Developing epoxy resins (EP) simultaneously with high fire safety, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is imperative yet remains challenging, due to its limited flame-retardant efficiency, poor interfacial compatibility with the epoxy matrix, and lack of anti-corrosion ability. Although various sophisticated modifications of APP have been attempted to address this issue, the results remain unsatisfactory, and these modifications inevitably rely on auxiliary agents and complex procedures. Herein, a versatile ionic liquid, [DEA]D-ATA, readily synthesized via the neutralization of phosphoryl amitrole (D-ATA) and diethanolamine (DEA), serves as a curing agent, corrosion inhibitor, and flame-retardant synergist, and is demonstrated to simultaneously enhance the interfacial adhesion of APP within epoxy matrix via an in-situ cation exchange. Notably, the resulting [DEA]D-ATA/APP/EP composites exhibit significantly improved flame retardancy, reduced smoke release and toxic gases production, enhanced mechanical strengths and corrosion resistance relative to APP/EP cured by DEA. Specifically, the optimized [DEA]D-ATA/APP/EP attains a limited oxygen index (LOI) of 31.8% and a UL-94 V-0 rating, with a peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 335.2 kW/m2 and total smoke production (TSP) of 11.7 m2, while retaining a tensile strength of 65.9 MPa, an impact strength of 14.2 kJ/m2, and an impedance modulus |Z|0.01 Hz of 106 Ω·cm2 after 30-day immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. These results collectively demonstrate that this strategy effectively alleviates the performance degradation typically associated with APP-based flame-retardant epoxy composites. Overall, this ionic liquid-mediated synergistic approach, integrating interfacial regulation, fire safety enhancement, and corrosion resistance improvement, offers a straightforward and effective route to multifunctional high-performance EP composites.

Moisture uptake and the resulting changes in mechanical properties of polymer-based waterproofing membranes were investigated. Pure polymer membrane (PM), polymer-CaCO3 (PCC), and polymer-white cement (PWC) membranes were prepared using styrene-acrylate (SA), vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE), and styrene-butadiene (SBR) latexes and exposed to 100% relative humidity for 30 days. All membranes exhibit decreased tensile strength and fracture energy after moisture exposure. Low-field NMR enables quantification of three moisture types in the membranes, including polymer-absorbed water (H2Owip), interfacial water (H2Oint), and free water (H2Of). After moisture treatment, [H2O](int) and [H2O](f) are highly related to latex particle size and emulsifier content, with SBR-based membranes showing the highest values due to the smallest particle size and highest emulsifier content. In PM and PCC membranes, [H2O](wip) is majorly determined by polymer hydrophobicity, following the order SBR > SA > VAE. In PWC membranes, [H2O](wip) is extremely high in VAE-PWC due to polymer saponification. The reduction in fracture energy is primarily governed by [H2O](wip), because of the plasticizing effect of H2Owip that weakens intermolecular forces. Consequently, VAE-based membranes undergo the most pronounced fracture energy decline in all systems, while SBR-based membranes exhibit the lowest decrease in PM and PCC membranes, and SA-PWC shows the least degradation in PWC membranes. Secondary cement hydration occurs in both SA-PWC and VAE-PWC during moisture treatment, but is minimal in SBR-PWC. Secondary hydration, high water-absorptivity of hydration products, osmotic pressure, instability of polymer, and hindered latex film formation, are possible causes for higher moisture uptake of PWC.

