In forest rescuing, unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) can not save all the areas at a time due to the influence of its physical properties and risk factor. So it is extremely important to bring the service efficiency of the UAV into full play. The optimal path planning problem of the UAV for forest rescuing is presented and a mathematic model of the problem is built up. On the basis of this, a fuzzy clustering -PSO - genetic algorithm is presented. The computational amount is decreased, a method combined of both the shortest distance and point clustering is adopted. The simulation test result indicates that when task number less than 30, particle swarm algorithm is superior to genetic algorithm, and vice versa. Both methods plan the same airline but time, and it can resolve the path planning problem of the UAV for water environmental monitoring effectively.

Voronoi graph method is used for forest-fire relief supplies’ shortest way of planning. Global path planning model has been established initially based on Voronoi and Geography Information System (GIS) method. Ellipse model is used to express forest fire spread region. For simplified computation, the excircle of the ellipse instead is utilized to calculate threat degree, which also makes the planned route has bigger security. In order to enhance flight vehicle’s feasibility, smooth processing carries on above path’s elevation by grade limitation smooth algorithm and curvature limit smooth algorithm. The simulation result shows: this simple plan method might effectively solve the problem of vehicle’s 3D global path planning, simultaneously also lay the foundation for the actual flight in dynamic flight path planning.

Flight path planning by artificial immune algorithm approach met the requirements of aircraft's flyability and operation is proposed for the problem of single and double TF/TA2 flight path planning. Punishment function (affinity function) with comprehensive 3D threat information is designed. A comprehensive threat model is formed including dynamic and static threats and no-fly-zone. Accordingly, single and dual flight paths are planned by AIA, which have been compared with the paths by GA. The results show that, GA's planned a quick and longer path compared under simple threat environment; in complex environments, GA has high failure rate (greater than 95%) for single aircraft, but it is failed for double aircrafts. For the single and double aircrafts, AIA can provides one optimal and more candidate optimal flight paths.

Photoelectrodes using different nanoparticle size and film thickness of TiO2 were prepared by screen-printing and post annealing method with the objective of optimizing the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effect of nanoparticle size and film thickness of the TiO2 on the performance of DSSCs was investigated. Based on the effect investigation, composite nanoparticulate TiO2 film electrodes were designed and fabricated to improve the photovoltaic performance of the DSSCs. The enhanced conversion efficiency was achieved in the DSSCs by introducing light scattering layer and additional dye adsorption nanoparticle layer to form composite TiO2 films, and by optimizing the nanoparticle size and film thickness. The improvement mechanism was also discussed.

In this study, a novel low-cost fabrication process of Al-based metal gr ids for large-sized dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was developed. The Al-based metal grids layer is introduced by sputtering deposition on FTO glass to collect current and reduce the RTCO of large area DSSCs. With the Al-based metal gr ids technology, we achieved 4.8% conversion efficiency in the active area of 12.8cm2, an improvement by 120% in contrast with the counterpart without using the Al-based metal grids technology.

As-doped p-type ZnO films were grown on GaAs by sputtering and thermal diffusion process. Hall effect measurements showed that the as-grown films were of n-type conductivity and they were converted to p-type behavior after thermal annealing. Moreover, the hole concentration of As-doped p-type ZnO was very impressible to the oxygen ambient applied during the annealing process. In addition, the bonding state of As in the films was investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study not only demonstrated an effective method for reliable and reproducible p-type ZnO fabrication but also helped to understand the doping mechanism of As-doped ZnO.

Mn ions were implanted to n-type Si(001) single crystal by low-energy ion beam deposition technique with an energy of 1000eV and a dose of 7.5×1017cm−2. The samples were held at room temperature and at 300°C during implantation. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles of samples indicate that the Mn ions reach deeper in the sample implanted at 300°C than in the sample implanted at room temperature. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the structure of the sample implanted at room temperature is amorphous while that of the sample implanted at 300°C is crystallized. There are no new phases found except silicon both in the two samples. Atomic force microscopy images of samples indicate that the sample implanted at 300°C has island-like humps that cover the sample surface while there is no such kind of characteristic in the sample implanted at room temperature. The magnetic properties of samples were investigated by alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM). The sample implanted at 300°C shows ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature.

Nickel-doped ZnO (Zn1−xNixO) have been produced using rf magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that nickel atoms were successfully incorporated into ZnO host matrix without forming any detectable secondary phase. Ni 2p core-level photoemission spectroscopy confirmed this result and suggested Ni has a chemical valence of 2+. According to the magnetization measurements, no ferromagnetic but paramagnetic behavior was found for Zn0.86Ni0.14O. We studied the electronic structure of Zn0.86Ni0.14O by valence-band photoemission spectroscopy. The spectra demonstrate a structure at ∼2eV below the Fermi energy EF, which is of Ni 3d origin. No emission was found at EF, suggesting the insulating nature of the film.

The (111) textured cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) thin films are deposited on (111) Si substrates using the mass-selected ion beam deposition technique at various substrate temperatures.These films are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Auger electron spectroscopy,and X-ray diffraction.The carbon ions are reacted with the Si substrates and the amorphous Si-C layers are obtained at room temperature and 400℃,respectively,while the (111) textured 3C-SiC films are formed at 800℃.In addition,the mechanism of SiC formation is also discussed based on the diffusion process.The SiC thin films are much thicker than those predicted by TRIM, due to the channel effect and the enhanced diffusion caused by implanted ions with certain energies at high substrate temperatures.

Mn+ ions were implanted into n-type Ge(1 1 1) single crystal at room temperature at an energy of 100 keV with a dose of 3 x 10(16) cm(-2). Subsequent annealing was performed on the samples at 400 degreesC and 600 degreesC in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere. The magnetic properties of the samples have been investigated by alternating gradient magnetometer at room temperature. The compositional properties of the annealed samples were studied by Auger electron spectroscopy and the structural properties were analyzed by X-ray diffraction measurements. Magnetization measurements reveal room-temperature ferromagnetism for the annealed samples. The magnetic analysis supported by compositional and structural properties indicates that forming the diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) MnxGe1-x after annealing may account for the ferromagnetic behavior in the annealed samples. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mn+ irons were implanted to n-type Ge(111) single crystal at room temperature with an energy of 100keV and a dose of 3×1016cm−2. Subsequently annealing was performed at 400°C for 1h under flowing nitrogen gas. X-ray diffraction measurements show that as-implanted sample is amorphous and the structure of crystal is restored after annealing. Polycrystalline germanium is formed in annealed sample. There are no new phases found except germanium. The samples surface morphologies indicate that annealed sample has island-like feature while there is no such kind of characteristic in as-implanted sample. The elemental composition of annealed sample was analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy. It shows that manganese ions are deeply implanted into germanium substrate and the highest manganese atomic concentration is 8% at the depth of 120nm. The magnetic properties of samples were investigated by an alternating gradient magnetometer. The annealed sample shows ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature.

In this paper, the specific heat of eight new functional crystals: Li2B4O7, Bi12SiO20, Bi12TiO20, Bi12GeO20, Sr1-xBaxNb2O6 (x=0.33, 0.48), LiTaO3 in the temperature range of 130-973K, together with the relations to phase transition and chemical components, were experimentally investigated. The polynomial fitting equations of specific heat were given. The results were also compared with the calculated values from Kopp-Neumann law and Winkelmann's empiric equation. This provides a method and evidence of the estimation of crystal's specific heat.