elongation at the break of chitosan/sorbitol films significantly increased. When the addition of sorbitol was 75 wt %, the elongation at break of the chitosan/sorbitol composite film was 13 times higher than that of the chitosan film. Moreover, nano-SiO2 can further improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the chitosan/sorbitol composite films. When the amount of nano-silica was 4.5 wt %, the composite film became more flexible, with a maximum elongation of 90.8% (which is 14 times that of chitosan film), and its toughness increased to 10.52 MJm−3 (which is 6 times that of chitosan film). This study balances the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite films by adding a plasticizer and nano-filler, providing a reference for the preparation of chitosan composites or their blending with other polymers, and has practical guiding significance for the industrial production of biomass plastics.