Moisture-induced deterioration of mechanical properties significantly limits the durability of polymer-inorganic composite membranes. Although water-soluble monomers are commonly used to stabilize latexes, their influence on moisture-induced deterioration of mechanical properties of polymer-inorganic composites remains unclear. In this study, styrene-butyl acrylate (SA) latexes functionalized with acrylamide (AM) and hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) were used to prepare pure polymer membrane (PM), polymer-calcium carbonate (PCC), and polymer-white cement (PWC) membranes. Prior to moisture exposure, AM-based PM and PCC exhibit higher tensile strength reflecting stronger intermolecular interactions induced by amide functionalities, whereas HPA-PWC membranes show higher strength probably due to enhanced polymer-cement interfacial bonding. All membranes were subsequently exposed to 100% relative humidity for up to 30 days, during which tensile properties and moisture uptake were evaluated. Three types of water, i.e. polymer-absorbed water (H2Owip), interfacial water (H2Oint), and free water (H2Of), were distinguished by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). Results reveal that HPA-based membranes consistently exhibit higher total moisture uptake due to much higher [H2O]f, while AM-based membranes accommodate more [H2O]wip. This originates from the different spatial localization of functional monomer units within polymer particles, with AM-derived segments preferentially enriched inside the particles and HPA-derived segments concentrated near the particle surface as hairy layers. Crucially, deterioration of mechanical properties correlates strongly with [H2O]wip, identifying plasticization as the dominant mechanism leading to more severe tensile strength reduction in AM-based membranes.

Dead Fine Fuel Moisture Content (DFFMC) is a critical factor influencing wildfire risk and fire spread behavior in forest fire management. DFFMC field-measurement relies on manual sampling, suffering from slow response, high labor costs, and limited spatial coverage. Moreover, existing predictive models of DFFMC are mostly based on single machine learning algorithms, which struggle to balance spatial generalization and local fitting capabilities, thereby limiting overall model performance. This study proposes a DFFMC prediction approach that integrates a stacking ensemble learning model with a hybrid dataset from different regions and Internet of Things (IoT) technology, offering the advantages of high accuracy, high spatial generalization, and rapid responsiveness. A stacking ensemble learning model was trained using publicly available international datasets covering diverse ecological and climatic zones. To evaluate the model's spatial generalization capability, field data collected from Bajia Country Park in Beijing, China, were used exclusively as an independent validation set. The model demonstrated strong predictive performance on the domestic dataset, achieving a correlation coefficient of 0.91 and a mean absolute error below 2. Key drivers analysis revealed that humidity and precipitation are the key drivers of DFFMC. Partial dependence plots indicate nonlinear DFFMC responses when humidity exceeds 60% and precipitation surpasses 3 mm. Bivariate dependence analysis further highlights complex interactions among meteorological factors, underscoring the value of multi-factor modeling for accurate DFFMC prediction and wildfire risk management.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based grafted polymers, where PDMS is chemically linked to the coating matrix, have been shown to be an effective strategy for developing durable anti-smudge coatings. However, current preparation methods involve multiple synthesis and purification steps, using relatively expensive mono-terminated PDMS. To simplify the process and reduce costs, we developed a one-pot mixing procedure using bis-epoxy terminated PDMS, along with polyethyleneimine and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as the hardener and diluent. Compared to the synthesized PDMS-based grafted polymer, the one-pot mixing procedure results in micro-sized PDMS domains in coatings, much larger than those found in those PDMS-based grafted polymer coatings. This leads to a reduction in transmittance, but the coatings still exhibit similar hardness, adhesion, thermal stability, and wettability toward water and hexadecane. The resulting anti-smudge coatings have a relatively high solid content and effectively repel both water and organic liquids. The coatings are also capable of contracting marker ink traces and paint. Additionally, they retain or recover their anti-smudge properties after 300 cycles of writing and erasing, bending, exposure to various liquid contaminants, and UV irradiation. This durable anti-smudge coating can be formulated with a variety of commonly used epoxy resins and applied to substrates such as metal, wood, and plastics.

The demand for smart textiles in wearable technology has significantly increased in the last decade. However, the inherent flammability of most textiles poses a big challenge, especially when exposed to elevated surface temperatures induced by electrical or optical stimuli, increasing the risk of fire. The process of synthesizing flame retardants involves the use of organic solvents, which is not in line with the requirements of sustainable development. This research focuses on establishing an eco-friendly and stable coating for polyamide 6 (PA6) fabric through a solvent-free synthesis and innovative alternating deposition method. It has been demonstrated that the treated PA6 fabric exhibits rapid self-extinguishing properties, eliminating melt dripping and achieving a remarkable limiting oxygen index of 25.5%. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate of the treated PA6 fabric decrease by 32.9% and 22.7%, respectively, compared to that of the control PA6. Under simulated sunlight exposure at an intensity of 150 mW.cm(-2), the treated PA6 fabric rapidly reaches a surface temperature of 78.6 degrees C within 300 s. Additionally, the treated PA6 fabric demonstrates an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency of 24.0 dB in the X-band, highlighting the efficacy of the innovative coating. This result is attributed to the conductive network formed by the alternating deposition of MXene and polyphosphamide. This work not only improves the fire safety in wearable textiles but also presents a promising and green strategy for developing multifunctional wearable textiles with enhanced safety features.

Various polymer substrates have their particular combustion features, therefore, developing an effective universal flame retardant strategy for various polymer substrates is of great practical importance. Meanwhile, as substitutes for petroleum-based products, bio-based flame retardants and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) meet the requirements of sustainable development. In this work, a fully bio-based flame retardant coating (PAGS) was prepared using phytic acid (PA) and guanosine (GS). PAGS was used as a universal flame retardant coatings for polylactic acid (PLA) fabrics and other substrates, including cotton fabrics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics, polyamide (PA) fabrics, polyurethane (PU) foams, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films, and woods. The PAGS-treated substrates were able to self-extinguish and eliminate molten droplets. Similarly, the PAGS coating significantly suppressed the heat release of each substrate. The P-containing free radicals in the gas phase were able to interact with highly reactive H, HO and alkyl radicals, blocking the chain reaction during combustion. The flammable gas density was also diluted by nonflammable gases. The formed continuous porous and dense intumescent char layer hindered heat and oxygen. It is suggested that this work provides a simple and efficient flame retardant strategy for improving the fire safety of various polymer substrates.

Cotton fabric has extensive application due to its comfort and breathability. However, the inherent flammability limits its wide application. Durable polysaccharide-based flame retardants with a low impact on the softness of fabrics are rarely reported. In this work, a novel flame retardant ammonium phosphate of lentinan (APLNT) was synthesized and grafted on the surface of cotton fabric. The treated cotton fabric had a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 43.3 % and passed the vertical burning test (VBT) with a 21.1 % weight gain of APLNT. Compared with control cotton, the peak heat release rate and total heat release values of Cotton-APLNT2 decreased by 92.8 % and 50.9 %, respectively. In addition, the cotton fabric still passed the VBT and kept an LOI value of 27.0 % even after 50 laundering cycles, indicating that the fabric can be used for daily needs. More importantly, the treated fabric remains soft. This research provided a new strategy for preparing bio-based durable flame retardant cotton fabrics.

The conventional process of imparting flame retardancy to cotton fabrics requires the consumption of large amounts of water, chemicals, and energy, which usually involves halogen-containing and phosphorus-containing chemicals. In this work, an eco-friendly sodium polyborate (SPB) foam was creatively introduced onto the cotton fabric surface by a bladed coater to improve the fire resistant performance. For the cotton sample with only 6.7% weight gain (WG) of SPB coating, the LOI value of cotton fabric (SPB treated cotton-1) was enhanced to 32.6% from 18.5%, the damaged length was decreased to 5.7 cm, and the sample self-extinguished in the vertical burning test. The peak of heat release rate value, total heat release value, and total smoke production (TSP) value decreased by 87.0%, 72.7%, and 22.2% respectively compared with those of the control sample. The TSP was further decreased by 80.6% when the WG of SPB was 16.7%. Besides, the SPB treated cotton showed enhanced antibacterial activities against S.aureus and E.coli. Particularly worth mentioning is in the SPB foam finishing procedure, no organic solvent and P or Cl-containing chemicals were involved, and the processing time was only around 3 min with obviously reduced water consumption, compared with dip-padding finishing. More importantly, SPB treated cotton kept good softness, whiteness, water vapor permeability, and air permeability. The SPB foam finishing in this work shows considerable potential in realize good flame retardancy on cotton fabrics by eco-friendly and high-efficient strategy.

Low-carbon emissions are a sustainable development approach, among which lyocell is a renewable and zero carbon biodegradable cellulose fiber. The flammability of lyocell fabric poses a threat to people's lives and property. In response to this issue, a bio-based flame retardant, tyramine polyphosphate (APP-LA), was synthesized and applied to the treatment of lyocell fabrics. The synthesis of APP-LA adopted an eco-friendly and organic solvent-free method. In the combustion test, the limiting oxygen index of APP-LA treated lyocell fabrics increased to 35.8% compared to control lyocell (18.5%), and the damage length was only 6.7 cm. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate and total heat release decreased by 92.9% and 58.7% respectively, compared to the control lyocell. Besides, the P-containing compounds generated by APP-LA accelerated the decomposition of the matrix to produce a dense char layer. The fewer flammable volatiles and more non-flammable gases were released. This work provided a low-cost and eco-friendly strategy for the simple preparation of commercial flame-retardant lyocell fabrics.

As the most widely used natural fabric, cotton fabric is highly flammable with serious fire hazard concerns. The use of biomass materials to impart flame resistance to fabrics is always a hot topic of interest. In this work, a novel durable flame retardant cotton fabric (Cotton-APA/LNT) was fabricated by successively covalent bonding ammonium phytate (APA) and lentinan (LNT). The Cotton-APA/LNT fabric sample had a highly limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 51.5 % and was self-extinguished in the vertical burning test (VBT) at 18.0 % weight gain. The peak heat release rate and total heat release values were decreased by 91.5 % and 46.0 %, respectively compared with those of the control cotton. Besides, after 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the fabric was still self-extinguished in the VBT with an LOI value of 34.2 %. APA fully strengthened the role of acid source by the presence of LNT. The constructed LNT outer layer showed comprehensive improvements in thermostability, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, durability, and breaking force. Specifically, the Cotton-APA/LNT sample had a higher LOI value (14.3 %), lower total heat release (down arrow 23.8 %), lower total smoke production (down arrow 29.1 %), higher thermostability (127 degrees C under air), better char formation ability (12.0 % under air), higher durability (self-extinguished in the VBT after 50 LCs), and higher breaking force (132.5 % in the warp direction and 133.9 % in the weft direction) compared with those of Cotton-APA sample. This work has proposed an advanced approach for fabricating eco-friendly durable fire-safety cotton fabrics.

It is still a big challenge for textile industry in improving fire resistance and reducing melt dripping with minimal loss on the physical properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics. In this work, a highly-effective hyperbranched flame retardant (DT) was first synthesized by ester exchange without using any organic solvent. Then, the DT foam was prepared and blade coated on PET fabric to improve the fire performance. The prepared PET fabric with only 2.7% weight gain of DT was self-extinguished and did not produce any molten dripping during the vertical flammable test. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of the PET fabric sample with 19.4% DT were decreased by 42.0% and 57.1%, respectively compared with that of the control PET. Besides, the as-prepared PET fabric sample showed better physical properties such as breaking strength, vapor permeability, air permeability, antistatic property, and softness than the control PET fabric sample. The DT foam finishing process did not involve any organic solvent and consumed less water and energy compared with conventional fabric treatments. It is expected that this work provides a facile and eco-friendly strategy for fabricating flame retardant PET fabric with excellent comprehensive performances.

Semiconductor-based photocatalytic techniques provide a durable and environmentally benign route to disinfect microbes. However, their disinfection activities are often limited by inadequate use of photocarriers (e(-) and h(+)), particularly for narrow bandgap semiconductors. Here, we directly grow narrow bandgap semiconductor MgIn2S4 onto In2O3 to fabricate MgIn2S4@In2O3 hierarchical tubular heterostructures. Using the model microbes Escherichia coli bacteria, we demonstrate that MgIn2S4@In2O3 can achieve an exceptionally high antimicrobial activity (7 log reduction in viable cells count for 30 min illumination) although MgIn2S4 and In2O3 alone are almost inactive. Owing to the intimate contact between MgIn2S4 and In2O3, MgIn2S4@In2O3 enables efficient photocarrier separation which supports continuous production of copious reactive species (i.e. h(+) and O-center dot(2)-) for disinfection. Numerical simulation indicates that photocarriers are spatially well-separated in MgIn2S4@In2O3 due to the type-II heterojunction formed. These findings signify the possibility to achieve high antimicrobial activity from otherwise almost inactive semiconductors by properly constructing the heterogeneous interfaces.

Fabrics with durable flame retardancy are of great importance for preventing potential fire threats in daily life. This review presents a comprehensive discussion of advances in durable flame-retardant fabrics by finishing over the decade. The environmentally sustainable and toxicologically acceptable strategies for improving the durable flame retardancy of fabrics are classified into six types:. (i) the formation of covalent bonds, (ii) the formation of crosslinking networks, (iii) the formation of water-insoluble products, (iv) the use of adhesive layers, (v) the construction of hydrophobic layers, and (vi) the intercalation of flame-retardants into fibres. The design principles, methodologies, and existing problems of different fabrication strategies for imparting durable flame retardancy are summarized and reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are critically discussed. The current challenges and future opportunities are also proposed based on the current market requirements and state-of-the-art technologies. Many recent methodologies have great potential for replacing the conventional durable flame-retardant processes of cellulosic textiles.

The combustion of polyamide 6 (PA6) fabrics releases toxic smoke, which will pollute the environment and threaten human life and health. Herein, a novel eco-friendly flame-retardant coating was constructed and applied to PA6 fabrics. Needle-like β-FeOOH with a high surface area was firstly constructed onto the surface of PA6 fabrics by the hydrolysis of Fe3+, sulfamic acid (SA) was then introduced by a facile dipping and nipping method. The growth of β-FeOOH also endowed the PA6 fabrics with certain hydrophilicity and moisture permeability, resulting in improved comfortability. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the prepared PA6/Fe/6SA sample was increased to 27.2% from 18.5% of control PA6 sample, and the damaged length was reduced to only 6.0 cm from 12.0 cm of control PA6 sample. Meanwhile, the melt dripping was also eliminated. The heat release rate and total heat release values of the PA6/Fe/6SA sample were decreased to 318.5 kW/m2 and 17.0 MJ/m2, respectively, compared with those of control PA6 (494.7 kW/m2 and 21.4 MJ/m2). The analysis results indicated that nonflammable gases diluted flammable gases. The observation of char residues demonstrated that the stable char layer was formed, which effectively inhibited the transfer of heat and oxygen. The organic solvent-free coating does not contain any conventional halogens/phosphorus elements, which provides a useful methodology to produce environmentally friendly flame-retardant fabrics.

With the increasing requirements of eco-friendly flame retardant fabrics, fully bio-based flame retardants have attracted more and more attention. In this work, a fully bio-based flame retardant coating (PALC) was prepared by combining phytic acid and L-cysteine through ion exchange, which was then applied to nylon-cotton blends. The water contact angle (WCA) test indicates that the hydrophilicity of treated blend fabrics is significantly increased. The treated blend fabrics also exhibited excellent antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus. Besides, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the treated blend fabric is increased to 27.2 % from 19.3 %, and the damage length is reduced to 5 cm from 30 cm. The analysis of cone calorimetry test results demonstrates that the total heat release (THR) and peak heat release rate (pHRR) values of the treated blend fabric are reduced by 62.6 % and 65.4 %, respectively, relative to CO/NY. At the same time, the PALC coating can also endow the blend fabric with smoke suppression properties. The total smoke production (TSP) and smoke production rate (SPR) values are reduced by 64.5 % and 67.6 %, respectively. The combination analysis of TG-FTIR, SEM and XPS proves that the phytic acid promotes the dense char layers forming, and L-cysteine generates noncombustible gases. This work provides an eco-friendly and organic solvent-free method for producing flameretardant nylon/cotton blends with reduced smoke release.

In this work, a fully bio-based multi-functional intumescent flame retardant coating containing epsilon-polylysine (epsilon-PL), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and phytic acid (PA) was successfully constructed on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics via a facile one-pot dip-pad-dry process. The introduction of the coating significantly improved the fire performance of the fabric. The treated PET fabric had a limiting oxygen index value of 28.1 %, and was free of molten drops in the vertical flammable test. The flame retardant mechanism analysis indicated that the three components in flame retardant coating formed intact char layers during combustion which hindered the transfer of oxygen/heat and inhibited the generation of flammable volatiles. The treated PET fabric also exhibited better antibacterial ability against E. coli and S.aureus compared to the control sample. Besides, the breaking strength and the elongation at the break of the treated PET fabric were slightly improved. This work provides a facile and sustainable strategy to fabricate PET fabrics with flame retardancy and anti-dripping properties.

The functional flexible wearable textiles have a broad application prospect in many areas. However, considering the physical and chemical effects among various additives, it is still a big challenge to prepare wearable fabrics with a balance between different properties. Herein, an eco-friendly and multifunctional nylon/cotton blend fabric was constructed by phytic acid (PA)-induced polymerization of polypyrrole on the surface, followed by dip coating with silver nanowires (AgNWs). A high electrical conductivity of the treated blend fabrics (61 S.m(-1)) was obtained contributed to the excellent EMI shielding performance of nylon/cotton blend fabric (X-band similar to 38.8 dB). Meanwhile, the coating maintained the surface temperature of the fabric within a suitable range, resulting in achieving the efficient thermal management. Furthermore, the treated nylon/cotton blends achieved a remarkable reduction (83.3 % and 81.7 %) of peak heat release rate and total smoke production compared to that of the control nylon/cotton blends. In addition, the considerable antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus was also realized. The successful application of this simple and eco-friendly method offered the possibility of preparing safer and more versatile wearable smart textiles.

Transition metal-catalyzed copolymerization of olefins with polar monomers signifies a challenge because transition metal catalysts usually easily get poisoned by heteroatoms. Novel amino-containing polyethylene with high molecular weight, fluorescent functionality was synthesized by direct copolymerization of ethylene and amino-olefin containing shielding groups. The highly efficient non-metallocene catalyst system with high tolerance to polar monomers [N, P] complexes [silicon bridged diphenyl phosphorus-phenyl-amine multi chelated] can effectively promote the copolymerization of ethylene and amino-olefins containing considerable group protection, in which the catalysts very high catalytic activity (up to 6.56 x 10(4) g mol(-1) h(-1)) was achieved. The functional copolymer exhibited high molecular weight (up to 2.87 x 10(5) g mol(-1)) and amino-olefin comonomer incorporation (up to 2.43 mol%). Remarkably, the copolymer showed a high melting point (T-m around 138.7 degrees C) and thermal stability. The incorporated amino acid ester unit changes the surface characteristics of the polyolefin, making it have excellent hydrophilicity and fluorescence. Furthermore, as the content of functional copolymer increases, the properties both have significantly increased.

采用氢调法和降解法生产了无纺布专用聚丙烯PPH-Y35,PPH-Y38Q,研究了两种方法在生产过程中工艺参数的调整,分析了产品性能,并与进口同类产品性能进行对比.结果 表明:PPH-Y35,PPH-Y38Q的质量指标全部达到要求;两种产品的熔体流动速率为30.0～45.0 g/10 min,等规指数均大于96％.两种产品的性能与进口同类产品相当,且拉伸性能优于进口同类产品.